Feedback Mechanisms in Female Reproductive System | Grade 10 Science DepEd MELC Quarter 3 Module 2

Summary

This educational video delves into the female reproductive system's feedback mechanisms, explaining the menstrual cycle's hormonal control. It covers the roles of estrogen and progesterone, the impact of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and the processes of ovulation and menstruation. The video also touches on the negative feedback mechanism that regulates hormone levels and contrasts it with the positive feedback during labor. It concludes with a teaser for the next topic on how the nervous system maintains homeostasis.

Takeaways

• 📅 The menstrual cycle is a monthly hormonal process in females, typically lasting about 28 days, preparing the body for potential pregnancy.
• 🌡️ Hormones play a crucial role in controlling the timing and changes within the female reproductive system, including the development of the ovum and the uterus.
• 🔄 The cycle is regulated by a feedback mechanism involving hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).
• 🥚 Ovaries release one egg every 28 days, and this process is controlled by FSH, which is produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
• 🌱 The follicle, which contains the ovum, matures under the influence of rising FSH levels, leading to increased estrogen production.
• 🌕 If the ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates, stopping progesterone production, which triggers the breakdown of the uterine lining and menstruation.
• 🌱 The menstrual cycle includes the follicular phase, ovulation, corpus luteum phase, and menstrual flow, each characterized by specific hormonal changes.
• 🤰 Pregnancy can interrupt the cycle; if it does not occur, the cycle repeats, demonstrating the body's continuous preparation for potential fertilization.
• 😣 Menstrual cramps are caused by strong uterine contractions and are linked to the secretion of prostaglandins, which result from the shedding of the uterine endometrium.
• 🔁 Feedback mechanisms, such as the negative feedback involving estrogen and progesterone, and positive feedback during labor, are integral to the menstrual cycle and childbirth.

Q & A

What is the primary function of the menstrual cycle?

The primary function of the menstrual cycle is to prepare a woman's body for a possible pregnancy each month.

How often does an ovary typically release an egg?

An ovary typically releases one egg every 28 days.

What hormone is responsible for stimulating the maturation of the follicle and the production of estrogen?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is responsible for stimulating the maturation of the follicle and the production of estrogen.

What happens if an ovum is not fertilized?

If an ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone production stops, and the uterine lining breaks down, leading to menstruation.

What is the role of estrogen in the menstrual cycle?

Estrogen plays a role in the development of female characteristics, thickening of the endometrium, and signaling the pituitary gland to secrete luteinizing hormone.

At what stage of the cycle does ovulation typically occur?

Ovulation typically occurs on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle.

What is the function of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive system?

The corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone, which prepare the uterine wall for the possible implantation of a fertilized egg.

How does the menstrual cycle respond to stress and health concerns?

Stress and health concerns can interrupt the menstrual cycle, potentially affecting the timing and regularity of its stages.

What is the positive feedback mechanism during labor and childbirth?

During labor and childbirth, the baby's head pressing down on the cervix stimulates the release of oxytocin, which in turn causes further contractions until the baby is born.

What is the role of the pituitary gland in the menstrual cycle?

The pituitary gland plays a crucial role by secreting follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which control the development of the follicles, ovulation, and the formation of the corpus luteum.

How does the endometrium change throughout the menstrual cycle?

The endometrium goes through a series of changes: it builds up during the proliferative phase due to estrogen, doubles in thickness during the secretory phase due to progesterone, and breaks down during menstruation.

Outlines

00:00

🌟 Introduction to the Female Reproductive System

This paragraph introduces the topic of the video, which is the feedback mechanism in the female reproductive system. It discusses the menstrual cycle, the role of hormones in controlling the reproductive system, and the process of ovulation. The paragraph explains that the ovary releases one egg every 28 days, and this cycle is regulated by hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogen. It also mentions the role of the corpus luteum and the process of menstruation if fertilization does not occur.

05:00

🔄 The Menstrual Cycle and Hormonal Feedback Mechanisms

This paragraph delves into the details of the menstrual cycle, explaining the stages and the hormonal changes that occur. It describes the follicle stage, ovulation, the corpus luteum stage, and the menstrual flow stage. The paragraph also discusses the negative feedback mechanism where high levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibit the release of FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH). Additionally, it touches upon the positive feedback mechanism during labor and childbirth, where oxytocin release leads to stronger contractions.

10:02

📚 Summary of Hormonal Functions and Anticipating the Next Topic

The final paragraph summarizes the functions of key hormones in the female reproductive system, such as estrogen, progesterone, LH, and FSH. It provides a brief overview of where these hormones are produced and their roles in the menstrual cycle. The paragraph concludes by hinting at the next topic of discussion, which will be the coordination and regulation of these feedback mechanisms by the nervous system to maintain homeostasis.

Keywords

💡Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurring monthly process that occurs in the female reproductive system, typically characterized by the preparation of the body for pregnancy and the shedding of the uterine lining if pregnancy does not occur. In the video, the menstrual cycle is described as starting between the ages of 10 to 13 and continuing for about 40 years, involving changes in the ovary and uterus controlled by hormones.

💡Ovum

An ovum, also known as an egg, is the female reproductive cell or gamete. In the context of the video, the ovary normally releases one ovum every 28 days during the menstrual cycle, which is a crucial part of the process of reproduction. The video explains that the ovum is contained within a follicle and its maturation and release are controlled by hormones.

💡Hormones

Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various physiological processes in the body, including the reproductive system. The video discusses how hormones control the changes in the reproductive system, coordinate the development of the ovum and the uterus, and are responsible for the menstrual cycle. Examples include follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are produced by the pituitary gland and play a critical role in the menstrual cycle.

💡Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

FSH is a hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females. In the video, it is mentioned that FSH is responsible for the development of follicles in the ovaries and the production of estrogen, which is essential for the maturation of the ovum.

💡Estrogen

Estrogen is a primary female sex hormone that plays a key role in the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the regulation of the menstrual cycle. The video explains that estrogen is produced by the follicle and is involved in the thickening of the endometrium, preparing the uterus for a potential fertilized egg.

💡Ovulation

Ovulation is the process where a mature egg is released from the ovary, typically around the 14th day of the menstrual cycle. The video describes ovulation as the release of the mature egg, which is ready for fertilization within 24 hours from its release, and is stimulated by the luteinizing hormone.

💡Corpus Luteum

The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure in the ovary that forms after ovulation from the ruptured follicle. In the video, it is explained that the corpus luteum produces progesterone, which, along with estrogen, prepares the uterine wall for the possible implantation of a fertilized egg.

💡Progesterone

Progesterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle by preparing the uterine lining for implantation and maintaining pregnancy if fertilization occurs. The video mentions that progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum and is involved in inhibiting uterine contractions and further ovulation.

💡Menstruation

Menstruation refers to the shedding of the uterine lining and the discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus through the vagina. The video describes menstruation as a monthly change that occurs if an ovum is not fertilized, leading to the degeneration of the corpus luteum and a drop in progesterone levels, which in turn causes the endometrial lining to break down.

💡Feedback Mechanism

A feedback mechanism is a process that involves the regulation of a system by its output. In the video, two types of feedback mechanisms are discussed: negative feedback, which involves the inhibition of hormone production (e.g., high levels of estrogen inhibiting the production of FSH), and positive feedback, which is exemplified by the process during labor and childbirth, where the pressure on the cervix stimulates the release of oxytocin, leading to stronger contractions.

Highlights

The female reproductive system is controlled by hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle.

An ovary normally releases one egg every 28 days, a process controlled by hormones.

Hormones coordinate the development of the ovum and the uterus.

The menstrual cycle, which starts between ages 10 to 13 and lasts for about 40 years, involves monthly changes in the female reproductive system.

The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) controls the cycle from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

The follicle becomes filled with fluid containing estrogen as it matures.

If an ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to menstruation.

Female sex hormones control secondary sex characteristics and the ovarian and uterine cycle.

Puberty in females includes development of secondary sex characteristics and the onset of menstruation.

The pituitary gland initiates hormonal changes at puberty, making a woman capable of pregnancy.

The typical menstrual cycle is about 28 days, with changes in the ovary and uterus.

At the cycle's start, the pituitary gland secretes increased amounts of FSH, stimulating follicle formation.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers ovulation, releasing the mature egg.

The corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone, preparing the uterine wall for a fertilized egg.

A rise in estrogen and progesterone inhibits the secretion of LH and FSH, controlling the cycle.

Menstruation is the discharge of uterine tissues when the corpus luteum degenerates.

The menstrual cycle includes the follicle stage, ovulation stage, corpus luteum stage, and menstrual flow stage.

Menstrual cramps are caused by strong uterine contractions and prostaglandin secretion.

A feedback mechanism influences the levels of hormones in the menstrual cycle, such as estrogen and progesterone.

Labor is initiated by a positive feedback mechanism where oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions.

Transcripts

[Music]

hi there

in our previous lesson we talked about

the male

and female reproductive systems as well

as its hormones

in this video we will talk about the

feedback mechanism

in the female reproductive system so

let's get started

we have previously discussed that an

ovary normally releases

only one egg every 28 days

what controls the timing are the

hormones

hormones control many of the changes in

the reproductive system

they also coordinate the development of

the ovum and the uterus

remember that hormones are chemicals

that can affect

certain body organs this cycle among

females

occurs every month starting when a

female is between

10 to 13 years old and it continues for

about 40 years

this is called the menstrual cycle

the human ovaries can usually produce

only one

egg during a 28-day cycle of activity

the mass of ovarian cells produces an

ovum or an

egg and it also forms a follicle the

cycle is controlled by the follicle

stimulating hormone

this hormone is produced in the anterior

lobe of the pituitary gland

the follicle becomes filled with a fluid

containing the hormone estrogen

when the egg reaches maturity most

importantly

the rising level of follicle stimulating

hormone stimulates follicle maturation

and estrogen production

if an ovum is not fertilized in the

fallopian tube

the corpus luteum degenerates

progesterone production stops

and the inside membrane of the uterus

breaks down

the breakdown and discharge of the soft

uterine tissues

and the fertilized egg is called

menstruation

these are the monthly changes that take

place in the female reproductive system

the female sex hormones control the

secondary sex characteristics

as well as the ovarian and uterine cycle

like males females secrete follicle

stimulating hormone

and luteinizing hormone as directed by

the pituitary gland during puberty

this signals the start of puberty which

includes the development of the

secondary sex characteristics in females

and the onset of menstruation a female

experiences

body changes even before the first

menstruation

which is also known as menarche

at puberty the pituitary gland starts a

series of hormonal changes

that make a woman capable of pregnancy

these hormonal changes

and the effects they produce is called

the menstrual cycle

while the length of this cycle varies

the typical cycle

is about 28 days during this process

changes in both the ovary and the uterus

take place

[Music]

at the start of the cycle the pituitary

gland secretes

increased amounts of follicle

stimulating hormone

and this stimulates the formation of

follicles in the ovaries

estrogen is also secreted as the

follicle cells develop

when the follicle cells multiply the

cells signal an increased

level of estrogen in the blood and the

pituitary gland secretes luteinizing

hormone

which stimulates ovulation

ovulation is the releasing of the mature

egg

it usually occurs on the 14th day of the

cycle

during ovulation the egg is ready for

fertilization within 24 hours from its

release

under the influence of luteinizing

hormone the cells of the ruptured

follicle

develop into a yellow body called the

corpus luteum

the yellow body then produces more

estrogen and progesterone

both hormones prepare the uterine wall

for the possible implantation of a

fertilized egg

the rise in the level of estrogen

progesterone exerts a feedback control

over the pituitary gland to inhibit the

secretion of luteinizing hormone

and follicle stimulating hormone the

corpus luteum

is deprived of the hormones that contain

it with the drop in the amount of these

two hormones

hence the corpus luteum begins to

degenerate

thus the gland's influence on the

progesterone level

will affect the endometrial wall in a

domino effect

a series of changes also happens in the

uterus

as a consequence of the hormones while

events are taking place in the female's

ovary

with the low levels of progesterone the

surface of the endometrium begins to

disintegrate

and the blood vessels rupture blood and

some

accompanying endometrial tissues flow

out of the vagina

in a process called menstruation this

menstrual phase

lasts for about 5 days

[Music]

after the menstrual period the

endometrium starts to build up

due to the increasing amount of estrogen

by the developing follicles in the ovary

this is the proliferative phase of the

uterine cycle

which lasts for 6 to 14 days the

formation of the corpus luteum

and the secretion of progesterone

trigger the endometrium to double in

thickness and prepare itself

for developing embryo

the uterine glands also become mature

and they produce a thick secretion

hence the secretory phase of the uterine

cycle

begins on the 15th day until before the

onset of the next menstrual phase

however this cycle may be interrupted by

stress

health concerns and pregnancy but if

pregnancy does not occur

the cycle begins anew

the menstrual cycle can be summarized

into the following stages

first the follicle stage this starts

when one ovarian follicle grows to

maturity

second the ovulation stage this is when

a ripe follicle

releases a novel third the corpus luteum

stage

this happens when the uterus undergoes

changes

in preparation for the implantation of a

fertilized egg

and lastly the menstrual flow stage

this is when the tissue lining of the

uterus breaks down

and is discharged from the female

reproductive system

[Music]

in reality some females experience

menstrual cramps every month

did you know that menstrual cramps are

the result of strong contractions

of the uterine wall that occur before

and during menstruation

cramps can be caused by the excessive

secretion of prostaglandins

shedding of the endometrium of the

uterus results in the inflammation

of the endometrial layer as a

consequence of this inflammation

prostaglandins are produced

so what is a feedback mechanism a

feedback mechanism

is the process through which the level

of a certain substance

influences the level of another

substance

a negative feedback affects the

production of hormones in the menstrual

cycle

moreover high levels of one hormone

may inhibit the production of another

hormone

[Music]

let's take a look at this diagram

follicle stimulating hormone

stimulates the ovaries to release

estrogen

high levels of estrogen then prevent

more production of follicle stimulating

hormone

estrogen then stimulates the release of

luteinizing hormone

from the pituitary gland which in turn

controls the production of progesterone

moreover high levels of progesterone

can then inhibit the further release of

luteinizing hormone

this is the negative feedback mechanism

what about the feedback mechanism during

labor and childbirth

when labor begins the baby's head is

pushed downwards

and results in increased pressure on the

cervix

this stimulates receptor cells to send a

chemical signal to the brain

allowing the release of accident by the

posterior pituitary gland

this oxytocin diffuses to the cervix via

the blood

where it stimulates further contractions

these contractions stimulate further

oxytocin release

until the baby is born this is called a

positive feedback

[Music]

now let's wrap things up the menstrual

cycle

is the hormonal process a woman's body

goes through each month

to prepare for a possible pregnancy

the menstrual cycle can be summarized by

the following stages

follicle stage ovulation stage

corpus luteum stage and menstrual flow

stage

a feedback mechanism is the process

through which the level of a certain

substance

influences the level of another

substance

here is a table to summarize the

functions of hormones in the female

reproductive system

estrogen is located in the follicle and

ovary

it is responsible for the development of

female characteristics

it also thickens the endometrium

progesterone

is located in the corpus luteum and

ovary

it stimulates the endometrium and

inhibits uterine contractions and

ovulation

dilutinizing hormone and follicle

stimulating hormone

are both located at the pituitary gland

utilizing hormone develops and maintains

the corpus luteum

it also stimulates ovulation on the

other hand

follicle stimulating hormone stimulates

the formation of follicles in the

ovaries

that's all for now we will be discussing

about

how the nervous system coordinates and

regulates these feedback mechanisms

to maintain homeostasis in our next

video so stay tuned

see you on our next video and don't

forget to keep your minds busy

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