American Pageant Chapter 25 APUSH Review

Summary

This video explores the significant themes of immigration and urbanization in America between 1865 and 1920. It highlights the surge in city populations due to economic opportunities, with 40% of Americans living in cities by 1900, increasing to over 50% by 1920. The discussion covers mass immigration from Europe and Asia, internal migration from rural areas, and the Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities. Technological advancements like the skyscraper and electric streetcars facilitated urban growth, while also leading to urban poverty, poor living conditions, and the rise of political machines. The video also touches on the changing roles of women, ethnic segregation, and the responses to these challenges through movements like the Social Gospel and the establishment of institutions like the NAACP.

Takeaways

• 🏙️ The period from 1865 to 1900 saw a significant increase in urbanization in America, with 40% of Americans living in cities by 1900 and over 50% by 1920.
• 🌐 Economic opportunities in industrial jobs were the main drivers for both international and internal migrations to urban areas.
• 🏗️ Technological advancements like the Bessemer process, electric street cars, and the first subways facilitated urban growth and allowed people to live and work in cities more efficiently.
• 👩‍💼 The industrial revolution created new job opportunities for women, leading to increased independence and a shift in gender roles.
• 📈 The rapid urbanization led to challenges such as urban poverty, a widening wealth gap, and poor living conditions, including the rise of tenements and slums.
• 🏛️ The growth of cities resulted in the emergence of political bosses and machine politics, with figures like William Boss Tweed controlling politics in major cities.
• 🌐 The 'new immigrants' from Southern and Eastern Europe faced different perceptions and challenges compared to the 'old immigrants' from Northern and Western Europe.
• 🚫 Responses to changing immigration patterns included nativist movements, economic concerns, and attempts at exclusion through policies like the Chinese Exclusion Act and literacy tests.
• 🤝 Reform movements like the Social Gospel, Salvation Army, and settlement houses aimed to address urban poverty and aid immigrants in adapting to their new society.
• 📚 The late 19th century saw a rise in education and literacy, with compulsory school attendance and tax-supported schools becoming more accessible.
• 💼 African American leaders like Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois offered contrasting visions for black liberation, with Washington advocating for vocational education and Du Bois for immediate political and social equality.

Q & A

What were the two main topics discussed in the video script?

The two main topics discussed were immigration and urbanization in America during the period from 1865 to 1900.

What was the percentage of Americans living in cities by 1900 and by 1920?

By 1900, 40 percent of Americans were living in cities, and by 1920, it had increased to over 50 percent.

What were the factors contributing to the growth of cities during the discussed period?

The growth of cities was contributed by mass immigration from abroad, internal migration from rural areas to urban areas, economic opportunities in industrial jobs, and advancements in technology such as skyscrapers, electric street cars, and subways.

How did the changing roles for women manifest during this period?

Women took on new jobs created by the industrial revolution, such as operating typewriters and telephones, which increased their economic opportunities and sense of independence.

What were some of the problems that arose with the increase in urbanization?

Problems included urban poverty, a rising gap between the rich and the poor, lack of clean water, limited sanitation and trash disposal, and the rise of tenements and slums.

How did political bosses and machine politics influence city life during this period?

Political bosses and machine politics controlled the politics in major cities, providing basic welfare services to the poor and immigrant communities in exchange for political support and loyalty.

What were the differences between the 'old immigrants' and the 'new immigrants'?

Old immigrants were mainly from northern and western Europe, often Protestant, literate, skilled, and some were middle class. New immigrants were from southern and eastern Europe, often Catholic, Greek Orthodox, or Jewish, mostly illiterate, unskilled, and arrived poor.

What were the push factors that led to immigration during the Gilded Age?

Push factors included job loss due to mechanization in Europe, poverty, political instability, and religious persecution, particularly in southern and eastern Europe.

What were some of the responses to the changing immigration patterns in America?

Responses included the rise of nativism, racial motivations, economic concerns about job competition and wage suppression, political fears of radical ideas, and religious differences due to the non-Protestant nature of many new immigrants.

How did the Social Gospel movement and settlement house movement aim to address the issues of urbanization and immigration?

The Social Gospel movement believed Christians had a responsibility to help those in need, focusing on moral improvement and Americanization. The settlement house movement provided social services directly in poor and immigrant communities, with a focus on adaptation and secular-based assistance.

What were the contrasting visions of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois for African-American advancement?

Booker T. Washington advocated for vocational education and economic independence as a means to achieve civil rights, while W.E.B. Du Bois demanded immediate political and social equality and advocated for African Americans to become intellectuals to lead the community towards greater civil rights.

Outlines

00:00

🏙️ Urbanization and Immigration in America (1865-1920)

This paragraph discusses the significant growth of cities in America between 1865 and 1920, highlighting the economic opportunities in industrial jobs that attracted people to urban areas. It mentions the increase in urban population from 40% in 1900 to over 50% by 1920. The paragraph outlines two types of migration contributing to this growth: mass immigration from abroad, mainly from Europe and Asia, and internal migration from rural areas. It also points out the role of new technology, such as the first skyscraper in Chicago in 1885 and the development of steel due to the Bessemer process, electric street cars, and the first subway in Boston, which facilitated urban expansion. The paragraph further addresses the changing roles of women, the rise of urban poverty, the gap between the rich and the poor, and the emergence of tenements and slums. It also touches on ethnic and racial segregation in cities, the rise of political bosses and machine politics, and the challenges faced by the growing urban populations, such as poor sanitation and disease.

05:01

🌐 Immigration Patterns and Generalizations

This paragraph delves into the differences between 'old' and 'new' immigrants to America, focusing on the period of urbanization and industrial growth. 'Old' immigrants were predominantly from Northern and Western Europe, often Protestant, literate, and skilled, while 'new' immigrants mainly came from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Italy, Russia, Poland, and Greece. These new immigrants were largely Catholic, Greek Orthodox, or Jewish, and were perceived as less likely to assimilate due to their different religious and cultural backgrounds. The paragraph also discusses the push factors that led to immigration, such as the loss of farm jobs in Europe due to mechanization, political instability, and religious persecution, particularly against Jews in Eastern Europe. It mentions the rise of nativism and discrimination against these new immigrants, including the Chinese Exclusion Act and the eventual implementation of literacy tests and quota acts to restrict immigration from certain regions.

10:01

📚 Responses to Urbanization and Immigration Challenges

The paragraph discusses various reform movements and individuals who responded to the challenges posed by urbanization and immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It introduces the Social Gospel movement, led by figures like Walter Rauschenbusch, which aimed to address urban poverty through Christian responsibility. The Salvation Army and the YMCA/YWCA are also mentioned for their efforts in providing poverty relief and promoting Christian values. The Settlement House movement, with Jane Addams and Hull House as key examples, is highlighted for its unique approach of living among the poor and immigrants to provide social services and help with integration. The paragraph also contrasts the views of Booker T. Washington, who advocated for vocational education and self-help for African Americans, with W.E.B. Du Bois, who demanded immediate political and social equality and the education of African-American intellectuals to lead the community towards greater civil rights.

15:02

📈 Education and African-American Experiences in the Gilded Age

This final paragraph addresses the advancements in education during the late 19th century, noting the increased accessibility of tax-supported schools and the decline in illiteracy rates. It also explores the unique experiences and approaches of African Americans during this period, focusing on the contrasting philosophies of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Washington, an ex-slave and founder of the Tuskegee Institute, believed in vocational education and gradual improvement of African-American status, while Du Bois, a Harvard-educated intellectual, co-founded the NAACP and advocated for immediate equality and the education of a black intellectual class to lead the fight against racism. The paragraph concludes by encouraging viewers to engage with the content, ask questions, and share the video.

Keywords

💡Urbanization

Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, leading to the growth of cities. In the video, it is highlighted as a key development during the period 1865 to 1920 in America, where economic opportunities in industrial jobs attracted people to cities. By 1900, 40 percent of Americans lived in cities, and by 1920, this figure exceeded 50 percent for the first time. The script discusses how new technologies like skyscrapers and electric street cars facilitated this growth, allowing people to live and work in expanding urban environments.

💡Immigration

Immigration is the movement of people from one region to another with the intention of settling. The video script discusses two types of immigration: mass immigration from abroad, primarily from Europe and Asia, and internal migration as people left rural areas for urban ones. This immigration was a significant factor in the rapid urbanization of America during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, contributing to the diverse and growing urban populations.

💡Industrial Jobs

Industrial jobs are employment opportunities that arise in industries, particularly in manufacturing and production. The video emphasizes how the availability of such jobs in cities was a major draw for immigrants and internal migrants, leading to increased urbanization. These jobs were central to the economic growth of cities and the overall development of the American economy during the period discussed.

💡Political Bosses and Machine Politics

Political bosses and machine politics refer to the control of political parties and government by a small group of individuals, often using patronage and corruption. In the video, the example of William Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall in New York illustrates how these political machines operated, rewarding supporters with government jobs and providing basic welfare services to the poor and immigrant communities, which were not otherwise provided by the government.

💡Tenements and Slums

Tenements and slums are overcrowded and poorly maintained urban dwellings. The video describes how the rapid population growth in cities led to the rise of tenements and slums, which were often characterized by poor sanitation and the spread of diseases like cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis. The 'dumbbell tenement' is mentioned as a specific type of housing design aimed at maximizing the number of occupants in a limited space.

💡Ethnic Segregation

Ethnic segregation is the separation of different ethnic groups in a society, often leading to distinct neighborhoods. The video script notes that in addition to class-based segregation, cities like New York saw ethnic segregation, with immigrant groups clustering in specific areas. This was partly due to the desire to maintain their own language and culture but also due to discrimination that limited their housing options.

💡Nativism

Nativism is the belief or policy favoring native-born citizens over immigrants. The video discusses how the influx of 'new immigrants' from Southern and Eastern Europe led to a rise in nativist sentiments. This included the formation of groups like the American Protective Association and policies such as literacy tests and quota acts aimed at excluding or limiting the number of certain immigrant groups.

💡Social Gospel Movement

The Social Gospel Movement was a reform effort by Protestant churches to address social problems, particularly urban poverty. The video mentions Walter Rauschenbusch as a key figure who believed that Christians had a responsibility to help those in need. This movement was part of a broader effort to improve living conditions and provide support to the urban poor and immigrants.

💡Settlement House Movement

The Settlement House Movement involved the establishment of community centers in poor and immigrant neighborhoods to provide social services and aid integration. Jane Addams and her establishment of Hull House in Chicago are highlighted in the video as an example of this movement. Settlement houses offered services like language classes, childcare, and education, aiming to help immigrants adapt to their new society.

💡Booker T. Washington

Booker T. Washington was an influential African American leader and educator. The video discusses his philosophy of self-help and vocational education for African Americans as a means to gain economic independence and eventually achieve political and civil rights. He founded the Tuskegee Institute to provide such education, advocating a gradual approach to overcoming racial barriers, which contrasted with the more direct approach of W.E.B. Du Bois.

💡W.E.B. Du Bois

W.E.B. Du Bois was a prominent African American intellectual, activist, and co-founder of the NAACP. The video contrasts his views with those of Booker T. Washington, noting Du Bois's demand for immediate political and social equality for black people. He believed in the importance of African American intellectuals leading the fight against prejudice and racism, advocating for a more confrontational approach to achieving civil rights compared to Washington's gradualism.

Highlights

The period from 1865 to 1900 saw a massive increase in urbanization in America.

By 1900, 40% of Americans lived in cities, and by 1920, this figure exceeded 50% for the first time.

Economic opportunities in industrial jobs were the main drivers of urbanization.

Mass immigration from Europe and Asia, as well as internal migration from rural areas to cities, contributed to urban growth.

African Americans migrated north to cities like Chicago and New York during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

New technologies, such as skyscrapers and electric streetcars, enabled urban expansion.

The Bessemer process made steel more affordable, contributing to the construction of skyscrapers.

The first subway system was introduced in Boston, facilitating urban transportation.

Women found new job opportunities and increased independence due to industrial revolution technologies.

Urbanization led to challenges such as urban poverty, a widening wealth gap, and poor living conditions.

The rise of tenements and slums resulted in the spread of diseases like cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis.

Neighborhoods were segregated by both class and race/ethnicity, leading to ethnic enclaves.

Political bosses and machine politics controlled major cities, with Tammany Hall in New York as a notable example.

Political machines provided welfare services to the poor and immigrant communities, which the government did not.

Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe faced different perceptions and challenges compared to 'old immigrants'.

Nativism and discrimination against new immigrants led to policies like the Chinese Exclusion Act and literacy tests.

Reform movements like the Social Gospel aimed to address urban poverty and improve conditions for the poor.

The Settlement House movement, with Jane Adams as a key figure, provided social services and helped immigrants adapt to society.

Critics of the industrial era, like Henry George and Edward Bellamy, challenged wealth inequalities and proposed reforms.

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois offered contrasting visions for African American advancement and civil rights.

Transcripts

how's in hagen 8 push today we're going

to be taking a look at two topics

immigration and urbanization

america move to the city if you're

reading any a push book and you're

studying the periods 1865

to 1900 we got you covered

and and really a key idea of this time

period is the growth of cities

there's a huge increase in urbanization

and you could see that on

the map by 1900 40 percent of americans

are living in cities

and by 1920 it will be over 50 percent

for the first time

and it's really economic opportunities

in industrial jobs

that are bringing people to the cities

and there's a couple of things going on

here one you have a mass

immigration from abroad people are

coming mainly from europe but also from

asia

you also have internal migration people

are

leaving rural areas and heading to urban

areas and you also have

certain groups especially african

americans from the 1890s all the way up

to world war one

which are heading north into cities such

as chicago

and new york and there's a couple of

things going on so you have both

international and internal migrations as

i just mentioned

and new technology is allowing this

growth to take place

and really you see in 1885 the first

skyscraper

it's 10 stories high in chicago and

remember

steel is cheaper now because of the

bessemer process

and steel is becoming more affordable

you have the electric street cars which

is allowing people to move

across large distances in the city so

you don't have to

live in the city center in boston you

have the first subway

and with these changes people moving to

urban areas

you have changing roles for instance for

women

they're taking on new jobs some of that

new technology of the industrial

revolution

typewriters telephones are creating new

economic opportunities

which is also increasing a sense of

independence

for some women now with these changes

come certain problems not everyone lived

in the wealthy mansions that you see

in that image and the challenges that

arise are many

there is a huge growth of urban poverty

there's a rising gap between the rich

and the poor many many people live like

you see in that image to the right in

very

poor conditions in fact this huge

population

increase in cities such as new york and

chicago

causes problems there's a lack of clean

water there's

limited sanitation and trash disposal so

you have poor sanitations

in the cities you have the rise of

tenements and

slums in fact the famous dumbbell

tenement was used as a way to pack more

people into

smaller and smaller areas but in these

tenements in these dumbbell tenements

you have the spread of disease like

cholera

and typhoid and tuberculosis and

neighborhoods are not only segregated by

class wealthy areas and poorer areas

but by also race and ethnicity

so you have ethnic segregation you could

see that on the map

of new york in 1910 immigrant groups are

staying

in certain neighborhoods so that they

can maintain their own language and

culture

but also because of discrimination

keeping them

out of certain neighborhoods and for

instance you're going to see this

in little italy in new york in the lower

east side it's going to largely be a

jewish neighborhood in new york

polish neighborhoods of chicago famous

pilsen

and in the south side of chicago you

have a

largely african-american community even

though there's no

jim crow laws in the north there still

is unofficial

uh discrimination in the north and

african americans find themselves stuck

in certain neighborhoods

at this time now key to this

kind of city life is the rise of

political bosses

and machine politics and these are very

tightly organized

groups and political machines control

the politics in the major cities and the

most famous example

is william boss tweed of tammany hall in

new york

and the process of these political

machines was really simple

the political bosses controlled the rank

and file

of the party and rewarded supporters

with jobs

if you vote for the political boss

for the political machine if you are

loyal politically

they're going to hook you up with

positions within the government

in fact what you see happening is one of

the reasons why these political machines

are so effective

is because they provide basic welfare

type services

which were not offered by the government

at the time to the poor

and immigrant communities now this comes

at great expense in fact you have

large-scale greed

graf corruption and fraud was extremely

common and we saw previously

that thomas nas exposes that greed

especially with regard to tammany hall

with his political cartoons

now a key component of this time period

is not only urbanization but immigration

and it's important you keep in mind that

there is a different type of immigrant

and people made

certain generalizations about these

so-called new immigrants

the old immigrants were from largely

northern and western european countries

england ireland and germany we saw

through much of the early 19th century

these new immigrants are coming from

southern and eastern europe

and we're talking places like italy

russia poland and greece

and there's a perception that these new

immigrants were different

and in some ways they were the old

immigrants tended to be protestant

however remember with the irish there

were a number of catholics who came over

but with these new immigrants you have

the majority

are not protestant in fact you get a

huge number of catholics

greek orthodox and jews coming over

another thing

was the old immigrants tended to be

literate and skilled

they could read and write in their own

language and many in fact if they were

from england or ireland

spoke english whereas these new

immigrants were largely

illiterate and unskilled there was this

perception that the old immigrants were

quick to assimilate whereas these new

immigrants

were reluctant to assimilate they were

very clannish was the perception

and they stuck to themselves the old

immigrants came from countries where

there was a tradition of democracy or

democratic principles

where there was once again this

perception in in some ways a reality

that these new immigrants were coming

from areas

with a history of radical ideas like

communism anarchism or socialism

and the old immigrants especially the

germans and the british

tended to come over and they were not

completely poor many of them were

middle class whereas these new

immigrants arrived

largely poor and what you see

is the reasons these people are coming

these so-called new immigrants

are the same reasons why all immigrants

come and you could be breaking it down

into

two categories pool factors america's

ideals

you have political freedom you have

religious freedom at least in principle

or the ideal of it

um there's story is from previous

generations you're hearing

about this you know mythic place america

and key really though in this time

period is

the jobs created by the industrial

revolution there was

economic opportunity and that's why you

have this

unprecedented large number of immigrants

coming over

during this period of the gilded age now

there are also

pool factors and this is key when you're

talking about why are so many

southern and eastern european immigrants

coming well for one in europe

farm jobs were being lost to

mechanization which means there's a lack

of

land and so if you lost your land you're

going to look for a new start

because poverty and extremely difficult

lives

was the norm in much of southern and

eastern europe

there's also political instability in

many of these places especially russia

there's a lack of political freedom and

religious persecution in fact

you have something called pogroms taking

place violence against jews in russia

and in other parts of eastern europe

so you have this huge influx of people

from a different region of europe and as

a result

you get a response to the changing

immigration patterns one thing to keep

in mind is many of the immigrants who

came over

were processed starting in 1892 through

ellis island an

immigrant processing station in new york

harbor

and just like the old immigrants

remember especially the irish and the

germans we had the no

nothing party you have a rise of

nativism

except unlike with the irish and the

germans this one is going to be

much more intense and there's a couple

of reasons one is racial

uh motivations these new immigrants were

seen as

racially inferior they're not

anglo-saxon

there's economic reasons there's this

feeling that they took

jobs immigrants took jobs and lowered

wages in fact

many labor unions oftentimes oppose

these immigrants coming in and will not

allow immigrants to join the union

there's political reasons for nativism

there's this belief there's this

perception that they're coming

over with these very radical ideas and

there's religious they're not protestant

which although we are technically

a country with freedom of religion many

people at this time

are viewing america as a protestant

nation

and as a result you are going to have

attempts

at exclusion in fact you're going to see

policies of discrimination being pursued

we've already seen this with the chinese

exclusion act chinese immigrants were

not under the category of

new immigrants that is southern and

eastern european immigrants

but you are going to see groups like the

american protective association

which was an anti-catholic group made up

of american protestants and they really

wanted to keep

catholic immigrants from southern and

eastern europe

out of america you also have throughout

the decades

literacy tests being proposed they are

vetoed by various presidents

but in 1917 they are

passed and this was intended to keep the

undesirable the uneducated immigrants

once again largely from southern and

eastern europe

out of america and an important period

of time that we're going to learn about

in another video

is in the 1920s you're going to see the

passage

of quota acts which will severely

restrict

immigrants from southern and eastern

europe

another thing you should keep in mind is

the various attempts

undertaken to deal with the problems

posed by urbanization

and immigration and really one of those

is the social gospel movement

and key to that movement is this guy

walter that guy

and the basic principle of the social

gospel movement was that christians had

a responsibility

to deal with urban poverty and as

christians

you must work to help those in need

there's also the salvation army which

comes over from england in 1879 and

their basic idea is providing

poverty relief while spreading christian

values

you also see that with the young man's

christian association the

ymca and the ywca also promoting

christian values and you see this very

often these reform movements

are focusing on moral improvement of the

poor

or immigrants americanization

in these attempts to help those in need

unique is the settlement house movement

because they are

unique in the sense that they live

amongst the poor and in immigrant

communities and jane adams is the key

figure in this movement in the us

when she establishes whole house in

chicago in 1889

and this provides various social

services in the community

and it helps immigrants adapt to the new

society

they have language classes english

classes that people could participate in

childhood education and other services

directly in the community and they are

secular based whereas many of the others

were christian in their reform approach

another key idea to keep in mind is that

there were individuals

who challenged and supported the social

order

of the gilded age and if you recall from

the colonial period there was this

belief in the protestant

work ethic where if you work hard you

were being a good christian

and that was the path to godliness and

you see during the industrial revolution

the popularity of people like horatio

alger

who wrote dime novels such as ragged

dick and struggling

upward and it's the story of rags to

riches

honesty hard work leads to success

people coming from the bottom now we

hear

and this idea of the american dream if

you want to call it that

was reinforced by experiences

of people such as andrew carnegie who

comes over from scotland

as an immigrant and becomes one of the

most wealthy men in the world

now the reality is there were many many

more examples of people not

going from rags to riches and what you

see during this time period

are a growing number of critics of the

industrial

pro-business climate of the gilded age

remember we had those people

who talked about the gospel of wealth

that justified

their success at the top and social

darwinism

others but you get these whole groups

of thinkers such as henry george who

wrote progress and poverty

and what he does is he critically

examine the inequalities in wealth

caused by industrialization and laissez

faire capitalism

and you have others such as edward

bellamy who wrote a

utopian uh novel called looking backward

about a utopian socialist society that

has

fixed the social and economic injustices

of the time

by adopting socialist principles and

what you see over and over again is

people

struggling to make sense of this new

world of wealth and poverty

and everything in between eventually

you're going to get effort to reform

these problems will eventually

lead to a movement known as the

progressive movement

in the 1890s we're going to cover that

in another video

but key to the progressive movement is

during this period you have a rise

of the press newspaper printing becomes

much more affordable

there's a huge increase in education

remember a throwback here for a moment

horace mann in massachusetts during the

age of reform in the 1830s

1840s but you have increasingly in the

nate late 19th century

compulsory attendance in school high

school all the way down to kindergarten

tax supported schools were becoming more

accessible

not just in northern cities and

illiteracy rates

were dropping more and more finally

african americans are going to have

their own unique experiences

and approaches to this era they find

themselves in

and one of the key figures you should

know about is booker t

washington he's from the south he's a

ex-slave

he writes an autobiography called up

from slavery

and what he talks about is the need for

african americans

to acquire vocational skills

job skills in order to gain self-respect

and economic security

he's going to create a institute called

the tuskegee institute which is going to

help

african-americans achieve these goals of

vocational

education and he does not advocate for

directly challenging white supremacy

and some people are going to accuse him

of being an accommodationist

because of his gradual approach this

so-called accepting racism and just

focusing on self-help but for booker t

washington

economic independence would be the

ticket to black political

and civil rights and so therefore that

was key to his vision

on the opposite end was w.e.b du bois

and he is from the north from

massachusetts

he is the first african american to

receive a phd from harvard so a smart

dude

and he helps create the national

association for the advancement

of colored people in 1909 the naacp

and he is different from booker t and

that he demanded

immediate political and social equality

for black people

that african-americans should become

intellectuals and resist

prejudice and racism wherever they could

and he rejects

booker t's gradualism and he is going to

be a critic of booker t

and they're both going to offer very

unique visions

for african-american liberation and for

w.e.b du bois he really advocated in his

book

the souls of black folk the talented

tenth in the black community should

become the intellectuals

to lead african americans towards

greater civil rights

finally we're done if the video helped

you at all do me a solid

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peace