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The Behavior University
28 Jun 202110:19

Summary

TLDRThis video delves into measurement procedures in applied behavior analysis, focusing on continuous and discontinuous methods. It explains frequency, rate, duration, and percentage for continuous measurement, and partial interval, whole interval, momentary time sampling, and permanent products for discontinuous measurement. The script also covers inter-observer agreement (IOA) for data reliability, the importance of graphing behavior over time for intervention decisions, and the practical aspects of data collection and session management.

Takeaways

  • πŸ“ˆ Continuous measurement in ABA involves recording every instance of behavior, such as frequency, rate, duration, and percent, and is the most accurate but resource-intensive method.
  • πŸ” Discontinuous measurement includes partial interval, whole interval, momentary time sampling, and permanent products, which are less resource-intensive but may compromise data accuracy.
  • πŸ“š Frequency is used to measure behavior when the observation window is consistent, while rate is used when it is not.
  • ⏱ Duration measures the time a behavior occurs and is better for behaviors lasting more than a minute, like tantrums.
  • πŸ”’ Percentage is used for behaviors that occur in response to a specific stimulus or opportunity and is calculated by dividing occurrences by opportunities and multiplying by 100.
  • πŸ“Š Partial interval recording counts behavior if it occurs at any point during an interval, which can overestimate behavior frequency.
  • πŸ“ Whole interval recording requires the behavior to occur throughout the entire interval to be counted, which can underestimate behavior frequency.
  • πŸ•’ Momentary time sampling checks for behavior occurrence at the end of an interval, suitable for high-rate behaviors in a multitasking environment.
  • πŸ— Permanent product measurement involves counting or saving the products of behavior, useful for behaviors that produce consistent products regularly.
  • 🀝 Inter-observer agreement (IOA) is a tool to evaluate data reliability by comparing results from two individuals observing the same behavior.
  • πŸ“Š Graphing behavior data over time helps in making decisions about interventions, showing whether the targeted behavior is increasing or decreasing as desired.

Q & A

  • What are the two types of measurement procedures discussed in the video?

    -The two types of measurement procedures discussed are continuous and discontinuous.

  • What does continuous measurement involve?

    -Continuous measurement involves recording every instance of behavior during an observation period, which is resource-intensive but provides the most accurate data.

  • What are the common types of continuous measurement procedures mentioned in the video?

    -The common types of continuous measurement procedures mentioned are frequency, rate, duration, and percentage.

  • How is frequency different from rate in the context of measuring behavior?

    -Frequency is used when the observation window is consistent, while rate is used when it is not. Frequency is expressed as a count, and rate is expressed per unit of time.

  • What is duration as a measurement procedure, and when is it preferred?

    -Duration is the time during which a behavior occurs, expressed in units of time. It is preferred for behaviors that last more than a minute, such as tantrums or meltdowns.

  • How is percentage used to measure problem behavior?

    -Percentage is used for behaviors that are bound by a certain stimulus or opportunity. It is calculated by dividing the number of times the behavior occurred by the total number of opportunities and multiplying by one hundred.

  • What is discontinuous measurement, and why is it used?

    -Discontinuous measurement involves taking data on behavior only some of the time, allowing the data collector to multitask but compromising some accuracy. It is used for efficiency.

  • What are the common types of discontinuous measurement procedures discussed in the video?

    -The common types of discontinuous measurement procedures discussed are partial interval recording, whole interval recording, momentary time sampling, and permanent products.

  • How does partial interval recording differ from whole interval recording?

    -In partial interval recording, the behavior only needs to occur for part of the interval to be counted, while in whole interval recording, the behavior must occur for the entire interval.

  • What is momentary time sampling, and how does it work?

    -Momentary time sampling involves checking whether behavior is happening at the end of an interval without noting if it occurred during the interval. It is recorded as a plus if the behavior is occurring at that moment or a minus if it is not.

  • What is a permanent product in measurement procedures?

    -A permanent product is a measurement procedure where the products of the behavior are counted or saved. It is used for behaviors that produce consistent products regularly.

  • What is inter-observer agreement (IOA), and why is it important?

    -Inter-observer agreement (IOA) is a tool used to evaluate the data's reliability by comparing the results of two individuals observing the same behavior. It helps determine the believability of the data.

  • How is IOA calculated, and what does it indicate?

    -IOA is calculated by dividing the smaller number of observations by the larger number and multiplying by 100. A higher percentage indicates greater agreement and thus more reliable data.

  • Why is graphing behavior data over time important in applied behavior analysis?

    -Graphing behavior data over time helps visualize the effectiveness of interventions and allows for decisions about whether the targeted behavior is increasing or decreasing as desired.

  • What are some organizational and multitasking tips for a behavior technician?

    -Behavior technicians should ensure all materials for data collection are nearby and easy to use, touch base with the family to understand setting events, review behavior intervention plans, and start each session with a preference assessment.

Outlines

00:00

πŸ“Š Continuous and Discontinuous Measurement in ABA

This paragraph introduces measurement procedures in applied behavior analysis (ABA), focusing on continuous and discontinuous methods. Continuous measurement involves recording every instance of behavior during an observation period, which is resource-intensive but highly accurate. It includes frequency, rate, duration, and percentage. Discontinuous measurement, on the other hand, records behavior only at certain times, allowing for multitasking but with less accuracy. This category includes partial and whole interval recording, momentary time sampling, and permanent products. The paragraph also explains the concepts of observation window, frequency, rate, duration, and percentage in the context of behavior measurement.

05:01

πŸ” Understanding Discontinuous Measurement and IOA in ABA

The second paragraph delves deeper into discontinuous measurement techniques, explaining partial interval recording, whole interval recording, and momentary time sampling. It highlights the pros and cons of each method, such as the potential for overestimation or underestimation of behavior. The paragraph also introduces the concept of permanent products, which involve counting or saving the consistent products of behavior. Furthermore, it discusses the importance of inter-observer agreement (IOA) as a tool to evaluate the reliability of collected data by comparing results from two observers. The process of calculating IOA and its significance in ensuring the credibility of behavioral data is also covered.

10:02

πŸ“ˆ Graphing Behavior Data and Session Management in ABA

The final paragraph discusses the importance of graphing behavior data over time to visualize changes and inform intervention decisions. It emphasizes the role of a behavior technician in taking data, graphing it, and presenting it to behavior specialists for analysis. The paragraph also provides insights into session management, including the organization of materials, understanding client motivation, and planning sessions based on previous sessions' outcomes. It advises on conducting preference assessments, maintaining rapport, and ensuring sessions are engaging and tailored to the client's needs.

Mindmap

Keywords

πŸ’‘Measurement Procedures

Measurement procedures in the context of the video refer to the systematic methods used in applied behavior analysis to quantify and analyze behaviors. They are essential for understanding and modifying behavior patterns. The video discusses two main types: continuous and discontinuous, each with its own set of methods like frequency, rate, duration, and percent for continuous measurement, and partial interval, whole interval, momentary time sampling, and permanent products for discontinuous measurement.

πŸ’‘Continuous Measurement

Continuous measurement is a method that involves recording every instance of behavior during an observation period. It is considered the most accurate but also the most resource-intensive. The video explains that it includes techniques such as frequency, rate, and duration, which are used to measure how often, how quickly, and for how long a behavior occurs. For example, frequency might be used to count the number of screams in a session, while duration measures the length of time a behavior like a tantrum lasts.

πŸ’‘Discontinuous Measurement

Discontinuous measurement is a less resource-intensive approach that involves taking data on a behavior only some of the time. This method allows for multitasking but may compromise the accuracy of the data. The video outlines different discontinuous measurement techniques such as partial interval recording, whole interval recording, momentary time sampling, and permanent products, each with its own way of capturing behavioral data at intervals or based on the presence of a behavior at specific moments.

πŸ’‘Frequency

Frequency in the video is defined as the count of a behavior and is related to the observation window, which is the duration of time the behavior is observed and recorded. It is used when the observation window is consistent. An example from the script is stating that a client screamed at a frequency of three times during a two-hour session.

πŸ’‘Rate

Rate is another continuous measurement technique used when the observation window is not consistent. It is the frequency of behavior adjusted for time, helping to compare behaviors across different observation periods. The script illustrates this by explaining that if three screams occurred during a two-hour session, the rate would be 1.5 times per hour.

πŸ’‘Duration

Duration measures the length of time a behavior occurs and is expressed in units of time such as seconds, minutes, or hours. The video suggests that duration is a better measure for behaviors that last more than a minute, like tantrums or meltdowns, and can be used to record either the duration of each event or the total duration for the session.

πŸ’‘Percent

Percent is used to measure behaviors that are bound by a certain stimulus or opportunity. It involves defining an opportunity and then measuring how many times the behavior occurs when the opportunity is presented. The script provides an example where non-compliance is measured as a percentage of the times an instruction is presented and the client fails to comply.

πŸ’‘Partial Interval Recording

Partial interval recording is a discontinuous measurement technique where the observation period is divided into smaller intervals, and it is recorded whether the behavior occurred at any time during that interval. The video explains that the behavior only needs to occur for part of the interval to be counted, which can lead to an overestimation of the behavior.

πŸ’‘Whole Interval Recording

Whole interval recording is another discontinuous measurement technique where the behavior must occur for the entire interval to be counted. This method can lead to an underestimation of the behavior since it only records a plus if the behavior occurs throughout the entire interval, as explained in the video.

πŸ’‘Momentary Time Sampling

Momentary time sampling involves checking whether a behavior is happening at the end of an interval without noting the behavior's occurrence during the interval itself. The video provides examples such as a teacher recording whether a student is writing at the end of each 5-minute interval, which is a less resource-intensive form of data collection.

πŸ’‘Permanent Products

Permanent products is a measurement procedure that involves counting or saving the products of a behavior. The video clarifies that behaviors measured this way must produce consistent products regularly. Examples given include counting the number of toys thrown during a tantrum or the number of pencils broken during a writing assignment.

πŸ’‘Inter Observer Agreement (IOA)

Inter Observer Agreement, or IOA, is a tool used to evaluate the reliability of data collected by different observers. The video explains that it involves two individuals taking data on the same behavior and then comparing the results. A high IOA percentage indicates that the data is more trustworthy and reliable. The script provides a calculation example where an IOA of 83 percent is obtained by dividing the smaller count by the larger and multiplying by 100.

πŸ’‘Graphing Data

Graphing data is a method to visually represent behavior changes over time, which is crucial for making informed decisions about interventions. The video emphasizes the importance of graphing data with time on the x-axis and behavior on the y-axis, allowing for the observation of trends such as increasing or decreasing behaviors.

Highlights

Review of measurement procedures in applied behavior analysis

Introduction to two types of measurement procedures: continuous and discontinuous

Continuous measurement includes frequency, rate, duration, and percent

Discontinuous measurement includes partial and whole interval recording, momentary time sampling, and permanent products

Continuous measurement records every instance of behavior during an observation period

Frequency is used for consistent observation windows, while rate is used for inconsistent ones

Duration measures the time during which a behavior occurs

Percentage measures behavior occurrences relative to a defined opportunity

Discontinuous measurement allows for multitasking but may compromise data accuracy

Partial interval recording marks an interval if the behavior occurs at any point

Whole interval recording requires the behavior to occur throughout the entire interval

Momentary time sampling checks for behavior occurrence at specific interval ends

Permanent products measure behavior by counting consistent outcomes

Inter-observer agreement (IOA) evaluates data reliability by comparing observations from two individuals

Graphing behavior data over time helps in decision-making for interventions

Behavior technicians may need to take data and graph it for behavior specialists to analyze

Organization and multi-tasking are key for effective data collection and program running

Materials for data collection should be prepared and accessible before a session

Understanding setting events can influence client motivation and session planning

Preference assessments help maintain high motivation and engagement during sessions

The video concludes with a summary of measurement procedures in applied behavior analysis

Transcripts

play00:00

hello and welcome back in this next

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video we will review measurement

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procedures commonly used in applied

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behavior analysis

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in this video we will review two types

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of measurement procedures

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continuous and discontinuous continuous

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measurement

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procedures include frequency rate

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duration and percent discontinuous

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measurements

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include partial and whole interval

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recording

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momentary time sampling and

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permanent products continuous

play00:33

measurement

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involves recording every instance of

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behavior during an

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observation period this is resource

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intensive but the most

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accurate way to get information on a

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behavior over the next few slides we

play00:45

will cover the most common types of

play00:47

continuous measurement procedures

play00:49

one of the most common ways to measure

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problem behavior is by frequency or rate

play00:54

this involves taking the count for

play00:56

behavior and relating it to the

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observation window

play00:59

the observation window is the duration

play01:01

of time that you observed and recorded

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the data

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on the behavior frequency is used when

play01:07

the observation window is consistent

play01:09

and rate is used when it is not

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frequency is expressed in terms of the

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count

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for example after recording three

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screams during a session

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you could say that the client screamed

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at a frequency of three times during a

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two hour session or at a rate of

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1.5 times per hour duration is the time

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during which a behavior occurs

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this form of measurement is expressed in

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a unit of time

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such as seconds minutes or hours

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behavior technicians measure either the

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duration of each event

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or the total duration for the session

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total duration can be used when detailed

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event recording is not needed

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and the session time is consistent

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duration is a better measure than

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frequency for behaviors that last more

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than a minute

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such as tantrums or meltdowns

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percentage can be used for problem

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behaviors that are bound by a certain

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stimulus or opportunity

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when we measure percentage with regard

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to problem behavior

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we clearly define an opportunity and

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then we measure how many times the

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behavior occurs when the opportunity is

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presented

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percentage is calculated by dividing the

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number of times the behavior

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occurred by the total number of

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opportunities

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and multiplying by one hundred for

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example

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non-compliance can only occur when an

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instruction

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is presented if a behavior technician

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presents

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10 instructions and the client engages

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in non-compliance

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8 out of 10 times then the percentage

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for non-compliance is 80

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discontinuous measurement involves

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taking data on a behavior only

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some of the time this allows for the

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data collector to multitask

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but compromises some of the accuracy of

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the data

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over the next few slides we will cover

play02:59

the most common types of discontinuous

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measurement

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procedures partial interval data

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involves dividing the observation period

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up into smaller

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intervals and then recording whether or

play03:11

not the behavior occurred at any time

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during that

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interval in partial interval recording

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the target behavior

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only needs to occur for part of the

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interval for it to count as an

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occurrence

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a plus in an interval as shown here on

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this slide indicates

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that the behavior occurred during any

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part of that interval

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and a minus indicates that it did not

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occur at all

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that means that we are recording one

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plus for an interval

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whether the behavior happens one time or

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100 times

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which can tend to overestimate behavior

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whole

play03:45

interval data involves dividing an

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observation period up into smaller

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intervals and then recording whether or

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not the behavior occurred during that

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entire interval in whole interval data

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the target behavior needs to occur for

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the whole

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interval for it to count as an

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occurrence when recording whole interval

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data a plus in an interval as shown here

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on this slide

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indicates that the behavior occurred for

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the entire interval

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and a minus indicates that it only

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occurred for part of that interval

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or not at all that means that we are

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recording a minus

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for behavior even if it occurred for

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most of the interval

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which can tend to underestimate behavior

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momentary time sampling

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involves checking whether behavior is

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happening or not at the end of an

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interval

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whether the behavior happens or not

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during the interval

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is not noted a teacher recording whether

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or not

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a client is writing at the end of each

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5-minute interval

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and a behavior technician recording

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whether or not a client is engaging in

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stereotyping

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at the end of each 60 minute interval

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are both examples of

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momentary time sampling they record a

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plus if the behavior is occurring at

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that moment

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and a minus if it is not in these

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examples

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the teacher only needs to look up and

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record data on writing

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once every five minutes and the

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technician only needs to observe and

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record data

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on the stereotyping once every 60

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minutes

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this is a less resource intensive form

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of data collection

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than partial and whole interval data and

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is best used for high rate behaviors in

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a busy environment where the person

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recording data

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must multitask since we only record data

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on a behavior

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in a specific moment at regular

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intervals

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this type of data can both under and

play05:32

overestimate

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a behavior permanent product is a

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measurement procedure that involves

play05:38

counting or saving products of the

play05:40

behavior

play05:41

behaviors measured by permanent products

play05:43

must produce

play05:44

consistent products on a regular basis

play05:47

if a behavior technician for example

play05:50

counts the number of toys on the floor

play05:52

after a tantrum behavior that includes

play05:54

throwing toys off of the shelves

play05:56

they are using permanent product

play05:58

recording

play05:59

other examples include a parent counting

play06:01

the number of pages ripped after work

play06:03

refusal

play06:04

and property destruction and a teacher

play06:07

counting the number of pencils broken

play06:09

during a writing assignment in the

play06:11

classroom

play06:12

now that we understand the most common

play06:14

ways to measure behavior

play06:15

in applied behavior analysis we will

play06:17

talk about a powerful tool we have

play06:19

called

play06:20

inter observer agreement or ioa

play06:25

this tool helps us to evaluate our data

play06:27

so

play06:28

we know how much we can trust it enter

play06:30

observer agreement or

play06:32

ioa involves two individuals taking data

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on the same event or occurrence of

play06:37

behavior and then comparing the results

play06:40

this is a way to calculate the

play06:42

believability of your data

play06:44

if both of you and another individual

play06:47

get the same results

play06:49

then your data is more believable there

play06:51

are many types of

play06:52

ioa but the most common type involves

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dividing the smaller number by the

play06:56

larger number and then multiplying by

play06:58

100.

play06:59

say for example sally and i observe a

play07:02

client from 10 to 10 30

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and record data on aggression during

play07:06

that time

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if i record 5 occurrences of aggression

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and sally record 6 then we would divide

play07:13

5

play07:13

by 6 and multiply by 100 to get

play07:17

an ioa of 83 percent once we record data

play07:21

and determine we can trust it it's

play07:23

important to graph the behavior over

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time to help make decisions

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about our interventions if we are

play07:29

targeting a behavior for reduction

play07:31

then we want to see that behavior is

play07:33

decreasing over time

play07:34

if we are targeting new skills then we

play07:36

want to see that behavior

play07:38

increasing over time graphing our data

play07:40

is a great way to visually see if we are

play07:42

having the desired effect on our target

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behaviors

play07:46

when we graph behavior data the x-axis

play07:49

is always some measure of time and the

play07:51

y-axis is always some measure of

play07:53

behavior

play07:54

here are two examples of behavior graphs

play07:56

you might see

play07:58

in these examples we see that both

play08:00

behaviors are decreasing over time

play08:02

as a behavior technician your role may

play08:04

be to take data on target behaviors and

play08:07

graph that data at the end of each

play08:09

session

play08:10

so that the behavior specialist can make

play08:12

decisions about the interventions and

play08:14

programs for that client

play08:16

on a final note taking data and running

play08:18

programs during a session with the

play08:20

client

play08:20

can involve a lot of organization and

play08:22

multi-tasking skills

play08:24

prior to the start of your session make

play08:26

sure all materials needed for data

play08:28

collection

play08:29

are nearby and easy to use these

play08:31

materials may include

play08:33

paper and pencil specific data sheets

play08:36

tablets or computers

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timers and click counters you'll also

play08:40

want to make sure that these items are

play08:42

not easy for the client to access during

play08:44

the session

play08:45

before even starting the session you

play08:47

will want to touch base with the family

play08:49

and determine what setting events are in

play08:51

effect

play08:52

this will help you determine motivation

play08:54

and how much effort your client might be

play08:56

able to put in for the day

play08:58

if they did not sleep well the previous

play09:00

night they might need higher rates of

play09:02

reinforcement during the session

play09:04

or it might be a good day to focus more

play09:06

on generalization

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at the start of each session you will

play09:10

need to check to see how the previous

play09:12

session went

play09:12

and look for particular skills that were

play09:14

missed or that need more work

play09:16

so that you can plan to start with those

play09:18

programs

play09:20

based on that you will develop a loose

play09:21

plan for the day

play09:23

be sure to intersperse easy with hard

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skills

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and plan to complete more difficult

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skills earlier on in the session when

play09:31

motivation is higher

play09:33

you will also need to review the

play09:34

behavior intervention plans for that

play09:36

client

play09:37

to make sure you know what to look for

play09:39

and how to respond consistently

play09:42

should problem behavior occur it's also

play09:44

good practice to start every session

play09:46

with a preference

play09:47

assessment spend some time observing or

play09:50

interacting with the client to establish

play09:52

your attention as a reinforcer

play09:55

during the session you'll want to keep

play09:57

your programs fun and engaging

play09:59

and take some time to build and maintain

play10:01

rapport with your clients

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it's good practice to conduct frequent

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preference assessments to ensure you are

play10:08

maintaining

play10:08

high motivation that concludes our video

play10:12

on measurement procedures

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please exit this video and return to

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your course to complete the next

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assignments

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Related Tags
Behavior AnalysisMeasurement ProceduresContinuous DataDiscontinuous DataFrequency RateDuration TimePercent MeasureInterval RecordingTime SamplingPermanent ProductsInter-Observer Agreement