PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 - The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research
Summary
TLDRThis instructional video for senior students delves into the core of research, exploring its characteristics, processes, and ethics. It outlines the seven essential traits of good research, the qualities of a researcher, and the seven-step research process, from defining a topic to formulating new insights. The script emphasizes the importance of ethics in research, including informed consent, objectivity, and respect for intellectual property, highlighting the responsibilities of researchers to maintain integrity and contribute to the advancement of knowledge.
Takeaways
- π Research should be empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, methodical, and replicable to be considered good.
- π§ A good researcher must possess intellectual curiosity, prudence, healthy criticism, intellectual honesty, and creativity.
- π The seven steps of the research process include defining the research problem, finding background information, planning the research design, gathering data, processing and analyzing data, formulating insights and conclusions, and defining new problems based on recommendations.
- π Ethics in research are crucial and include objectivity, integrity, respect for privacy and dignity, accurate presentation of findings, and avoidance of misuse of research role.
- πββοΈ Informed consent is necessary to protect the rights of research participants, ensuring they are aware of the study's criteria and the voluntary nature of their participation.
- π Honesty in research involves accurately reporting data, results, methods, and procedures without fabrication, falsification, or misrepresentation.
- π¬ Objectivity in research design and data analysis is essential to avoid bias and ensure the validity of findings.
- π€ Integrity requires researchers to keep promises, act sincerely, and strive for consistency in thought and action.
- π Openness in research involves sharing data, results, ideas, tools, and resources, and being receptive to criticism and new ideas.
- π Respect for intellectual property is vital, which includes not using, publishing, or plagiarizing data, methods, or results without permission and giving credit where it's due.
- π Confidentiality is key in protecting sensitive information such as personal records, trade secrets, and patient records to ensure privacy and trust.
Q & A
What are the seven characteristics of good research according to Maureen Callaghan's 2012 definition?
-The seven characteristics of good research are: 1) Empirical, based on direct experience or observation; 2) Logical, based on valid procedures and principles; 3) Cyclical, a process that starts and ends with a problem; 4) Analytical, utilizing proven analytical procedures; 5) Critical, exhibiting careful and precise judgment; 6) Methodical, conducted without bias using systematic methods; 7) Possessing replicability, allowing for the research to be repeated for validation.
What are the intrinsic and acquired qualities a researcher should have?
-A researcher should have qualities such as intellectual curiosity, prudence, healthy criticism, intellectual honesty, and intellectual creativity.
What are the seven steps of the research process?
-The seven steps are: 1) Define and develop the research problem; 2) Find background information and review literature; 3) Plan the research design and methodology; 4) Gather necessary data; 5) Process and analyze the data; 6) Formulate insights, conclusions, and recommendations; 7) Define new problems based on recommendations.
What factors should be considered when selecting a research problem?
-Factors to consider include the researcher's area of interest, availability of funds, and the researcher's ability and training.
Why is it important to review literature when defining a research problem?
-Reviewing literature helps to clarify what has been studied, the available research resources, and how useful the previous research is. It can also identify aspects of the problem that remain unsolved.
What is the purpose of research design in the research process?
-Research design decides how the research materials will be collected and provides insights into how to conduct research using a particular methodology.
What are some challenges that may arise during data collection?
-Challenges may include the research method not suiting the context properly, interviewees being unwilling to participate, and potential bias that could affect the study's results.
How should research findings be reported in a research report?
-Research findings should be reported by describing the significance of the study, relating it to previous research, and discussing unanswered questions and suggestions for future research.
What are the ethical principles that guide scientific research conduct and dissemination?
-Ethical principles include objectivity and integrity, respect for participants' rights, honest reporting, avoidance of bias, and maintaining confidentiality.
What is the importance of informed consent in research involving human subjects?
-Informed consent is crucial to protect participants' rights, ensuring they are aware of the study's criteria, schedule, and that their participation is voluntary.
How can research misconduct, such as plagiarism, affect the research community?
-Research misconduct can erode trust between researchers and funding agencies, making it more difficult for colleagues to receive grants and damaging the credibility of scientific work.
Outlines
π Characteristics and Ethics of Research
This paragraph introduces the instructional video aimed at senior students, focusing on the characteristics, processes, and ethics of research. It outlines the lesson, which includes defining research characteristics, the qualities of a researcher, the seven steps of the research process, and the ethics involved in research. The paragraph emphasizes the seven key characteristics of good research: empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, methodical, and replicable. Additionally, it highlights the intrinsic and acquired qualities a researcher should possess, such as intellectual curiosity, prudence, healthy criticism, intellectual honesty, and creativity.
π The Seven Steps of the Research Process
The second paragraph delves into the seven steps of conducting research. It starts with defining and developing a research topic, considering factors like the researcher's interest, availability of funds, and the researcher's ability. The next steps involve finding background information through literature reviews, planning the research design including the sample or methodology, and gathering data using qualitative or quantitative methods. The paragraph also discusses the importance of processing and analyzing data, formulating insights and conclusions, and defining new problems based on recommendations. Each step is crucial for a well-structured and thorough research project.
π Data Analysis and Research Ethics
This paragraph discusses the challenges of interpreting and analyzing gathered data, emphasizing the need for clarity in research findings. It outlines the process of formulating new insights for qualitative research and conclusions for quantitative research, along with recommendations. The paragraph then transitions into the importance of research ethics, which includes guidelines for responsible conduct, such as objectivity, integrity, respect for privacy, and protection of subjects. It also covers ethical principles like informed consent, honesty, objectivity, integrity, carefulness, openness, respect for intellectual property, confidentiality, responsible mentoring, and social responsibility.
π‘οΈ Protecting Human Rights and Intellectual Property
The fourth paragraph focuses on the ethical considerations in research, particularly the protection of human rights and intellectual property. It discusses the importance of voluntary participation, anonymity, and privacy in research. The paragraph also addresses copyright infringement and the need to avoid it by respecting the rights of creators. It further explains the rights of research participants, including their moral and legal rights, and the importance of respecting human dignity in research involving human subjects.
π« Ethical Standards and Misconduct in Research
The final paragraph discusses ethical standards in research and the consequences of research misconduct, which includes fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. It explains that these acts can erode trust between researchers and funding agencies. The paragraph defines plagiarism and outlines the three acts considered as plagiarism: failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas, failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and failure to put summaries and borrowed ideas in one's own words. The emphasis is on the importance of originality and proper attribution in research.
Mindmap
Keywords
π‘Empirical
π‘Logical
π‘Cyclical
π‘Analytical
π‘Critical
π‘Methodical
π‘Replicability
π‘Ethics in Research
π‘Research Design
π‘Data Analysis
π‘Research Misconduct
Highlights
Introduction to the characteristics, processes, and ethics of research for senior students.
The seven characteristics that define good research: empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, methodical, and replicable.
Characteristics of a researcher, including intellectual curiosity, prudence, healthy criticism, intellectual honesty, and creativity.
The seven steps of the research process, starting with defining and developing a research problem.
Importance of reviewing literature to clarify and understand the research problem within the context of existing studies.
Planning research design, including choosing appropriate methods like surveys, interviews, or observations.
Data collection techniques for both qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Data processing and analysis using thematic analysis for qualitative data and statistical tools for quantitative data.
Formulating insights, conclusions, and recommendations based on research findings.
Ethics in research, emphasizing the importance of guidelines for responsible research conduct.
Ethical principles in research, including informed consent, honesty, objectivity, integrity, and carefulness.
Respect for intellectual property and the avoidance of plagiarism and copyright infringement.
Confidentiality in research, ensuring the protection of sensitive information and maintaining privacy.
Social responsibility in research, promoting acceptance and mitigating potential social harms.
Competence in research, maintaining and improving professional expertise through lifelong learning.
Legality in research, adhering to relevant laws, policies, and regulations.
Animal care in research, ensuring proper respect and care when using animals for scientific purposes.
Human subjects protection, minimizing harm and maximizing benefits while respecting human dignity and privacy.
Rights of research participants, emphasizing voluntary participation, anonymity, and privacy.
Research misconduct, including fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism, and its impact on trust within the research community.
Transcripts
hello seniors i'm glad that you are
able to view this instructional video in
chat probes you are
interested to learn research may this
video provide you with memorable
learning as you go through practical
research when
happy learning
our lesson today my dear senior students
is the characteristics processes and
ethics
of research
at the end of this lesson you are
expected to describe characteristics
processes and ethics of research
this lesson is outlined as follows
characteristics of research
characteristics of a researcher
the seven steps of the research process
ethics in research rights of research
participants or respondents and ethical
standards in research
writing
according to call maureen in 2012 a good
research must have this
seven characteristics
a good research is empirical
research is based on direct experience
or observation by the researcher
it is based on practical experience
without due regard to scientific
knowledge or theory
two a good research is logical
research is based on valid procedures
and principles
scientific study is done in an orderly
manner
it is also a systematic examination of
procedures
to draw valid conclusions three
a good research is cyclical
research is a cyclical process because
it starts with a problem
and ends with a problem a researcher
completes his study stated his findings
draws conclusion and recommendation
in his recommendations several studies
may be conducted
hence research is cyclical
fourth a good research is analytical
research utilizes proven analytical
procedures in gathering the data
whether historical descriptive and
experimental in case study
the data gathered focus on the following
historical
past descriptive present experimental
feature and case study past
present and future fifth
a good research is critical
research exhibits careful and precise
judgment it shows precise interpretation
based on the results
sixth a good research is methodical
is conducted in methodical manner
without bias
using systematic method and procedures
again it is without bias appropriate
tests
should be used seventh a good research
possesses replicability the research
designing procedures are
replicated or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and
conclusive results
more replications mean more valid
results
replicability of the study means using
the same
instrument methods procedure but
different subjects and venue or locale
the researcher must have specific
intrinsic and acquired qualities to be
able to carry out
research activities lack of these traits
hinders the pursuit
of research or makes conduction of
research is slow and difficult
a good researcher possesses the
following characteristics
intellectual curiosity prudence
healthy criticism intellectual honesty
and intellectual creativity
intellectual curiosity a good researcher
undertakes and inquires of the things
and situations around him
deep thinking skin to get information
raises questions and continues to read
related literature and studies
prudence researcher is careful to
conduct his study at the right time
and at the right place wisely
efficiently
and economically again it does the right
thing
at the right time at the right place
healthy criticism a good researcher is
always
doubtful as to the truthfulness of the
results
he doubts the authenticity or validity
of the data
and is open to criticism
intellectual honesty a good researcher
is honest to collect or gather the data
or facts in order to arrive
at honest results he adheres to
honesty is the best policy and believes
that success or failures lies on the
researcher's hand
intellectual creativity a good
researcher is productive and
resourceful he always creates new
researches
he enjoys inventing unique novel
and original researches and considers
research as happy
at this point what are the seven steps
of the research process
step one define and develop your topic
or research
problem all research sets in a research
problem definitely factual ignorance may
be the research
problem we would simply intend to enrich
a knowledge
of social processes or institutions
however the research problems
come up with the ongoing phenomenon or
issues
one research project may significantly
lead to another research work
because it explores issues that the
researcher did nothing
previously here are the factors to
consider
in selecting a research problem one
researcher's area of interest
two availability of funds and 3
investigators ability and training
step 2 find background information about
their chosen topic
review of related literature
once the research problem is defined the
next step is to review the existing
research evidence
to clarify that to studied available
research resources related to the
problem for example
it may be the previous research that has
already made a clear statement of the
problem
the researcher takes into account how
useful the previous research that exists
did previous researchers
investigate the same problem how do they
resolve it
what aspects of the problem has remained
unsolved
keep in mind that how richer your
literature is
the better your research will be
step 3 plan your research design
including your sample
or the research methodology
the researcher then must find out a
research design
research design decides how the research
materials will be collected
one or more research methods for example
experiment survey
interview etc are chosen depending on
the research objectives
in some research contexts a survey may
be suitable
in other facts interviews or case
studies or observation might be more
appropriate
research design actually provides
insights into how
to conduct a research using a particular
research methodology
basically every researcher has a list of
research questions that need to be
assessed that can be done
with research design
step 4 gather necessary data using
open-ended questions for qualitative
research and close-ended questionnaire
or
paper pencil test questionnaire for
quantitative research
or the data gathering activities while
the research design is decided
then the researcher collects data
records information
the researcher proceeds with the
research practical difficulties may
arise in this stage
for example the research method may not
suit
properly the interviewer might be
unwilling to let carry out the research
as planned
moreover a false interpretation could
potentially bias the result of the study
so when you collect data you need to
know the effective
techniques of data collection in order
to gather necessary and relevant
information
with regard to research
step 5 process and analyze data using
thematic analysis for qualitative
research and statistical tools
for quantitative research now work out
the implications of the data you
gathered
your challenges are not over yet rather
problems may just begin
it is hardly easy to clear out the
implications of the gathered materials
while it is possible to clarify the
research questions
some investigations are less conclusive
so interpret your research results in
order to report the findings
no matter what kind of research you are
doing there comes a moment when your
head is full of ideas that originated
from your analysis
ideally you write them down as they come
to you
now you need to convert the mass of
those elements and ideas into a written
text that makes sense to the reader
and can do justice to your quest
step six formulate new insights gained
for qualitative research conclusions for
quantitative research
and recommendations the next step of the
research process
outline is to report the research
findings
describe the significance of the
research study
work out how do they relate to the
previous research findings
usually the research report publishes a
journal
article or book this is the last stage
in terms of the individual research
project
mostly a research report discusses
questions that remained
unanswered and suggest further research
in the future in general
this also signifies how do you write
your research
paper you must write your research
findings in a proper way
step 7 define new problem based on your
recommendations
ethics in research
research ethics are guidelines for the
responsible conduct of research
which educates and monitors researchers
to ensure high standard
it promotes the aim of research such as
expanding knowledge and supports the
values required for collaborative work
such as mutual respect and fairness
research ethics are the set of ethical
guidelines that guides
us on how scientific research should be
conducted and disseminated
research ethics govern the standards of
conduct for scientific researchers
it is the guideline for responsibly
conducting the research
here are the ethical considerations in
conducting research
one objectivity and integrity
two respect of the research subject's
right to privacy and dignity and
protection of subjects from personal
health
3 presentation of research findings
4 misuse of research role
5 acknowledgement of research
collaboration and assistance
and six distortions of findings by
sponsor
this time let's tackle the ethical
principles in the research
inform consent it is required
to secure in order to protect the rights
of the participants in your study
inform your participants about the
criteria set for choosing them as
informants in the schedule of one-on-one
interview at a convenient time they are
available
participation to the study will be
completely voluntary
honesty it reports data results methods
and procedures and publication status
do not fabricate falsify and
misrepresent the data
three objectivity avoid
bias in experimental design data
analysis
data interpretation peer review
personal decisions grant writing
expert testimony and other aspects of
research
four integrity keep your promises and
agreements
act with the sincerity strive for
consistency of
thought and action
five carefulness avoid coilless errors
and negligence
carefully and critically examine your
work and the work of peers
keep good records of research activities
6 openness share data
results ideas tools and resources
and be open to criticism and new ideas
next is respect for intellectual
property
owner patterns copyrights trademarks
trade secrets and other forms of
intellectual property
do not use publishing and publish data
methods results without permission
and give credit where credit is due
never plagiarize fabricate and falsify
eight confidentiality
protect confidential communication such
as
papers or grants submitted for
publication
personal records trade or military
secrets
and patient records
nine responsible mentoring
help to educate mentor and advise others
promote their welfare and allow them to
make their own decisions
10 responsible publication
publish in order to advance research and
scholarship
not to advance your own career and avoid
wasteful and duplicative obligation
next 11 respect for colleagues
respect your colleagues opinion trip
them fairly and do not
outsmart others 12
social responsibility strive to promote
social acceptance and prevent or
mitigate
social harms through research
public education and advocacy
13 non-discrimination
avoid discrimination against colleagues
or students on the basis of sex
race ethnicity or other factors that are
not
related to their scientific competence
and integrity
14 competence maintain and improve your
own
professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education and learning
take steps to promote competence in
science as a whole
legality know and obey relevant laws
and institutional and government
policies
16 animal care show proper respect and
care for animals when using them in
research
do not conduct unnecessary or poorly
designed animal experiments
human subjects protection
when conducting a research on human
subjects minimize
harms and risk and maximize benefits
respect human dignity privacy and
anonymity
next rights of research participants
first human rights they are moral
principles or norms that describe
certain standards of human behavior and
are regularly protected
as natural and legal rights they
constitute
a set of rights and juries necessary for
the protection of human dignity
inherent to all human beings
second is intellectual property
it protects creations of the mind which
have both a moral and the commercial
value
three copyright infringement
it is the use or production of copyright
protected material without permission of
the copyright holder
copyright infringement means that the
rights accorded to the copyright holder
such as the exclusive use of a work for
a set period of time
are breached by a third party
examples are downloading movies and
music without proper payment for use
recording movies in a theater using
others photographs for a blog without
permission
copying software code without giving
proper
credit and creating videos with
unlicensed
music clips
fourth is voluntary participation people
must not be coerced into participating
in research process
essentially this means that prospective
research participants must be informed
about the procedures and risk involved
in research
and must give their consent to
participate
fifth anonymity it is the protection of
people's identity through not
disclosing their name or not exposing
their identity
it is a situation in data gathering
activities in which informant's name
is not given nor known
6 privacy it is someone's right to keep
his personal matters and relationship
secret it is the ability of an
individual
to seclude him from disturbance of any
research activity ethical standards in
research
writing research misconduct includes
fabrication
falsification or plagiarism it doesn't
include any error of differences of
opinion
it can erode trust between researchers
and funding agencies
which make it more difficult for
colleagues at the same institution to
receive
grants
the term plagiarism refers to the act of
using another person's ideas
works processes and results without
giving you credit
it should not be tolerated as the
unauthorized use of
original works a violation of
intellectual property rights
three different acts are considered
plagiarism
one failure to cite quotations and
borrowed ideas
two failure to enclose borrowed language
in quotation marks
and three failure to put summaries and
father places in your own words
you
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)