How Long is Now? | Introduction to Metaphysics 🪐

Summary

このスクリプトは、時間、現実、そして存在についての哲学的な探求を通じて、観客を深遠なメタフィジクスの世界に誘います。過去と未来の有限性と対照的に、現在という瞬間の無限に近い薄さを考察し、現実の根本的な性質について問いかけます。また、物質、自由意志、認識論、そして生死についても議論し、人間の存在と宇宙の神秘性に触れながら、答えに満ちない謎に囲まれた世界に生きることの奇妙さを描いています。

Takeaways

• 🕰️ 過去と未来は始まりと終わりがあり、FINITEであると考えられていますが、現在はどのように定義されるべきか、FINITEな時間の長さがあるのか、それとも無限に薄い瞬間なのか議論されています。
• 🔍 現在がFINITEな持続時間を持つと仮定した場合、過去から現在へ移行する瞬間を正確に特定できるかどうか、そしてそれが可能であれば、その境界が現在の瞬間を定義するものであるかが問いかけられています。
• 📚 メタフィジックスは、科学が答えられない、または試みに失敗した問題に関わる哲学の分野であり、現実の基本的な性質に関する問いを扱っています。
• 🤔 時間の動きや物質の存在、それらがなぜ存在するのかといった基本的な問いは、メタフィジックスの分野に属し、科学では解決されない問題とされています。
• 🧩 物質や現象がどのように機能するかを理解するためには、物理学が必要である一方、物質が存在し続けることや自然の法則が適用されることを信頼することは、メタフィジックスの問題です。
• 🚫 哲学の議論は実世界に直接的な影響を与えることは少ないかもしれないが、基礎的な問題を考える上で重要な役割を果たしています。
• 🔮 現実の信頼性や自然法則の一貫性、それらがなぜ持続するのか、なぜ未来においても同じであると信じるのか、という問題は、帰納の問題と呼ばれ、未解決のままです。
• 💭 自由意志の問題や決定の可能性についても、メタフィジックスは人間の心と身体がどのように疎通しており、それがどのように決定的ネットワークの一部として機能するのかを探求しています。
• 🍏 物事の外見や現象の背後にある「物自体」について考えるとき、物質的な側面だけでなく、それらがどのように認識され、理解されるかにも関心を寄せています。
• 🧠 自分のアイデンティティや記憶、そしてそれらがどのように継続性を持たせているか、メタフィジックスは人間の存在や意識について深い洞察を提供します。
• 🏵️ 人生や死、さらには宇宙の秩序や混沌について考えるとき、メタフィジックスは、私たちが理解する可能性のある限界を超えた謎に直面する喜びと恐怖をもたらします。

Q & A

過去と未来はどのように定義されていますか？

過去は数十億年もの長い間が続きますが、どこかで始まりがあります。未来も同様に数十億年は続きますが、どこかで終わりがあります。

「今」は無限に薄い状態ですか、それとも有限の持続時間ですか？

「今」は無限に薄いと考えられていますが、もし有限の持続時間だった場合、過去から現在への移行を正確に特定できないかもしれません。

メタフィジックとは何であり、なぜ重要なのでしょうか？

メタフィジックは哲学の一分野で、科学的に答えられない、または試みたが放棄された基本的な現実に関する問いを扱います。重要なのは、現実の基本的な性質に関する問いを追求するためです。

なぜ私たちは現実が一貫性を保つかを信じていますか？

私たちは過去の経験に基づいて現実が一貫性を保つと信じていますが、これは帰納の問題と呼ばれる哲学的な問題であり、誰もが解決策を見つけていません。

自由意志は可能ですか、それともすべてが決定論的に疎通されたネットワークの一部なのですか？

自由意志の可能性は、人間の心が言語、歴史、生物学的要因に基づいて動くため、決定論的ネットワークの一部である可能性があるという哲学的な議論の対象です。

物事の「もの自体」とは何であり、それを見つけることはできますか？

「もの自体」とは、物事の外見や属性の背後にある真の性質であり、人間の感覚を超えたものとされています。しかし、完全に理解することは困難で、メタフィジック的な議論の対象となっています。

人間はどのようにして自己を定義し、過去と現在を区別しますか？

人間は、細胞の入れ替えや記憶の変化を通じて自己を定義し、過去と現在を区別します。しかし、私たちが同じ人であると感じる理由は、肉体的な部分だけではなく、繰り返し再生されるパターンによるものです。

死とは何であり、それはどのように私たちの存在に影響を与えますか？

死とは物理的なパターンの停止であり、しかし、精神的なパターンは持続し、他人に影響を与えることがあります。

なぜ私たちは礼儀正しく、politenessを大切にしていますか？

礼儀正しさとpolitenessは、社会の秩序を維持し、個々が互いに尊重し合い、混乱を避けるための社会的契約のようなものです。

なぜ私たちは宇宙の中で人間に生まれ、この時代に生きるのかについて考えることは重要ですか？

私たちがこの時代に人間として生まれたことについての理解は、私たちの存在の奇妙さと貴重さを認識し、より深い意味を持つ生活を送るための基礎となります。

メタフィジックスはどのようにして私たちの日常生活に関連していますか？

メタフィジックスは、現実の基本的な性質に関する基本的な問いを追求し、それが私たちの日々の経験や感覚に関連しているため、日常生活に深い意味を提供します。

Outlines

00:00

🕰️ 今という瞬間の本質

この段落では、時間の本質について考察しています。過去と未来が有限である一方で、現在はどれくらいの長さなのかという問いが投げかけられます。現在が無限に薄い瞬間なのか、それとも有限の長さを持つのか、そしてその場合にはその境界線を特定できるのかといった哲学的な疑問が提示されます。さらに、これらの問いがメタフィジックスという、科学が答えられない問題を扱う哲学の一分野であることが説明されます。

05:02

🧠 自由意志と決定論のパラドックス

この段落は、自由意志の可能性について探求しています。私たちが自由に決断できると感じる一方で、その決断が実は物理的な因果関係によって決定されているのではないかという疑問が提示されます。時間と物質の決定論的なネットワークの中で、自由意志が存在し得るのかという深い哲学的な問いが探求され、私たちの存在と決断の本質について考察されます。

10:03

🍏 現象と実在の間

この段落では、物事の現象とその背後にある実在について議論されています。私たちが目にする世界が単なる表象に過ぎないのか、それとも現実にはそれ以上の何かが存在するのかという問いが提起されます。例として、ラジオ波やX線など、目に見えないが実際に存在する現象が挙げられ、これらが人間の感覚の限界を超えた世界を示唆していると説明されます。また、150年前には知られていなかった現象が今では理解されていることから、私たちの理解が限られている可能性についても触れられます。

💭 自己の変遷とパターンの永続性

この段落は、人間のアイデンティティや自己認識の変遷について考察しています。私たちの身体は時間と共に変わり、ほとんどの細胞が入れ替わっているにもかかわらず、同じ「自分」であり続ける理由を探ります。記憶やパターンが私たちを構成し、それらが繰り返されることで自己が保たれているという概念が提案されます。また、過去の体験や思考が私たちにどのように影響を与え続けるのかについても触れられています。

🔍 存在のミステリーと日常の不思議

この段落では、存在の本質や日常の中に潜む不思議について探求されています。目覚めの瞬間の新鮮な感覚や、日常の中で感じる奇妙さが、私たちが理解しきれない大きなミステリーの一部であると説明されます。また、時間や空間、そして生命の意味についての哲学的な問いが投げかけられ、私たちが持つ問いがいかに重要であるかが強調されます。存在の不確実性と、そこに潜む美しさが描かれています。

Keywords

💡メタフィジクス

メタフィジクスとは、現実の基本的な性質に関する哲学の分野です。このビデオでは、科学が答えられない問題、すなわち時間の動きや物質の存在理由について問いかけます。ビデオの中では、メタフィジクスが現実の背後にある何かを理解することに関連しています。

💡時間

ビデオでは時間について深く掘り下げており、過去と未来の有限性と現在瞬間の無限の薄さを比較分析しています。現在がどのように定義され、過去へと移行する瞬間を追求する様子が、ビデオの核心的なテーマの一つとなっています。

💡現実

ビデオでは現実の概念が繰り返し掘り下げられており、物質的な側面だけでなく、認識や感覚の限界も探求されています。現実はただの外見だけではなく、物自体の性質についても疑問視している点がビデオの重要なメッセージです。

💡自己認識

自己認識はビデオの重要なテーマで、個体が過去と現在を通じてどのように変化し続けるのかについて考えています。ビデオでは、細胞の入れ替えや記憶の変化を通じて自己認識がどのように形成されるかが議論されています。

💡因果律

因果律は、ビデオで提起された哲学的概念で、物事が互いに影響を与え合う方法について考えています。ビデオでは、人間が自由意志で選択できるかどうかという問題と因果律の関連性について議論されています。

💡物質

物質はビデオで頻繁に出てきていて、物質がどのように私たちの存在と認識に影響を与えているかについて触れられています。物質は単なる粒子の集合ではなく、それらが形成するパターンや構造によって現実を定義しているとビデオは示唆しています。

💡認識

認識は、ビデオの中で重要な役割を果たしており、私たちが物事を理解し、現実を解釈するプロセスについて考えています。認識の限界と、それが私たちの現実体験にどのように影響を与えるかがビデオの核心的な議題の一つです。

💡自由意志

ビデオでは自由意志の概念に焦点を当てており、人間が本当に自由な選択をすることができますかどうかについて問いかけています。自由意志は因果律と密接に関連しており、ビデオのメッセージにおいて、決定論的宇宙観と個人の主体性との間の葛藤を探求しています。

💡エントロピー

エントロピーは物理学の概念で、ビデオでは宇宙の時間の経過とそれに伴う混沌や無秩序の増加について触れられています。ビデオではエントロピーが現実の方向性や物事の変化の原因に関連していると示唆しています。

💡宇宙

宇宙はビデオの中で、すべての物事が存在する大きなステージとして描かれています。宇宙の法則や、それが私たちの生活や存在に与える影響について考えながら、宇宙の神秘性と私たちの位置づけについて哲学的に探求しています。

Highlights

The concept of the present being infinitely thin and the philosophical implications of its duration.

The philosophical inquiry into the nature of time and its movement, a branch of philosophy called metaphysics.

Metaphysics as the field of philosophy that addresses questions beyond the scope of science.

The humorous anecdote about a philosopher turned database admin, illustrating the practical limitations of metaphysical inquiry.

The importance of metaphysics in understanding the fundamental nature of reality, including the nature of particles and time.

The problem of induction and the philosophical challenge it poses to our understanding of the consistency of reality.

The exploration of causality and the question of free will in the context of a deterministic universe.

The notion of transental idealism and the idea of a world of appearances versus the world of ultimate reality.

The philosophical question of personal identity and what makes us the same person over time.

The concept of death and the continuity of mental patterns beyond physical existence.

The existential question of the meaning of life and the role of etiquette and politeness in society.

The philosophical musings on the nature of reality, questioning whether we invent or discover concepts like numbers.

The reflection on the human condition and the randomness of nature, pondering whether it is inherent or a matter of choice.

The exploration of the concept of entropy and the direction of change in the universe.

The philosophical consideration of the interconnectedness of all things and the idea of being part of a larger whole.

The reminder of the ever-present mystery of existence and the endless questions it presents.

Transcripts

so there's the past let's say that

stretches back billions of years but it

is finite it began somewh probably and

there's the future ahead of us

unfortunately let's say billions of

years at least but it's also finite it

will end somewh probably but what about

the present how long is now think about

it is the present infinitely thin this

moment we find ourselves in now can't be

infinite shortly infinite things would

occupy everywhere and every when

simultaneously so couldn't move but the

present is moving well is the present a

finite duration then M maybe but if it

was then couldn't we exactly isolate the

moment the present gives way to the past

the nanosecond that events get

crystallized and start trailing behind

us couldn't we zoom in and in until we

could see the Border point the threshold

of time itself as now becomes was and if

we could would that be the present no

idea not like there's an answer anyway

but if you've ever thought about this

stuff you may be glad to hear it's not

just the kind of obligatory small talk

you have to make at the local Opium Den

but a branch of philosophy Millennia old

called metaphysics so philosophy is

where questions go that science can't

answer metaphysics is where questions go

that science tried to answer dropped out

for a semester moved to Sardinia spent

several months on a beach doing Molly

with malaca salesman called Federico

said eh screw it became a database admin

adopted a Sheba enu and lived

contentedly never thinking about that

nonsense again metaphysics meta from the

Greek for Beyond or after and physics

from the Greek for lifelong Chastity

asking questions about the fundamental

nature of reality yes not where does the

time go but why does time move at all

not what particles are there but why are

there particles in the first place ah

sure but this stuff doesn't apply to

anything in the real world is just

pompous horseshit you might say uh yeah

probably is I might reply how is it

going to help with world peace or space

exploration you might say h yeah that's

true I might reply oh where's the toilet

by the way you might say I down the

corridor to the right I might reply

cheers you might say then a few moments

later ah I've fallen into a pit of

snakes ouch ooch my eyes my spleen ha I

might reply it was deception the toilet

is in fact upstairs I actually directed

you into the snake area where the snakes

are kept perpetually oiled and slippery

so you can't tie them together and a

make shift ladder and Escape so take

that for shitalking philosophy a oof you

might say and so forth to be honest

there's no real danger actually the

snakes are all vegetarians I mean except

for Cerberus Devourer of Flesh King of

the blood drinking hell

spawn he's vegan but metaphysics does

matter you despicable jellied eel like

if you want to build a sweet ass bridge

then that's an engineering problem but

you'll need some good materials and

calculations and whatnot so then that's

a physics problem but you'll need to

trust the matter the bridges made of

will actually keep existing and the laws

of nature will keep applying to it which

then that's a metaphysical problem

talking of which hey what's this oh it's

a refreshing jug of angria which is

prepared the same way as sangria but

with a few drops of Tobasco and you

drink it while thinking of all the

disparaging things your father said to

you on the way home from Orchestra

practice that you certainly don't

vividly remember 20 years later yes yes

but what is it fermented fruit carbon

atoms that sort of stuff and down again

sub atomically electrons protons spin

networks who knows at this point and

under that no idea but something is

keeping the liquid being something is

making it so electrons don't spiral into

Atomic nuclei so chemical bonds don't

suddenly blow up there is a force or

habit maintaining things the universe

remembers where all of its molecules are

at any one time and applies consistent

laws to them but why why do we trust

that reality and everything inside it

will stay consistent that the sun will

still come up tomorrow just because it's

done it before why would that mean it

happens in the future this is called the

problem of induction no one solved it

probably no one ever will hey ho and the

same goes for our modern concept of

causality and freedom how is a decision

possible you're watching this video now

because you made a choice to be here

because of your awful taste and that

began in your mind the space where you

weigh things rationally and make

decisions sure but your mind runs on

language and history all the stuff we've

inherited from deados and pastos who

we're soon to become ourselves of course

the 21st century paradigms we can't but

help thinking and all that runs on

biology copses and neurons and oxytocin

and [ __ ] the Machinery of you and under

that is matter the particles and

interactions that everything is made out

of and where is a decision in that isn't

it all a deterministic causal Network

that got rolling billions of years ago

anyway one that we're not just a part of

but made of and doesn't that make

decisions and Free Will impossible that

from the moment we were born from the

moment everything was born you and I

have been destined to arrive at this

exact moment here and now because our

minds and bodies are just as bound up in

the unfolding of events as every other

blob of matter in the universe and free

as we may feel we've never truly made a

single choice about anything and if Free

Will was possible somehow is that to say

that we could step outside of the

scripted drama of matter playing out

across the Great and ancient stage of

SpaceTime and imagine that we bipedal

meat units could make a decision somehow

miraculously undetermined by everything

around us that led up to this exact

moment that just for a second we could

unprecedented undetermined stand outside

of Ultimate

[Music]

Reality talking of

which what is Apple how to describe

Apple crunchy you yeah

green sometimes quite liquidy but those

are just adjectives those are just

appearances doesn't there have to be

something behind the adjectives that

makes an apple real can we have no

can we ever know stuff Beyond

appearances cuz until 150 years ago no

one knew a thing about radio waves then

we learned how to produce them and

receive them and suddenly they were

everywhere but they were everywhere long

before that stars are bombarding us with

radio all the time that's how radio

telescopes work we just can't see that

type of em radiation with our eyes and

suddenly we discovered it

technologically and yeah and next came

X-rays and gamma rays and T on and

toaster fetishes and whatever else and

it turned out there's a whole bunch more

phenomena we didn't know have been there

all along so it might be reasonable to

assume that there's the world of

appearances where we live where apples

are green and crunchy and then

presumably there's the world of Ultimate

Reality where everything you know

actually really is where there live

apples Beyond adjectives the things in

themselves as they are objects in their

fullness Beyond just appearance Beyond

just what we can pick up with our senses

trans ental idealism is what we would

call this position if we're being

pretentious actually we'd say the same

if we're not being pretentious cuz

that's its [ __ ] name to think that a

toothbrush a paperclip a sock has a

hidden nature beyond our senses the

secret life of dull objects and for that

matter what's a human life since we were

children almost every cell in our bodies

has been replaced and each memory is now

a memory of a memory what makes us the

same person as when we were 3 years old

can't be the hardware because most of

the hardware has been swapped out it

must be the pattern of us that's been

repeated with copy DNA and replaced

cells calling us back into being over

and over and at the end of the day

aren't we just patterns anyway pumpkin

potion cat snake pumpkin potion cat

snake what are his intentions who can

say they are surely dastardly judging by

that face but hopefully the phrase

pumpkin potion cat snake is now firmly

lodged in your mental ears and has

become a small part of the pattern of

you your current mind State anyway but

in a few minutes you'll forget it and

the phrase will be out of your mind

again pumpkin potion cat snake and when

that happens will that be a different

you will your current mind State have

been obliterated and replaced until the

next time you think about the words

pumpkin potion cat snake blessed is he

in the highest won't that be a new

person then a new incarnation of you and

where does that logic end are we a long

succession of uses Through Time divided

minute by minute year by year as the

pattern of changes thousands of versions

of ourselves across our

lifespans the broomstick has a little

saddle on it anyway let's talk about

death Christmas years ago at my parents'

place my grandmother's there and she's

asking about the internet so my dad and

I give her the tablet and tell her in

your hands right now is almost all of

modern human knowledge ask it anything

anything you've ever wanted to know I

can ask it anything she said anything I

said she she squinted shrewdly cocked

her head and with a tart smile asked

what are next week's lottery numbers it

doesn't do the future I said you said

anything she replied gave the tablet

back and hobbled off to mix another gin

tonic and never asked about the internet

again she died a while back now but

whenever I find myself in a conversation

I would prefer not to be part of ah yes

Homeopathy I am sure that has any

clinical benefit whatsoever I catch

myself adopting exactly her same tones

of cynical exhaustion her physical

patterns have ceased but her mental

patterns persist I carry them with me I

wish to keep them safe from time which

of her patterns was more real the

physical one or the mental one both

neither isn't it the same for all of us

as though we were all ripples in a pond

and even when our bodies fail our

thoughts and our actions can go on

indefinitely what is a human really as

the thing in itself in Ultimate Reality

a splodge of atoms with eyebrows on top

a temporary assemblage of food that

thinks a matter pattern that mattered

hopefully to someone somewh

whenever so that's metaphysics kind of

the Bedrock of reality where we

understand virtually nothing and it's

strange to think that you can peer down

into it for free at any moment the

Beauty and the horror of the thing

Sunday morning if You' slept well those

first few moments of waking up when

you're not even sure of your own name

and suddenly you think huh I get another

day on Earth right on and I can move my

limbs just by thinking about them neat

and what is all this surreal dream [ __ ]

my subconscious dumped on me during the

night wouldn't Waking Life seem just as

weird if it wasn't so familiar none of

this is normal is it did we invent

numbers or discover them does the set of

all sets contain itself why do I have a

mind's eye but not a mind's nose I

wonder if other people [ __ ] hate

themselves are we supposed to be doing

something meaningful with our time

meaningful to who strange to come across

old photos of long Dead faces all their

rituals and seriousness did they worry

that everything was for nothing they

must have their sand castles washed away

as we build ours now is that why we have

etiquette and politeness why we sign

emails kind regards just so no one start

screaming in the middle of the street

that we're lost in space that there's no

Center to anything all those people on

the subway you briefly make eye contact

with and without warning you suddenly

think Jesus of the thousands of species

we could have been what are the odds

that we'd all be humans of the eras we

could have been born into the millions

of years behind perhaps the thousands

ahead what were the odds we'd all end up

in this Century in this decade in this

train carriage together now and to think

that shortly those doors will open and

one by one we'll all trudge off into

time where will we go to think that if

we only knew somewhere already out in

the world right now maybe there's the

tree that'll become the desk that

someone will use to design the first

engine to push humans out to the Stars

and to think somewhere already out in

the world right now there's a patch of

ground where the next generation of

Doomsday weapons will detonate for the

first time where machines will be built

in the service of Hades and we will

outwit our Guardian Angels what is it

for anything to have a nature atoms or

arars and why is our nature so

predictably violent and shortsighted

maybe we're incapable of seeing Beyond

it the way an ant could never fathom a

written word was our nature built in or

do we decide it and if we do decide it

then wasn't it built in that we would

decide the randomness of it that on

Monday you can hold your hand to your

face and almost fall over at the sheer

complexity of the structure of your skin

at the idea you even have a body and

then on Tuesday the best you can do is

get out of bed and even that hurts

spiritually is life just really

anti-entropy with stars burning out and

galaxies scheduled to collide but

Meanwhile we're creating all these new

forms down on Earth writing stuff

building stuff mathematizing stuff where

did the original novelty come from and

why does anything change and why does

entropy he go in this direction I am

something everything is doing huh that's

weird to think that one part of me is

myself my name my shoes my doubts but

somehow I'm everything too matter that

thinks is a person or a person that

thinks they're matter either way it's

quite nice to know there's always

metaphysics that however bored we get

however sad or lost there's forever a

crack in the fog the constant reminder

that we live in a mystery bigger than we

can ever understand and it isn't

esoteric it requires no telescope or

lasers to reveal it's available every

second of the day wrapped in the strange

Anarchy of how weird being is where

answers are hard to come by but at least

the questions are ours do dogs go to

heaven what's reality for how long is

now the dogs go to heaven what's reality

for how long is

now

[Music]