Kingdoms of Life - Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protoctists, Bacteria and Viruses #1
Summary
TLDRThis video explores the key features and differences among animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and viruses. It highlights that viruses are not living organisms and do not belong to any kingdom of life. The video also distinguishes between eukaryotic (animals, plants, fungi, protists) and prokaryotic (bacteria) organisms, explaining their cellular structures and nutritional methods.
Takeaways
- 🌿 The video discusses the key features and differences among animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and viruses, aiming to provide an overview rather than detailed memorization.
- 🔬 Excluding viruses, the other five groups (animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria) are categorized into the five kingdoms of life.
- 🦠 Viruses are considered distinct as they are not living organisms and do not belong to any of the kingdoms of life.
- 🌳 Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes, characterized by cells with a nucleus and DNA in the form of chromosomes.
- 🦠 Bacteria are prokaryotes, lacking a nucleus and having DNA that is not enclosed in a nucleus.
- 🐇 Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic, and mostly reproduce sexually, with an estimated 5 to 10 million species on Earth.
- 🌳 Plants are multicellular autotrophs that use photosynthesis to obtain energy from the sun, with around 300,000 species.
- 🍄 Fungi can be either multicellular or unicellular and are heterotrophic, obtaining energy from other organisms through saprotrophic nutrition.
- 🦠 Protists are mostly unicellular and show a wide variety, with some capable of photosynthesis and others being heterotrophic.
- 🌐 Bacteria are single-celled organisms found everywhere, with a vast number of species, many of which are beneficial, while some can be pathogenic.
- 🦠 Viruses are extremely small particles that are not cells, and they can only reproduce by infecting living cells, making them parasites and always pathogenic.
Q & A
What are the five kingdoms of life, excluding viruses?
-The five kingdoms of life, excluding viruses, are animals, plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria.
Why are viruses not considered living organisms and not part of the kingdoms of life?
-Viruses are not considered living organisms because they lack the ability to carry out essential life processes on their own. They cannot reproduce or metabolize without infecting a host cell, which disqualifies them from being part of the kingdoms of life.
What is the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
-Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus where their DNA is contained, and their DNA is in the form of chromosomes. Prokaryotic cells, on the other hand, do not have a nucleus; their DNA is loose in the cell and not organized into chromosomes.
How do animals obtain their energy?
-Animals are heterotrophs, meaning they obtain their energy by consuming other organisms, such as plants or other animals.
What is the primary way plants get their energy?
-Plants are autotrophs and primarily obtain their energy through the process of photosynthesis, using sunlight.
How do fungi differ from plants in terms of energy acquisition?
-Unlike plants, fungi cannot photosynthesize. They are heterotrophs and get their energy from other organisms by secreting digestive enzymes to break down food outside their bodies and absorbing the nutrients.
What is the term used to describe the feeding method of most fungi?
-Most fungi feed using saprotrophic nutrition, where they secrete enzymes to break down food externally and then absorb the nutrients.
What is the basic structure of a virus?
-A virus typically has a protein coat, known as a capsid, surrounding its genetic material, which can be either DNA or RNA.
How do viruses reproduce?
-Viruses can only reproduce by infecting living cells of other organisms, using the host's cellular machinery to replicate their genetic material and produce new virus particles.
What is the relationship between protists and humans?
-Most protists have no direct impact on humans, but some can be pathogens, causing diseases such as malaria.
How do bacteria differ from other kingdoms in terms of species diversity?
-Scientists believe there are likely more species of bacteria than all other kingdoms combined, indicating a high level of diversity within this group.
Outlines
🐾 Kingdoms of Life: Overview and Key Features
This paragraph introduces the main focus of the video, which is to explore the key features and differences among various life forms such as animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and viruses. It emphasizes that, excluding viruses, these groups fall into the five kingdoms of life. Viruses are noted as unique entities that are not considered living organisms and thus do not belong to any kingdom. The paragraph also highlights the distinction between eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) and prokaryotic organisms (bacteria), detailing the cellular differences such as the presence of a nucleus and the form of DNA. The size comparison between these organisms and viruses is also mentioned, setting the stage for a deeper dive into each group.
🌿 Diving Deeper into the Characteristics of Each Life Form
This paragraph delves into the specifics of each life form mentioned. It starts with animals, highlighting their multicellular nature, heterotrophic lifestyle, and sexual reproduction. The vast number of animal species is acknowledged, ranging from humans to insects. Moving on to plants, the paragraph notes their autotrophic nature, ability to photosynthesize, and multicellular structure. Fungi are then discussed, with a focus on their heterotrophic nature and saprotrophic nutrition, where they secrete enzymes to break down food externally. The unique structure of fungi, including the mycelium and hyphae, is also mentioned. Protists are described as mostly unicellular organisms with a wide variety, some capable of photosynthesis and others that consume other organisms. Bacteria are characterized as single-celled organisms that can be found almost everywhere, with some capable of photosynthesis and others feeding off living or dead organisms. The paragraph concludes with viruses, emphasizing their non-cellular nature, small size, and dependence on host cells for reproduction, classifying them as parasites. Examples of various viruses and their effects on different organisms are provided.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Eukaryotes
💡Prokaryotes
💡Multicellular
💡Heterotrophs
💡Autotrophs
💡Fungi
💡Protists
💡Bacteria
💡Viruses
💡Mycelium
💡Saprotrophic Nutrition
Highlights
The video discusses key features and differences between animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and viruses.
Excluding viruses, the other five groups are part of the five kingdoms of life.
Viruses are not considered living organisms and thus are not part of any kingdom of life.
Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes with DNA in the form of chromosomes and a nucleus.
Bacteria are prokaryotes without a nucleus, and their DNA is loose in the cell.
Bacteria are smaller than eukaryotic cells, and viruses are even smaller than bacteria.
There are an estimated 5 to 10 million different species of animals on Earth.
Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic, and mostly reproduce sexually.
Plants are multicellular autotrophs that get their energy from the sun through photosynthesis.
Fungi can be multicellular or unicellular and are heterotrophs that feed via saprotrophic nutrition.
Some fungi have a body called a mycelium made up of thread-like structures called hyphae.
Protists are mostly unicellular and can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Some protists can cause diseases in humans, such as malaria.
Bacteria are single-celled organisms that live everywhere, including on human skin and in intestines.
Most bacteria feed off other organisms, and some can cause diseases, while others are beneficial.
Viruses are super tiny particles that are not considered cells and are not living.
Viruses have a protein coat surrounding genetic material and can only reproduce inside living cells.
All viruses are considered pathogens as they cause harm to the organisms they infect.
Examples of viruses include the influenza virus, tobacco mosaic virus, HIV, and COVID-19.
Transcripts
in today's video we're going to take a
look at the key features and differences
between animals plants fungi protocols
bacteria and
viruses and the aim of this video is to
give you an overview of what they all
are
so don't worry about remembering
everything i just want you to understand
what makes them all different
if we exclude viruses for a second these
other five groups are the five kingdoms
of life
so almost all living organisms will be
in one of these five groups
viruses though are the odd one out
because as we'll see later they're not
actually living organisms so aren't in
any of the kingdoms of life
the other thing that i want to point out
before we go through each of them
individually
is that these four
animals plants fungi and protractivists
are all eukaryotes
or eukaryotic organisms
this means they're made up of eukaryotic
cells which have certain things in
common
like the fact that their dna is in the
form of chromosomes
or that their dna is found in a nucleus
on the other hand bacteria are classed
as prokaryotes
so we sometimes call them prokaryotic
organisms
and they don't have a nucleus
their dna is just loose in a cell
they're also between 10 and 100 times
smaller than eukaryotic cells
and remember viruses don't count as
organisms so they don't get classed as
eukaryotic or prokaryotic
but for perspective they're another 10
to 100 times smaller than prokaryotic
cells
so let's now run through all of these
groups one by one starting with animals
you probably know this kingdom pretty
well already so there's not too much to
say
although we don't know for sure our best
estimate is that there's somewhere
between 5 and 10 million different
species of animals on earth
ranging from humans
to chickens to ladybirds to lionfish
what all animals have in common though
is that they're
multicellular they're heterotrophs
and most of them reproduce sexually
the term multicellular just means that
each individual organism is made up of
loads of cells rather than just one
for example it's thought that an adult
human is made up of around 40 trillion
cells
meanwhile heterotrophs just means that
animals have to get their energy from
other organisms
for example we have to eat plants or
other animals in order to get the energy
that we need
moving on to plants this kingdom is
pretty familiar as well and probably
includes around three 300 000 species
ranging from redwood trees to bee
orchids to tomato plants to water lilies
like animals plants are multicellular so
they're made up of lots of different
cells
but importantly they are autotrophs
rather than heterotrophs
this means that they get their energy
from the sun using photosynthesis
rather than by consuming other organisms
next up we have fungi which are a bit
harder to explain
some fungi like the mushrooms that you
might eat or the molds that can spoil
your food
are multi-solar organisms but other
fungi like the yeast that we use for
baking bread are unicellular which means
single celled so each cell is its own
organism
although some fungi look a bit like
plants a key difference is that fungi
can't photosynthesize
instead they have to get their energy
from other organisms like animals do
so they count as heterotrophs
weirdly though we often refer to fungi
as saprotrophs instead
because most fungi feed using
saprotrophic nutrition
this is a process whereby they secrete
digestive enzymes onto some food outside
of their
body wait for the enzymes to break down
the food
and then absorb the broken down
nutrients back into their body
so they're basically doing digestion
outside of their body
another key feature of fungi is that
some of the multi-solar ones have a body
called a mycelium
which is made up of loads of little
thread-like structures called hyphae
so just remember that loads of hyphae
together make up a mycelium
another thing to note is that although
it's pretty rare some fungi can be
considered pathogens
which means they can cause disease in
humans
for example it's a fungus that causes
athlete's foot
if you move on to protractists
the first thing that i want to clarify
here is that the terms protractists
protractista
protists and protester
all mean basically the same thing
so don't worry about which word you use
they all refer to the same in kingdom of
organisms
but for this video i'll use the term
protocolists
nearly all predoctors are unicellular so
single-celled organisms
but there's still a huge amount of
variety between the different species
for example some species like chlorella
or euglena are a bit like plant cells in
that they have chloroplasts which allow
them to photosynthesize
whereas other species like amoeba are
more like animal cells and have to
consume other organisms to get their
energy
last point to mention is that most
protocols have nothing to do with humans
but a few of them do count as pathogens
and can cause disease
for example the species plasmodium is a
thing that causes malaria
next we have bacteria which we'll be
coming back to in other videos because
there's loads of interesting stuff to
know about them
but for the basics
these are single-celled organisms
that live just about everywhere you can
imagine
including on your skin and in your
intestines
although some species of bacteria can
photosynthesize
and none of them have
chloroplasts and most of them feed off
other organisms
either living organisms like ourselves
or dead ones like fallen leaves
scientists think that there are probably
way more species of bacteria than all of
the other kingdoms combined
and although a few of them can cause
disease like salmonella which can cause
food poisoning
most of them don't have anything to do
with humans
and many others are actually really
helpful like the bacteria in our
intestines which help us to digest our
food
lastly we have viruses which are
basically super tiny particles
it's actually really hard to imagine
just how small the viruses are
but to give you a reference you'd be
able to fit almost a million of them
across the width of a single fingernail
now we call them particles because they
don't count as cells
and remember they're not living at all
viruses come in loads of different
shapes and sizes
so it's hard to be too specific but
their basic structure involves a protein
coat around the outside
surrounding some genetic material on the
inside which could be dna or rna
the main thing to remember about viruses
is that they can only reproduce inside
living cells
so they have to infect other organisms
like animals plants protocols fungi or
bacteria
and use their cells to replicate
because of this we call them parasites
which just means that they depend on
another organism to grow and reproduce
for example they can't reproduce without
infecting something like an animal or
bacteria
one last thing to add is that unlike the
other groups that we've seen so far
all viruses can be thought of as
pathogens
because they always cause harm to the
other living organisms when they use
their cells to reproduce
a few examples of viruses include the
influenza virus which causes influenza
tobacco mosaic virus which affects
tobacco and tomato plants
hiv which can cause aids
and of course covet 19.
anyway that's everything for today's
video
so i hope that was helpful for you
as i said at the beginning the main
thing i wanted you to take away from
this is just a general understanding of
the differences between these different
groups of organisms
there was a lot of detail here and the
important thing wasn't remembering at
all but just getting that sense of what
they are
so if you did find it helpful please do
give us a like and subscribe because it
really helps us grow
and we'll see you again soon
you
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