Definitive Guide to Skew-Ts and Hodographs - Part 1 - Components of a Skew-T

Summary

This video script serves as an introduction to reading skew-T diagrams, which are essential tools for meteorologists and storm chasers. The instructor, Trey, acknowledges the complexity of skew-Ts and aims to simplify the understanding by breaking down the different lines and their meanings. He explains the temperature, pressure, mixing ratio, dry and moist adiabats lines, and how they represent various atmospheric conditions. Trey also provides a historical context for skew-Ts and highlights their importance in forecasting and analyzing severe weather events. With clear explanations and visual aids, this video promises to equip viewers with the foundational knowledge to interpret skew-T diagrams effectively.

Takeaways

• 😀 The video series will teach how to read and interpret skew-T diagrams and hodographs, essential tools for meteorological forecasting.
• 📊 The skew-T diagram consists of temperature lines (isotherms) on the x-axis, pressure lines (isobars) on the y-axis, mixing ratio lines, dry adiabats (representing unsaturated parcel ascent), and moist adiabats (representing saturated parcel ascent).
• 🌡️ The red line on a skew-T diagram represents the environmental temperature profile, while the green line represents the environmental dewpoint profile.
• 🔺 The brown line is the parcel temperature profile, showing the hypothetical temperature of an air parcel if it were pushed upward in the given environment.
• 💧 The mixing ratio is the mass of water vapor per kilogram of dry air, represented by the diagonal lines on the skew-T diagram.
• ⬇️ Pressure decreases logarithmically with height, hence the logarithmic scale for pressure on the y-axis.
• 🌡️ The dry adiabatic lapse rate (9.8°C/km) represents the cooling rate of an unsaturated rising air parcel, while the moist adiabatic lapse rate represents the cooling rate of a saturated rising air parcel.
• 📈 The moist adiabatic lapse rate changes with altitude due to the decrease in moisture content as the air parcel rises and cools.
• 🧭 Properly understanding and using skew-T diagrams and hodographs is crucial for accurate meteorological forecasting, whether for operational meteorologists or storm chasers.
• 🔄 The video series will cover creating skew-T diagrams from raw data, interpreting derived parameters, analyzing different environments, and understanding hodographs.

Q & A

What is a skew-t diagram, and why is it called that?

A skew-t diagram, also known as a skew-T log-P diagram, is a thermodynamic diagram used in meteorology to analyze and forecast atmospheric conditions. It is called a 'skew-t' because the temperature lines (isotherms) are skewed at a 45-degree angle from the vertical, which allowed for easier analysis techniques when the diagram was invented in the late 1940s.

What are the main components of a skew-t diagram?

The main components of a skew-t diagram are: 1) The x-axis representing temperature in degrees Celsius, 2) The y-axis representing pressure on a logarithmic scale in millibars, 3) Skewed isotherms (temperature lines), 4) Horizontal isobars (pressure lines), 5) Diagonal mixing ratio lines, 6) Curved dry adiabats, and 7) Curved moist adiabats.

What is the significance of the mixing ratio lines on a skew-t diagram?

The mixing ratio lines on a skew-t diagram represent the mass of water vapor in grams per kilogram of dry air. These lines provide information about the moisture content of an air parcel, which is crucial for understanding atmospheric stability and the potential for precipitation.

What is the difference between dry and moist adiabats on a skew-t diagram?

Dry adiabats represent the rate of temperature change for an unsaturated (dry) air parcel as it rises or sinks, which is approximately 9.8°C per kilometer. Moist adiabats, on the other hand, represent the rate of temperature change for a saturated (moist) air parcel as it rises, which varies depending on the amount of moisture present and decreases with altitude.

What do the red and green lines on an observed sounding represent?

On an observed sounding plotted on a skew-t diagram, the red line represents the environmental temperature profile, and the green line represents the environmental dew point profile. These lines are actual observations from a weather balloon as it ascends through the atmosphere.

What is the significance of the parcel profile (brown line) on a skew-t diagram?

The parcel profile, represented by the brown line on a skew-t diagram, shows the hypothetical temperature of an air parcel if it were to be lifted from the surface. It follows the dry adiabat initially and then the moist adiabat once the parcel becomes saturated. This profile is crucial for assessing atmospheric stability and the potential for convective activity.

How can skew-t diagrams be useful for forecasters and storm chasers?

Skew-t diagrams provide valuable information about atmospheric stability, moisture content, and the potential for severe weather events. Forecasters and storm chasers can use skew-t diagrams to analyze the environment and make informed decisions about the likelihood and characteristics of thunderstorms, severe weather, and other atmospheric phenomena.

What information can be derived from the spacing of isobars on a skew-t diagram?

The spacing of isobars (horizontal pressure lines) on a skew-t diagram reflects the logarithmic decrease of pressure with height in the atmosphere. The closer spacing of isobars near the surface indicates a more rapid decrease in pressure compared to the wider spacing at higher altitudes, where the decrease in pressure is more gradual.

Why is it important to understand how to read and use skew-t diagrams effectively?

Understanding how to read and use skew-t diagrams effectively is crucial for meteorologists and weather enthusiasts because these diagrams provide a wealth of information about the atmospheric environment. Proper interpretation of skew-t diagrams can lead to more accurate forecasts, better identification of severe weather potential, and improved decision-making for storm chasing or other weather-related activities.

What additional topics will be covered in the subsequent videos mentioned in the script?

According to the script, the subsequent videos in this series will cover: 1) How skew-t diagrams are actually made and plotted from raw data, 2) What the derived parameters on a skew-t diagram mean and how they are calculated, 3) Analyzing and comparing different skew-t diagrams in various atmospheric environments, and 4) An introduction to hodographs, their construction, and their role in forecasting severe weather and supercell characteristics.

Outlines

00:00

🌐 Introduction to Reading Skew-Ts and Hodographs

The video introduces a series aimed at explaining how to read skew-Ts and hodographs, essential tools for forecasting and storm chasing. It highlights the importance of understanding these diagrams for better analysis and forecasting. The skew-T was invented in the late 1940s by the U.S. Air Force to facilitate new analysis and forecast techniques, becoming a staple thermodynamic diagram for meteorologists.

05:01

📐 Understanding the Skew-T Diagram

This paragraph delves into the components of the skew-T diagram. The x-axis represents temperature in degrees Celsius, with diagonal lines called isotherms or temperature lines skewed at 45 degrees. The y-axis shows pressure decreasing logarithmically with height, represented by horizontal isobars or lines of equal pressure. A scale conversion to feet or kilometers is often provided to interpret height levels.

10:03

💧 Mixing Ratio Lines and Adiabatic Processes

The diagonal dashed lines on the skew-T represent mixing ratio lines, indicating the mass of water vapor per kilogram of dry air. The curved solid lines are dry adiabats, representing the dry adiabatic lapse rate of 9.8°C/km for unsaturated parcel ascent. The curved dashed lines are moist adiabats, depicting the moist adiabatic lapse rate for saturated parcel ascent, which varies with moisture content.

15:05

📈 Reading an Observed Sounding

This paragraph explains how to interpret an observed sounding on a skew-T diagram. The red line represents the environmental temperature profile, and the green line is the environmental dew point profile, both observed from a weather balloon. The brown line is the parcel temperature profile, following the dry adiabat initially and then the moist adiabat once saturated, indicating the temperature of a hypothetical rising air parcel.

Keywords

💡Skew-T

A Skew-T is a type of thermodynamic diagram used in meteorology to display and analyze vertical profiles of temperature, dew point, and various derived quantities. The temperature lines on a Skew-T are 'skewed' or displayed at an angle of 45 degrees from the vertical, which makes it easier to visualize certain processes. As mentioned in the script, Skew-T diagrams are crucial for meteorologists and storm chasers to understand atmospheric conditions and forecast severe weather events.

💡Log-P

The 'Log-P' part of the 'Skew-T Log-P' diagram refers to the vertical axis, which displays atmospheric pressure on a logarithmic scale. This means that the spacing between pressure levels decreases with increasing height, reflecting the logarithmic decrease in pressure as one moves away from the surface. The logarithmic pressure scale allows for a better representation of the vertical structure of the atmosphere on the Skew-T diagram.

💡Isotherms

Isotherms are the solid diagonal lines on a Skew-T diagram that represent lines of constant temperature. These lines slope from the bottom left to the top right of the diagram, and their values (in degrees Celsius) are indicated on the horizontal axis. Isotherms are crucial for identifying the thermal structure of the atmosphere and analyzing processes related to temperature changes, such as adiabatic cooling or warming.

💡Isobars

Isobars are the horizontal lines on a Skew-T diagram that represent lines of constant atmospheric pressure. The values of these isobars (in millibars) are indicated on the vertical axis. Isobars are used to identify the vertical pressure profile of the atmosphere and to relate atmospheric conditions to specific pressure levels or altitudes.

💡Mixing Ratio

The mixing ratio is a measure of the mass of water vapor present in a given mass of dry air. It is represented by dashed diagonal lines on the Skew-T diagram and is typically denoted by the variable 'w'. Understanding the mixing ratio is crucial for analyzing atmospheric moisture content and its role in processes like cloud formation and precipitation. The script provides a clear explanation of the mixing ratio in grams of water vapor per kilogram of dry air.

💡Dry Adiabats

Dry adiabats are the solid curved lines on a Skew-T diagram that represent the rate of temperature change for an unsaturated (dry) air parcel as it rises or descends in the atmosphere. The dry adiabatic lapse rate is approximately 9.8°C per kilometer, meaning that a dry air parcel cools at this rate as it rises and expands. Dry adiabats are useful for analyzing processes involving unsaturated air, such as those occurring in dry atmospheric conditions.

💡Moist Adiabats

Moist adiabats are the dashed curved lines on a Skew-T diagram that represent the rate of temperature change for a saturated (moist) air parcel as it rises or descends in the atmosphere. The moist adiabatic lapse rate varies with height and moisture content, but it is generally less than the dry adiabatic lapse rate due to the release of latent heat during condensation. Moist adiabats are crucial for analyzing processes involving saturated air, such as cloud formation and precipitation.

💡Environmental Temperature

The environmental temperature, typically represented by a red line on a Skew-T diagram, is the observed vertical profile of temperature in the atmosphere. This line is obtained from actual atmospheric measurements taken by a weather balloon or other instruments. It represents the temperature values at different altitudes or pressure levels and is essential for understanding the thermal structure of the environment being analyzed.

💡Environmental Dew Point

The environmental dew point, often depicted as a green line on a Skew-T diagram, is the observed vertical profile of dew point temperature in the atmosphere. The dew point temperature is the temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapor, and it is a measure of the atmospheric moisture content. Analyzing the environmental dew point line in relation to the temperature line provides insights into the potential for condensation, cloud formation, and precipitation.

💡Parcel Profile

The parcel profile, usually represented by a brown line on a Skew-T diagram, is a theoretical or hypothetical trajectory that an air parcel would follow if it were to be lifted from a specified level (often the surface) in the observed environment. This profile is calculated based on the environmental temperature and dew point data, and it helps meteorologists analyze atmospheric stability, potential for convection, and other processes related to the vertical motion of air parcels.

Highlights

This video series aims to explain how to read skew-T diagrams and hodographs, which are crucial tools for forecasting and understanding severe weather environments.

Skew-T diagrams were invented in the late 1940s by the U.S. Air Force to make analysis and forecasting techniques easier.

The x-axis of a skew-T diagram represents temperature in degrees Celsius, with the lines skewed at 45 degrees for historical analysis reasons.

The y-axis shows pressure, decreasing logarithmically with height, which is why the diagram is called a "skew-T log-p" diagram.

The dashed diagonal lines represent the mixing ratio, which is the mass of water vapor per kilogram of dry air.

The curved solid lines are dry adiabats, representing the dry adiabatic lapse rate of 9.8°C per kilometer for an unsaturated rising air parcel.

The curved dashed lines are moist adiabats, representing the moist adiabatic lapse rate for a saturated rising air parcel, which varies with moisture content.

The red line on a sounding is the observed environmental temperature profile, while the green line is the observed environmental dew point profile.

The brown line is the parcel temperature profile, which follows the dry adiabat initially and then the moist adiabat once saturated.

Understanding how to read and use skew-T diagrams and hodographs effectively is crucial for being a better forecaster, whether operational or as a storm chaser.

The mixing ratio lines provide an absolute measure of the moisture content in an air parcel.

The dry adiabatic lapse rate represents the rate of cooling for an unsaturated rising air parcel.

The moist adiabatic lapse rate approaches the dry adiabatic lapse rate in the upper atmosphere as moisture is squeezed out.

Subsequent videos will cover how skew-T soundings are made, the meaning of derived parameters, and how to interpret different soundings and hodographs.

Understanding the lines and profiles on a skew-T diagram is the foundation for interpreting atmospheric stability and severe weather potential.

Transcripts

hey everybody trey here and welcome to

this first installment of what's going

to be a

series of videos on how to read sku ts

and hodographs i've gotten a lot of

feedback from some of my recent videos

saying from people saying oh the skuti

stuff was kind of over my head i don't

really know how to read a skew tee

they're pretty complicated etc and i've

gotten some requests from people uh also

asking me to do a video or two

explaining how to read skutees and

hodographs and that's exactly what we're

going to do in this series

we're going to start out with

skutees in this

in this video we'll look at just what

all those lines mean on the diagram and

then in subsequent videos we'll take a

look at how skew t's are actually made

what all those derived parameters mean

and how they're calculated

and finally we'll take a look at some

ski different skew t's in different

environments and kind of compare and

contrast them

and then at the end of the series we'll

take a look at hodographs how they're

made

and how different hodographs can

modulate

the kind of severe severe weather

hazards you might see for a given event

or these characteristics of supercells

in a given environment

um skutees and hodographs are

some of the most important things you

can use when you're making a forecast

and if you know how to use them properly

you will be a much better forecaster

whether you are an operational

meteorologist making a forecast or

you're a storm chaser

picking out a good storm chase target

if you know how to read and use skts and

hodographs effectively

you are going to be a much better

forecaster because they give they can

give so much information on a given

environment and how that environment has

changed over time

that if you don't know how to read

skewed teas and holographs and use them

effectively you're going to be at a

disadvantage

so let's get started here quick word on

the

kind of the history of skutees they were

invented in the late 1940s

at the time there were a few different

um thermodynamic diagrams in use for

example the teflogram and the ammogram

but at this at the time the us air force

was coming up with new analysis and

forecast techniques

and the skew-t was invented to kind of

make

those techniques easier to employ and

they did and it's become kind of the

staple thermodynamic diagram

for meteorologists at least in the

united states

in the last

about 70

70 some odd years since the skt was

invented all right so let's get this

full screen here and let's dive in

to just what each of these lines mean

now if you're just looking at this

diagram for the first time you're new to

meteorology and you're looking at a

skew-t for the first time

it can be quite intimidating

um the

there's a just it looks like a jumble of

lines and why when i first started

looking at skutees it was confusing as

well

but once you get the hang of it and once

you know what each of these lines mean

they do have a specific purpose it'll

become a lot easier to decipher what a

sqt actually is showing

um and it's it's in the end it's it's

fairly simple it looks intimidating but

we're going to help you get the hang of

it here with this video series so

let's start with the

um the x-axis here

so

the x-axis and this will give us a clue

as to why

the

diagram is named skew t log p

the x axis is our temperature axis

it is in degrees celsius and they are

represented by these

diagonal

lines

that run from bottom left to top right

of the diagram these solid diagonal

lines here those are our temperature

lines

or our isotherms

and the reason it's called a skew t is

because the temperature lines are skewed

at 45 degrees from the vertical

for whatever reason it allowed the

analysis techniques back in the 40s to

become a lot easier to use and so

therefore

the

diagram is called a skew-t diagram

because the temperature lines are skewed

now once again it is in

they're all in degrees celsius so keep

that in mind you can see the values here

along the x-axis as well

all right now let's take a look at our

y-axis here let me switch colors all

right so then our y-axis

is our pressure axis

and

you of course the name of the diagram is

a skew-t log-p diagram

and that is because

pressure decreases as you go up in the

atmosphere in a logarithmic fashion

these horizontal lines here are called

isobars or lines of equal pressure

and you'll notice nearer to the surface

the distance between these isobars

is a lot closer

a lot less than it is

versus up higher in the atmosphere where

the spacing is a little bit greater

that's because pressure decreases

logarithmically with height

so if it was a linear decrease where

pressure decreased the same amount from

isobar to isobar then we would see these

the spacing remain the same as you went

higher up in the atmosphere but that's

not the case pressure decreases

logarithmically with height and

therefore we have our skew t

skewed temperature lines log p

the logarithm logarithmic scale of

pressure here on the y axis and of

course the pressure

is given

in millibars

and one quick note you know if

someone told you how high up is you know

400 millibars

you wouldn't be able to you know say

that off the top of your head

most likely so a lot of soundings will

have this

some sort of scale showing a conversion

to feet or even kilometers the spc

soundings which we'll take a look at

have a

some

measurements in kilometers above sea

level

and this particular sounding has it in

feet and you can see the values here

um on the right side so

just something to make uh deciphering

how high up a certain level is

you have pressure on the y-axis but you

can also have it in feet here as well

all right next i'm going to clear this

just for to save some space here to make

it a little cleaner so next we'll talk

about these dashed

lines that run diagonal as well from

basically bottom left to top right of

the diagram

and these are our mixing ratio lines and

the mixing ratio which is denoted in

shorthand by the variable w in

meteorology

the mixing ratio is going to be the mass

of water vapor

in grams

over

per kilogram

of dry air

so you might think that those units are

kind of unintuitive which it would be

grams per kilogram

it's kind of weird to have a mass unit

over a mass unit but that's just the way

it is in meteor when we talk about the

mixing ratio here it's the amount of

grams or the mass of water vapor per

kilogram of dry air so quick kind of

example to help you visualize here if we

had one kilogram of dry air here and for

every one kilogram

say in an air parcel

or an imaginary box of air here's our

one kilogram of dry air

we had five grams

of moist air

so we have five grams of water vapor per

one kilogram of dry air so our mixing

ratio would be five grams per kilogram

that's basically all the mixing ratio is

it's an absolute

measure of the moisture in an air parcel

and again they're denoted by these

dashed lines that run diagonal from the

bottom left to the top right of the

diagram

all right now

this is where it can get a little bit

confusing

um i'm gonna change colors here just to

make it a little bit more visible

so these last two lines on the diagram

may be kind of the most important lines

here

and maybe not important so much as

they can be confusing but they're pretty

critical when we're trying to evaluate

the instability in the atmosphere from

skt

so we'll start off with these curved

lines that go from the top sort of top

left of the diagram

and they curve down here

toward kind of the bottom right of the

diagram

these are called the dry

adiabats

now you might be thinking what the heck

is an adiabat well there are two

different kinds of processes really that

we talk about in meteorology there's

there's diabetic and then there's

adiabatic processes

and in an adiabatic process

there is no heat

added or lost

to the system

during that process and really the main

the thing we're talking about here is

the

rising and sinking of air which results

in the

warming and cooling of air parcels so if

you have a parcel near the surface

if it's pushed upward and it goes upward

it's going to expand

it's going to become bigger and that we

can also

have that happen in the opposite fashion

where you have a parcel of air that

starts aloft it's pushed downward as it

sinks it's going to compress

now when an air parcel rises it expands

and through that expansion it cools

that's an adiabatic process just because

it it is expanding the parcel or the box

of air expands it cools

and as a parcel is pushed downward

from aloft toward lower levels

the parcel gets compressed and it warms

those are adiabatic processes

and when we're talking about the our dry

adiabats here these represent the dry

adiabatic lapse rate

which i'll

kind of abbreviate as dry dalr here the

dry adiabatic lapse rate is 9.8 degrees

celsius per kilometer and what that's

basically saying is when you have a dry

parcel of air when it is unsaturated so

we'll say we have a box of air it has no

moisture in it whatsoever

it's going to rise and it's going to

cool

at a rate of 9.8 degrees celsius per

kilometer so for every kilometer this

dry parcel of air goes up

it's going to drop in temperature 9.8

degrees celsius

now let me

clear this and show you these dashed

curved lines that kind of go

sorry a little bit off the line there

but you can see

it's these kind of curved dashed lines

here that go kind of from the bottom of

the diagram and kind of go up towards

the top right of the diagram

these are our moist

adiabats

and the moist adiabats simply represent

a saturated air parcels ascent through

the atmosphere so when we have a box of

air and let's say this time it's full of

water vapor it's completely saturated

it's going to rise but it's not going to

rise and

decrease in temperature as it expands at

the same rate as a completely dry parcel

of air

near the surface and the moist adiabatic

lapse rate

near the surface so we'll just say the

malr for

for short

near the surface

it's usually about four degrees celsius

per kilometer but the moist adiabatic

lapse rate depends on the amount of

water vapor that is in a given air

parcel so it changes as you go up in the

atmosphere

and a simple you know tenet of

meteorology is that

colder air

holds less moisture

than warmer air

and we know that as we go up in the

atmosphere the temperature

decreases

so air as the a saturated parcel rises

all of that moisture is going to get

squeezed out and you'll notice here

that in the upper portion of the

atmosphere

our moist adiabats and our dry adiabats

are almost parallel well that's because

the moist adiabatic lapse rate up in

here in the atmosphere

in the higher portions of the atmosphere

begins to

be very similar to the dry adiabatic

lapse rate 9.8 degrees celsius per

kilometer as all that moisture is

squeezed out

it continues to rise in the upper

portion of the atmosphere kind of as a

an unsaturated parcel

so that's what those curved lines mean

you have your your moist adiabats are

these curved lines here

they are your moist adiabats and they

represent saturated parcel ascent

and again the

rate of cooling of a parcel as it

expands and

ascends in the atmosphere

differs based on the amount of moisture

in that parcel

whereas these curved lines here these

curved solid lines

those are your dry adiabats

and they represent that 9.8 degrees

celsius

per kilometer value which is the dry

adiabatic lapse rate

and you know often in meteorology you're

never really going to see

a

parcel that rises the dry adiabatic

lapse rate

although it can happen which is

we would call it can actually go

decrease at a greater amount than the

dry adiabatic lapse rate which is what

we call super adiabatic but that's for a

different video but generally you're

going to see something between this

moist adiabatic lapse rate

and this dry adiabatic lapse rate and

again we'll show you how to use these

lines when making a sounding in the next

video but for now that's pretty much

what all these lines mean so in summary

you've got your temperature lines

those these solid lines here that go

from bottom left to top right those are

your temperature lines t for temperature

actually i'll write it out here

just to make it a little more clear so

those are your temperature lines or

isotherms

these

horizontal lines

are your

pressure contours

or isobars again skew-t the temperature

lines are skewed at 45 degrees from the

vertical

and your pressure lines log p the

pressure scale is logarithmic

as it goes up in the atmosphere

decreases logarithmically

as it as you ascend in the atmosphere

then you have your

mixing ratio lines i'll do green for

moisture here these diagonal lines here

are your mixing ratio lines or for short

w and again that's just the mass of of

water vapor per kilogram of dry air

within a parcel

and then you have your

adiabats your

dry adiabats here these solid curved

lines they go down from the top right to

the bottom

excuse me the top left to the bottom

right of the diagram

those are your dry adiabats and again

they represent that dry adiabatic lapse

rate or unsaturated or dry parcel ascent

which is that 9.8 degrees celsius

per kilometer and then you have your

moist adiabats these

dashed curved lines those are your moist

adiabats

and they represent saturated parcel

ascent

so a parcel of air that is full of water

vapor and again that moist adiabatic

lapse rate changes as you go up in the

atmosphere based on the amount of water

vapor that you have in your parcel

so let's take a look now at an observed

sound we've gone kind of through the

foundation

of the skew-t diagram we've got the the

the what all the lines mean

on kind of the foundation the grid

now what about an observed sounding

so

let's start with the red and green lines

here and of course we'll do an actual

sounding and show you how this sounding

is made in the upcoming video

but

let's go ahead for now just

you know decipher what these actually

mean

the red line

is the environmental temperature which

i'll abbreviate env for environmental

environmental temperature and the green

line here is the environmental dew point

so

these are both

observed profiles

from the instrument pack on the weather

balloon as that weather balloon goes up

it

sort of radios back

uh atmospheric data from from every

different level of the atmosphere

a bunch of different levels of the

atmosphere are plotted and then you get

these profiles the red line is the

environmental temperature the green

lines the environmental dew point so

these are actual actual observed

profiles of the actual atmosphere

this brown line however is the parcel

temperature or the parcel

profile

and there are a few different ways to do

that again we'll do kind of go through

that in the upcoming videos but it's

basically the temperature of a

hypothetical parcel of air

if it were to be pushed upward

in this environment now usually if we're

just doing this on our own we're making

our own sounding usually we

you know start at the surface

and you'll notice here that the

in the kind of lower levels

the parcel profile follows the dry

adiabat

and then once it gets saturated once it

hits

uh

once the mixing ratio line

touches the parcel profile

then it uh the parcel is then saturated

and it rises

following the moist adiabat

we'll talk about that again in detail in

the upcoming videos but just wanted to

give you a kind of baseline of what each

of these lines mean on an observed

sounding so

that's all i've got for this first video

you've kind of got the baseline of what

the lines on the sounding mean

next video we'll put it all together

we'll actually make our own sounding and

see how a sounding skew tea is actually

made

and how we can get from the raw data to

something

like this so that's all i've got for now

we'll see you in the next video thanks

for watching