Masa Pemerintahan Daendels dan Raffles di Indonesia

doni setyawan

27 Jul 202106:30

Summary

TLDRThe video script discusses the governance of Daendels and Raffles in Indonesia. Daendels, known for his cruelty, served as the 36th Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1808 to 1811, implementing military rule and economic policies like the road construction from Anyer to Panarukan. Raffles, who governed post-1811 based on the Treaty of Tuntang, introduced land rent, abolished slavery, and promoted free trade. Both leaders significantly impacted the region's administration, economy, and society, with Raffles also contributing to cultural advancements like the rediscovery of Borobudur.

Takeaways

😀 Herman William Daendels was the 36th Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, ruling from 1808 to 1811.
🏰 Daendels was appointed by Louis Napoleon, who established the Batavian Republic and later instructed Daendels to maintain Java against British attacks and reorganize its administration.
🛠️ Daendels introduced political reforms, changing traditional governance systems to a more modern and centralized form by dividing the region into nine prefectures led by Dutch residents.
🛤️ Economic policies included the construction of the Anyer-Panarukan road for postal services, troop movement, and transporting production goods.
💰 To combat corruption, Daendels increased civil servant salaries and continued economic policies from the VOC, such as compulsory delivery and the cultivation of coffee in Priangan.
🚫 Social policies by Daendels involved corruption eradication, forced labor for road construction, and the prohibition of tributes to kings, which started to erode royal power.
🛡️ Militarily, Daendels focused on defending Java by establishing weapon factories in Surabaya and Semarang, naval bases, and increasing Indonesian troops.
🤝 Resistance to Daendels occurred in Sumedang led by Prince Email, and conflicts with the Sultan of Banten resulted in the elimination of the Banten kingdom.
👑 Daendels' divide and rule tactics with Mataram Sultanate led to the dismissal and replacement of Sultan Hamengkubuwono II.
🌟 Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles, known for establishing Singapore, governed the Dutch East Indies based on the Treaty of Tuntang in 1811, representing British rule until 1815.
🏛️ Raffles implemented administrative reforms by dividing Java into 16 residencies, reducing the power of local kings, and abolishing slavery, promoting free trade and land rent systems.

Q & A

Who was Herman William Daendels and what was his role in the Dutch East Indies?
-Herman William Daendels, also known as 'Marsekal Guntur' or 'Jendral Mas' due to his cruelty, was the 36th Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, ruling from 1808 to 1811. His main task was to defend Java from British attacks and reorganize the administration on the island.
What significant changes did Daendels implement in the political system of the Dutch East Indies?
-Daendels transformed the traditional political system into a modern one, implemented a centralized military dictatorship, divided the region into nine prefectures led by Dutch residents, appointed regents without consultation with the kings, and abolished the kingdoms of Banten and Cirebon.
What were Daendels' economic policies during his administration?
-Daendels focused on building infrastructure, such as the road from Anyer to Panarukan, initially for postal services but later used for troop movement and transporting production results. He also raised the salaries of employees to reduce corruption and continued the economic policies of the VOC, including the mandatory delivery system and the cultivation of coffee in the Priangan region.
How did Daendels' social policies impact the people of the Dutch East Indies?
-Daendels fought corruption, enforced forced labor for the construction of the Anyer to Panarukan road, banned tributes to kings, and implemented a European model legal system. He also introduced mobile courts and the death penalty.
What military measures did Daendels take to defend Java?
-To defend Java, Daendels built weapon factories in Surabaya and Semarang, established a naval base in Anyer and Ujung Kulon, built defensive forts, and increased the number of Indonesian troops.
Who were the main opponents of Daendels' policies in the Dutch East Indies?
-The main opponents of Daendels included Prince Diponegoro in Sumedang, who led a resistance, and Sultan Banten, whose conflict with Daendels resulted in the abolition of the Banten kingdom.
Who was Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles and what was his role after the Dutch East Indies came under British control?
-Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles was appointed as the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies representing the British government after the region became a British territory following the Treaty of Paris in 1814.
What administrative changes did Raffles make in the Dutch East Indies?
-Raffles divided Java into 16 residencies, made the bupati (district heads) state officials, and subdued several kings who opposed the British government.
What were Raffles' economic policies in the Dutch East Indies?
-Raffles implemented land rent, a monopoly on salt, and free trade with the abolition of compulsory product delivery. He also placed villages as administrative units of colonial rule.
How did Raffles' social policies differ from Daendels'?
-Unlike Daendels, who used forced labor, Raffles abolished slavery and treated the people as workers. He also conducted extensive research and authored the 'History of Java'.
What are some of the lasting legacies of Raffles in Indonesia?
-Raffles' legacies include the 'History of Java', support for John Kenwood's research resulting in 'History of the Indian Archipelago', the establishment of the Bataviaasch Genootschap (a cultural and scientific society), the rediscovery of the Rafflesia arnoldi flower, the development of the Bogor Botanical Gardens, and the rediscovery of the Borobudur Temple.
What were the key differences between Daendels' and Raffles' policies in the Dutch East Indies?
-Daendels divided the region into nine prefectures and implemented trade monopolies, while Raffles divided it into 16 residencies and promoted free trade. Daendels used forced labor in plantations, whereas Raffles treated the people as workers. Daendels sold land to private parties, while Raffles implemented a land lease system. The role of the bupati was extended as government representatives under Daendels, but reduced under Raffles, where villages became the units of administrative governance.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ Governance of Daendels and Raffles in Indonesia

This paragraph discusses the governance of Herman Willem Daendels and Thomas Stamford Raffles in Indonesia. Daendels, known for his cruelty, was the 36th Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1808 to 1811, during the French occupation of the Netherlands by Napoleon. His main tasks were to defend Java from British attacks and reorganize the administration. He introduced policies such as changing the traditional political system to a modern one, implementing a centralized military government, and building infrastructure like the Anyer-Panarukan road. Economically, he continued VOC's policies, including the forced delivery system and selling land to private entrepreneurs. Socially, he fought corruption, enforced forced labor for road construction, and applied European law systems. Militarily, he built defense facilities and increased the Indonesian troops. Daendels faced resistance, notably from Sumedang led by Pangeran Diponegoro and conflicts with the Sultan of Banten, leading to the latter's removal. Raffles, who governed based on the 1811 capitulation, was appointed as the British representative and later established Singapore. His policies included dividing Java into 16 residencies, making bupati as state officials, and implementing land rent and salt monopoly. He also promoted free trade, abolished forced delivery of produce, and conducted social reforms like ending slavery and conducting extensive research, resulting in works like 'History Of Java'.

05:00

📚 Raffles' Legacy and Policy Differences

The second paragraph focuses on the legacy of Raffles in Indonesia and the differences between his and Daendels' policies. Raffles is known for his contributions such as the book 'History Of Java', supporting the research for 'History of the Indian Archipelago', establishing the Bataviaasch Genootschap for culture and science, and discovering the Rafflesia arnoldi flower. He also initiated the Bogor Botanical Gardens and rediscovered the Borobudur temple. The policy differences between Daendels and Raffles include the administrative division, with Daendels creating 9 prefectures and Raffles 16 residencies. While Daendels applied trade monopolies, Raffles promoted free trade. Daendels used the population as plantation slaves, whereas Raffles treated them as workers. Daendels sold land to private parties, but Raffles implemented a land lease system. The role of the bupati was diminished under Raffles, and the village became the unit of administration. The paragraph concludes by summarizing the impact of both figures on Indonesian governance, hoping the information is beneficial.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Herman Willem Daendels

Herman Willem Daendels was the 36th Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, known for his harsh and authoritarian rule from 1808 to 1811. He was tasked with defending Java from British invasion and modernizing the administration. His policies included the centralization of power, construction of the Great Post Road, and military reforms. Daendels' rule is characterized by significant infrastructural projects but also by oppressive measures, including forced labor.

💡Thomas Stamford Raffles

Thomas Stamford Raffles was a British colonial administrator who governed the Dutch East Indies after the British took control in 1811. Raffles is known for his reforms in administration, economy, and social structures, including the introduction of land rent systems and the abolition of slavery. He also contributed to cultural and historical studies, such as writing 'The History of Java.' His rule is marked by a shift towards more liberal policies compared to Daendels.

💡Great Post Road (Jalan Anyer-Panarukan)

The Great Post Road was a significant infrastructure project initiated by Daendels, stretching from Anyer in the west to Panarukan in the east of Java. Originally intended to facilitate communication and troop movements, the road became a symbol of Daendels' authoritarian rule, as it was built using forced labor. This road played a crucial role in the Dutch colonial administration and economy.

💡Land Rent System (Landrent)

The Land Rent System, introduced by Raffles, was a taxation system in which peasants paid rent for the land they cultivated, based on the notion that all land belonged to the state. This system replaced the forced cultivation policies of the VOC era and was intended to be more equitable. However, it still placed a heavy burden on the local population.

💡Monopoly

Monopoly in this context refers to the control and exclusive rights over the trade of certain goods, a policy maintained by Daendels in the Dutch East Indies. For example, he continued the VOC's practice of enforcing monopolies on commodities like coffee. Raffles, on the other hand, abolished many monopolies and promoted free trade, reflecting his more liberal economic views.

💡Forced Labor (Kerja Rodi)

Forced labor, or 'Kerja Rodi,' was a practice implemented by Daendels for large-scale construction projects like the Great Post Road. This labor was compulsory and unpaid, often leading to significant suffering and loss of life among the local population. This method exemplified Daendels' harsh rule and the exploitation of native labor under colonial administration.

💡Cultural and Historical Contributions

Raffles made significant contributions to the study of Indonesian culture and history, including the rediscovery of Borobudur and the publication of 'The History of Java.' He also supported the establishment of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences, promoting the preservation and study of local culture. These efforts distinguished his rule from the more militaristic and economic focus of Daendels.

💡Prefectures and Residencies

Daendels divided Java into 9 prefectures to centralize and strengthen Dutch control, a move reflecting his authoritarian governance. Raffles later reorganized these divisions into 16 residencies, integrating local rulers into the colonial administration as civil servants, which represented a shift towards a more structured and bureaucratic form of governance.

💡Divide and Rule (Devide et Impera)

Divide and rule was a strategy employed by Daendels to weaken local resistance by fostering divisions among local rulers. For example, he exploited conflicts within the Sultanate of Yogyakarta to solidify Dutch control. This policy was a key aspect of colonial administration aimed at maintaining dominance over the local population.

💡Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte was the French emperor who, after occupying the Netherlands, influenced the appointment of Daendels as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. Napoleon's global conflicts, particularly with Britain, were the backdrop for Daendels' defensive and militaristic policies in Java, aimed at protecting the colony from British invasion.

Highlights

Introduction to the governance of Daendels and Raffles in Indonesia.

Herman Willem Daendels, known as the 'Thunder Marshal,' was the 36th Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1808 to 1811.

Daendels was appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte's brother, Louis Napoleon, to defend Java from British attacks and reform the island's administration.

Daendels modernized traditional governance, implemented a centralized military government, and divided Java into 9 prefectures led by Dutch residents.

Key economic policies of Daendels included the construction of the Anyer-Panarukan road, continuation of VOC's economic practices, and land sales to private entrepreneurs.

Daendels enforced strict anti-corruption measures, introduced forced labor (corvée) for infrastructure projects, and European-style legal systems.

Daendels faced resistance from local rulers, including in Sumedang, Banten, and Mataram, which he dealt with through divide and rule strategies.

Thomas Stamford Raffles became the British Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies after the 1811 Tuntang Capitulation, following Daendels' tenure.

Raffles divided Java into 16 residencies, converted regents into civil servants, and subdued local rulers opposing British rule.

Raffles introduced the land rent system (landrent), implemented a salt monopoly, and encouraged free trade by abolishing compulsory crop deliveries.

Raffles' social policies included the abolition of slavery and promoting research, leading to the publication of the 'History of Java'.

Raffles significantly reduced royal power, and during his tenure, Yogyakarta was divided into two entities: Yogyakarta and Pakualaman.

Raffles contributed to cultural and scientific endeavors, including the founding of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences and rediscovery of Borobudur.

Comparison between Daendels and Raffles: Daendels focused on centralized control and monopolies, while Raffles promoted free trade and land rent systems.

Conclusion: Overview of the distinct governance approaches of Daendels and Raffles and their impacts on Java.