Anatomy of the Endocrine System
Summary
TLDRThis script delves into the endocrine system, highlighting its role alongside the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis. It explains how endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream to target specific cells, influencing functions such as energy storage, growth, and stress response. The video distinguishes between exocrine and endocrine glands, emphasizing the latter's ductless secretion method, and introduces the 10 major endocrine glands, setting the stage for further exploration of their hormonal roles.
Takeaways
- 😀 The endocrine system works alongside the nervous system to maintain homeostasis in the body.
- 🚀 The endocrine system exerts its influence more slowly than the nervous system, through the release of hormones into the blood.
- 🌟 Endocrine glands produce hormones that target specific cells and have various effects throughout the body.
- 🔍 The process of hormone action involves secretion into interstitial fluid, diffusion into capillaries, and binding to specific receptors on target cells.
- 🔄 Hormone-receptor binding can lead to changes in target cells, such as altering cell membrane permeability, enzyme activation, or stimulating mitosis.
- 🌱 Hormones play a crucial role in energy storage and utilization, as exemplified by insulin and glucagon's regulation of blood glucose levels.
- 👶 Hormones are essential for growth, puberty, maturation, and development of sex cells, as well as pregnancy and birth.
- 🛡 The body's response to stress, such as the fight or flight response, is controlled by hormones like adrenaline.
- 🔄 Receptors for hormones can be upregulated or downregulated depending on the hormone concentration, affecting the cell's sensitivity to the hormone.
- ⚖️ The endocrine and exocrine glands differ in their secretion methods, with endocrine glands releasing hormones directly into the bloodstream and exocrine glands secreting into ducts or body cavities.
- 📍 The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females), and testes (in males).
Q & A
What is the primary role of the endocrine system in the body?
-The primary role of the endocrine system is to help maintain homeostasis, along with the nervous system, by releasing hormones into the bloodstream that target specific cells and have various effects.
How does the endocrine system differ from the nervous system in terms of its response speed?
-The endocrine system acts more slowly compared to the nervous system. While the nervous system acts quickly through electrical impulses or action potentials, the endocrine system exerts its effects through the gradual release of hormones into the blood.
What are hormones and how do they function within the body?
-Hormones are chemicals released into the blood by endocrine glands. They travel through the bloodstream, bind to receptors on target cells, and cause a specific cellular response, thus having their effect.
Can you explain the process of how a hormone is released and travels to its target cell?
-An endocrine gland secretes a hormone into the interstitial fluid, which then diffuses into a capillary. The hormone travels through the bloodstream until it reaches a target cell with a specific receptor. The hormone binds to this receptor, causing a change in the target cell that allows the hormone to exert its effect.
What is the concept of down regulation in the context of hormone-receptor interactions?
-Down regulation refers to the decrease in the number of receptors on a target cell when there is an excess of a particular hormone. This makes the target cell less sensitive to the hormone, preventing it from having too strong of an effect.
What is the opposite process of down regulation called, and what does it involve?
-The opposite of down regulation is called up regulation, which involves an increase in the number of receptors on a target cell when there is a deficiency of a particular hormone. This makes the target cell more sensitive to the hormone.
How does the hormone adenosine affect our daily energy levels and sleep patterns?
-Adenosine is a hormone that builds up as we exert energy throughout the day. When it binds to its receptors, it makes us feel tired and sleepy. The loss of adenosine by the end of the day is thought to trigger the need for sleep.
What is the relationship between caffeine and adenosine receptors, and how does this affect our alertness?
-Caffeine, structurally similar to adenosine, can bind to adenosine receptors, preventing adenosine from binding and causing its fatigue-inducing effect. This is why caffeine can make us feel more alert and awake.
How do hormones influence the storage and utilization of energy in the body?
-Hormones, such as insulin and glucagon released from the pancreas, play a significant role in energy storage and utilization. Insulin facilitates the storage of glucose as glycogen, while glucagon triggers the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose back into the blood for energy.
What are the main functions of the endocrine system in maintaining homeostasis?
-The endocrine system helps maintain homeostasis by influencing energy storage and utilization, regulating growth and reproduction, and controlling body responses to external stimuli, such as the stress response.
Can you describe the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands in terms of their secretion methods?
-Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that lead to body cavities or the outer surface of the body. In contrast, endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, from where they diffuse into the bloodstream and are carried to target cells throughout the body.
What are the 10 major endocrine glands mentioned in the script, and what is unique about the pancreas among them?
-The 10 major endocrine glands are the pituitary gland (anterior and posterior), pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females), and testes (in males). The pancreas is unique because it has both exocrine and endocrine functions, releasing hormones like insulin and glucagon for its endocrine role, and digestive enzymes for its exocrine role.
Outlines
🌟 Endocrine System Overview and Function
The first paragraph introduces the endocrine system, highlighting its role alongside the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis. It explains that the endocrine system operates more slowly by releasing hormones into the bloodstream. The paragraph also clarifies the distinction between exocrine and endocrine glands, emphasizing that endocrine glands produce hormones that target specific cells. The learning objectives include understanding the anatomy of the endocrine system, describing its function, and identifying the 10 major endocrine glands. Hormones are described as chemical messengers that bind to receptors on target cells to elicit specific responses.
🔍 Hormone Mechanism and Receptor Dynamics
This paragraph delves into the process of hormone release and action. It details how hormones are secreted by endocrine glands into the interstitial fluid and then into the bloodstream, where they travel to target cells with specific receptors. The concept of receptor specificity is introduced, explaining how hormones can only affect cells with the appropriate receptors. The paragraph also discusses the regulatory mechanisms of receptor numbers, including down regulation to reduce sensitivity when hormone levels are high and up regulation to increase sensitivity when hormone levels are low, using examples such as adenosine and caffeine to illustrate these processes.
🏋️♂️ Hormonal Influences on Energy, Growth, and Stress Response
The third paragraph discusses the various functions of the endocrine system, focusing on its role in energy storage and utilization, growth and reproduction regulation, and the body's response to external stimuli. It provides examples such as insulin and glucagon's role in blood glucose management, and the influence of hormones on puberty, sex cell development, and pregnancy. The paragraph also touches on the stress response, explaining the fight or flight mechanism triggered by adrenaline, which prepares the body for stressful situations by increasing heart rate and blood flow, and facilitating glycogen breakdown for energy supply.
🔬 Effects of Hormones on Target Cells
This paragraph explores the specific effects hormones have on target cells once they bind to their receptors. It outlines several mechanisms, including changes in cell membrane permeability, activation or deactivation of enzymes, alterations in secretory activity, and stimulation of mitosis. Each mechanism is exemplified, such as the anti-diuretic hormone's effect on water reabsorption in the kidneys and the role of growth hormone in stimulating cell division for growth.
📚 Identification of Major Endocrine Glands
The final paragraph provides an overview of the major endocrine glands, distinguishing between those that are specific glands and those that are tissues within other organs. It describes the pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes, detailing their locations and noting the dual exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas. The paragraph sets the stage for further discussion on the hormones released by these glands and their effects in subsequent lectures.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Endocrine System
💡Hormones
💡Homeostasis
💡Exocrine Glands
💡Endocrine Glands
💡Pituitary Gland
💡Pineal Gland
💡Thyroid Gland
💡Adrenal Glands
💡Parathyroid Glands
💡Pancreas
💡Ovaries and Testes
Highlights
The endocrine system, alongside the nervous system, plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis through the release of hormones.
The endocrine system exerts its effects more slowly than the nervous system by releasing hormones into the bloodstream.
Endocrine glands produce and release hormones that target specific cells and have various effects throughout the body.
Hormones are chemical messengers that bind to receptors on target cells, causing a specific cellular response.
The process of hormone release and action involves diffusion from interstitial fluid into capillaries and then binding to target cell receptors.
Receptor specificity is crucial for hormones to have an effect, with each hormone fitting its specific receptor like a lock and key.
Hormone-receptor binding can lead to various cellular responses, including changes in membrane permeability and protein synthesis.
Receptor numbers can fluctuate through processes like down regulation, reducing sensitivity when hormone levels are high, and up regulation, increasing sensitivity when hormone levels are low.
Adenosine and caffeine illustrate the dynamic interaction between hormones and their receptors, affecting alertness and sleepiness.
The endocrine system is integral in energy storage and utilization, exemplified by insulin and glucagon's roles in blood glucose regulation.
Hormones significantly influence growth, reproduction, and development, including puberty, maturation of sex cells, and pregnancy.
The body's response to stress is controlled by hormones like adrenaline, preparing the body for fight or flight.
Exocrine and endocrine glands are distinguished by their secretion methods, with exocrine glands using ducts and endocrine glands secreting directly into interstitial fluid.
Major endocrine glands include the pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, and testes, each with specific hormonal functions.
The pituitary gland is composed of the anterior and posterior regions, each releasing different hormones with distinct functions.
The adrenal glands have two distinct regions, the adrenal cortex and medulla, each with unique hormonal secretions.
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions, releasing insulin and glucagon for blood glucose regulation.
The ovaries and testes produce sex hormones essential for sexual development and reproduction.
Transcripts
foreign
beyond the basics and the first organ
system that we're going to cover in
systemic anatomy and physiology is the
endocrine system
so along with the nervous system the
endocrine system plays a role in almost
all of our body's functions by helping
to maintain homeostasis
however where the nervous system acts
quite quickly through electrical
impulses or action potentials the
endocrine system exerts its effects more
slowly by releasing hormones into the
blood
as you can see depicted in this image
here the endocrine system is made up of
organs or tissues called glands
and it is these glands that produce and
release hormones
hormones are chemicals that are released
into the blood and would each Target a
different cell
and have different effects
so we have three learning objectives to
look at the anatomy of the endocrine
system to First describe the function of
the endocrine system and briefly how
endocrine glands and hormones work
to distinguish between exocrine and
endocrine glands
and then to Simply identify the 10 major
endocrine glands that we're going to
focus on in this unit
so starting a learning objective number
one to describe the function of the
endocrine system
so as I briefly mentioned the endocrine
system is made up of a collection of
endocrine glands or endocrine tissues
which are scattered throughout the body
endocrine glands secrete hormones into
the bloodstream
hormones travel through the bloodstream
and bind to receptors on target cells
and it is this binding of a hormone to a
receptor that causes a cell to respond
in a specific way
and for the hormone to have its effect
so taking a look at that process a
little more closely and we have our
endocrine gland or our secreting cell in
yellow here
and these green circles are our hormone
so our endocrine glands will either just
secrete or produce and secrete our
hormones
they secrete those hormones into the
interstitial fluid which surrounds our
endocrine gland
from the interstitial fluid that hormone
will then diffuse into a capillary which
surrounds all of our endocrine glands
and that hormone can now travel
throughout the body in the bloodstream
that hormone will travel throughout the
body until it reaches a Target cell so
we have a Target cell here and a Target
cell here
and what makes a cell a Target cell is
that it has a receptor that is specific
to that particular hormone
so see how this round hormone can fit
into this round part of the receptor
here perfectly that's because these
receptors and hormones are specific to
one another
if a cell does not have a receptor for a
particular hormone that hormone cannot
have an effect on that cell
so our hormones are released from our
endocrine glands they travel through the
interstitial fluid into our capillary
they travel around the body in the
bloodstream they then diffuse out of the
capillary into the interstitial fluid
they will bind to a receptor on a Target
cell that is specific to that hormone
and that binding to a receptor is what
causes some change in this target cell
that allows that hormone to have as an
effect
now in this example we have receptors
that sit on the surface of the plasma
membrane
we can also have receptors that sit
within the cell just underneath that
plasma membrane
now I just wanted to give you one
example of a couple of different things
that can happen to our receptors within
the body I haven't got a lot of words on
this slide because this is not something
that I will test you on but I just want
you to be aware of this process so like
any of the other proteins in a cell
receptors are constantly being produced
or broken down
so generally a Target cell will have
between two and ten thousand receptors
for a particular hormone but this can
change at any moment in time
so for example if we have a lot of a
particular hormone
the number of receptors on a Target cell
May decrease
this effect is called down regulation
and it makes a Target cell less
sensitive to a hormone so we've got too
much of a particular hormone we don't
want that hormone to have such a big
effect so we down regulate the number of
receptors so that cell is less sensitive
one example of this is when certain
cells of the testes are exposed to a
high concentration of luteinizing
hormone we will then down regulate the
number of luteinizing hormone receptors
that those cells contain
in contrast when a hormone is deficient
so there's not much of that hormone in
circulation we can actually increase the
number of receptors so this process is
known as up regulation
and it makes a Target cell more
sensitive to a particular hormone
now this specific example that I've got
on a slide here is one that I think most
of us will be somewhat familiar with so
in the green we have a hormone called
adenosine
and adenosine is a hormone or also acts
as a neurotransmitter which we release
throughout the day as we exert energy so
we kind of wake up in the morning and we
don't have much adenosine as we go about
our day and we exert energy more and
more adenosine is circulating throughout
the human body what adenosine does when
it binds to its receptors is it makes us
feel tired and sleepy so the thinking is
that loss of adenosine by the end of the
day is what actually makes us want to go
to bed
now we also have this molecule called
caffeine which I'm sure most of us will
be aware of
and caffeine in structure is very very
similar to what our hormone adenosine
looks like
what this means is that our caffeine
molecule can actually bind to our
adenosine receptor
and when it's binding to our adenosine
receptor adenosine can no longer longer
bind to its own receptor and have its
fatiguing effect
so that's why when we have caffeine if
you have a coffee in the afternoon it
can kind of wake you up because that
adenosine can no longer bind to its
receptor and have that fatiguing or that
sleepiness kind of effect or feeling
what happens though when we have a lot
of caffeine is that there's lots of
caffeine or lots of caffeine molecules
circulating throughout the body so our
brain decides to upregulate the number
of adenosine receptors so now we have
lots of adenosine receptors so more
adenosine confined to those receptors so
we feel more and more sleepy and now we
need more and more caffeine to actually
bind to The receptors so adenosine can't
bind to its own receptors and have that
alerting or that energizing effect
so I just kind of want to point out that
we have our receptors but that number of
receptors isn't consistent it can
actually fluctuate depending on the
concentration of that hormone within the
blood as well as the concentration of
other hormones or molecules present uh
present within our circulation
so now that we have I guess a general
understanding of how hormones work so
they're released from our endocrine
glands they then travel throughout the
blood to our Target cell they need to
bind to a receptor to then have their
effect we need to talk about the
functions of the endocrine system and
the I guess the effects that the
hormones have
so first and foremost the endocrine
systems role is to help maintain
homeostasis along with the nervous
system so all of these points underneath
maintain homeostasis are simply examples
of how we actually do that
so the first example or function that
we've got here is that hormones can
influence the storage and utilization of
energy
so the best example of that is the
release of insulin and glucagon from the
pancreas
so let's say we have a big lunge
our blood glucose levels increase
the pancreas will then release insulin
which causes the glucose to be taken out
of the blood and stored as glycogen in
the liver in our muscles
and now we have a lower blood glucose
concentration if the opposite occurs so
lunch was a number of hours ago and our
blood glucose concentration is now going
down our pancreas will release glucagon
which causes the breakdown of glycogen
from our liver and our muscles which
then gets released back into the blood
so we have an increase in our blood
glucose concentration and we can use
those that glucose as energy so our
hormones play a really big role in the
storage and the utilization of our
energy
hormones can also affect the regulation
of growth and reproduction
so both in the next lecture and when we
get to the reproductive system we're
going to talk about a whole range of
hormones that can influence growth
puberty maturation development of our
sex cells so eggs and sperm as well as
pregnancy and birth and all of these
processes are driven by hormones
our last example is the control of body
responses to external stimuli and a
really nice example of this is stress
so you may have heard of the fight or
flight response this is an activation of
the sympathetic nervous system and it
occurs when our body encounters a
stressful situation now our body
considers stress something like
exercising but it can also consider you
know an emergency situation as something
stressful now what happens in these
situations is that our body releases the
hormone adrenaline
and this helps us prepare for that
stressful or that emergency situation so
for example our heart might start
beating faster
we might have increased blood flow to
our working muscles
we might also have breakdown of glycogen
in the liver so that we have a big
supply of glucose in the blood that we
can use as energy
so that those flight and sorry fight or
flight responses are often controlled by
different hormones
now
the way that the endocrine system can
impart all of those functions that we
talked about on the previous slide is
down to the effect that the hormone has
on their target cells so we kind of
looked at brief or more General
functions of the endocrine system but
exactly how do those hormones affect the
target cells which allow for those
effects or allow for those functions so
again there's a whole range of examples
and I've just listed five here but one
example is that when a hormone binds to
its receptor it can change the cell
membrane permeability so how easily
things can pass through that cell
membrane
an example of that is anti-diuretic
hormone so when that hormone binds to
the tubules in the kidneys it allows
water to more easily pass through the
cell membrane so that we can reabsorb
more water and put it back in the blood
we can also have the production or the
synthesis of protein or other regulatory
molecules when a hormone binds to its
Target cell
so for example when thyroid stimulating
hormone binds to The receptors on the
thyroid gland it stimulates the
production of our thyroid hormones which
are T3 and T4 and we'll talk about these
more in the next lecture
The Binding of a hormone can also cause
activation or deactivation of an enzyme
so when most of our peptide hormones
bind to The receptors they activate
second messages within the cell which
then activate or deactivate enzymes
within that cell
The Binding of a hormone can also alter
their secretory activity of a cell so
for example the hormone gastrin can
stimulate the secretion of gastric acid
or stomach juices by the parietal cells
in the stomach
and lastly The Binding of a hormone to
its receptor can also stimulate mitosis
or cell division
a nice example of that is growth hormone
which has lots of target cells in all of
our tissues so our tissues our organs
our bones our muscles
and when that hormone binds to the
receptor it stimulates cell division
which then obviously results in growth
so moving on from the functions and the
effects that our hormones have on a cell
when they bind to their receptors and
learning objective number two is to
distinguish between exocrine glands and
endocrine glands
So within the human body we have two
types of glands we have exocrine glands
and we have endocrine glands
exocrine glands with EXO meaning outside
and cream or crime meaning to secrete
secrete their products into ducts
and they carry those secretions into
body cavities
into the Lumen of organs which is just
like the inside of an organ or to the
body's outer surface
so for exocrine glands think about your
sweat glands your oil glands your mucous
glands and your digestive glands
for our endocrine glands so with Endo
meaning within and crying or crin again
to meaning to secrete
these uh
types of glands secrete their products
which are hormones into the interstitial
fluid surrounding the endocrine gland
instead of secreting them into ducts so
endocrine glands don't have any ducts
from the interstitial fluid those
hormones diffuse into the blood in the
capillaries and the blood carries them
to the target cells throughout the body
now because of their dependence on the
cardiovascular system or the blood to
distribute their products our endocrine
glands are some of the most vascular
tissue in the whole body
now some of the endocrine glands which
you may have heard about before and that
we'll talk about in this lecture are the
pituitary glands
our thyroid gland our adrenal and our
pineal glands
we also have
endocrine tissues which are not
exclusively classified as endocrine
glands but contain cells that will
actually secrete hormones so together
with our specific endocrine glands these
do make up our endocrine system and so
these are tissues such as the
hypothalamus
the pancreas the ovaries and testes the
kidneys the stomach the liver and the
small intestine
so to give you a bit of a visual and a
bit of a recap we have our exocrine
glands on the left and our endocrine
glands on the right remember our
exocrine glands have ducts which is just
this little bit here which then
transfer the secretions to wherever
they're going to go
our endocrine glands don't have any
ducts remember they secrete the hormones
into the interstitial fluid which is
like this part here which then diffuse
into the capillaries which will be
surrounding our endocrine glands
so in this example here this looks like
a sweat gland
so the sweat will be produced by the
exocrine gland taken into the duct and
then secreted to the cells outer surface
or the outer surface of the body
on our right side we have our endocrine
glands so the hormones are produced in
that gland
secreted into that interstitial fluid
diffused into the blood and then they
travel throughout the bloodstream to the
target cells
now the final learning objective for
this lecture which is only a nice short
one is to Simply identify the major
endocrine glands so this is something
that we will go over in the next lecture
we will also go over in Labs but the
first thing that I want you to know is
to be able to identify these major
endocrine glands before that we then go
on to talk about what hormones they
release and then what those hormones
actually do
so when we talk about the major
endocrine glands these are the 10 glands
that we are referring to so some are
specific glands some are just tissues
within other organs that secrete
hormones
so starting from the top and we have our
pituitary gland so our pituitary gland
is this structure here
without sounding too crass it kind of
looks a little bit like a pair of
testicles in a full image of the brain
it is this little structure here
now
showing a little bit of a close-up image
of our pituitary gland our pituitary
gland sits underneath our hypothalamus
and it's made up of two distinct regions
which each function slightly differently
and release different hormones so this
anterior portion or the portion to the
front funnily enough is called our
anterior pituitary gland the posterior
portion or the bit which is more towards
the back is our posterior pituitary
gland
so the whole structure is our pituitary
gland the bit at the front is our
anterior pituitary the bit at the back
is our posterior pituitary
moving down we then have our Pioneer
gland so if our pituitary gland is kind
of at the front of the brain here our
Pioneer gland is more at the back here
so you can see it's just that little
white structure there
now we're going to talk more about the
function of the pineal gland in the next
lecture but I just wanted to point out
that the pineal gland actually has some
really strong ties with the visual
system
which is potentially why it's so close
to our occipital lobe at the back of the
brain here which is where we house our
our primary visual cortex
we then have our thyroid gland so our
thyroid gland sits on the anterior
surface of the throat or the neck it
sits just inferior or just underneath
the thyroid cartilage which is the
cartilage which protects our voice box
and in males is known as the Adam's
apple
and then on the back of our thyroid
gland so if this is our thyroid gland
here we have these four dots in Grain
and these are our parathyroid glands
so we've had the pituitary gland
the pineal gland the thyroid gland and
then these four parathyroid glands which
sit on top of that thyroid gland
moving on we then have our adrenal
glands so we have two adrenal glands one
sits on top of each kidney it's a little
bit hard to see in this image here but
if we zoom in for a closer look here
we've got our two kidneys here these
little hats
are our adrenal glands
and much like our pituitary gland our
adrenal gland is made up of two distinct
regions that each have different
functions and release different hormones
so we are going to need you to be able
to identify each of those two regions
we have the adrenal cortex which is this
outer region here
so any time you see the word cortex in
anatomy and physiology you know it's
going to be the outermost layer I think
the cerebral cortex it's the outermost
layer of the brain so this is our
adrenal cortex
this inner portion here is our Adrenal
medulla so maybe middle medulla our
Adrenal medulla is this portion here
we then have the pancreas and the
pancreas is this little structure here
which is again a little bit hard to see
on this image but we will take a closer
look when we talk more about the
pancreas I kind of think it looks a
little bit like a cob of corn it's kind
of a bubbly yellowy color
and the pancreas is a little bit special
because it has both exocrine and
endocrine functions so when we talk
about the endocrine system we're going
to talk about its endocrine function and
how it releases insulin and glucagon but
then when we get to the gastrointestinal
system we're going to talk more about
its exocrine function
we then have our ovaries so in our
female
example we have our two ovaries here
which sit either side of our uterus
these produce our female sex hormones
and then in males we have our testes
which actually sit external to the body
covered by the scrotum
and they mostly produce our male sex
hormones
so these are our 10 hormones or sorry
our 10 endocrine glands that we're going
to be focusing on in the next lecture
when we talk about the physiology of the
endocrine system we had our pituitary
gland at the top here which is broken
into our anterior and our posterior
pituitary gland
we had the pineal gland which sits just
posterior to the pituitary gland
we have our thyroid gland which is this
bit on the front of your neck
we had the parathyroid gland which these
four green dots on the back of the
thyroid gland
we have our adrenal glands which are the
two hats that kind of sit on top of each
kidney
the pancreas which is the one I said
looks a bit like a cob of corn and that
sits kind of underneath the stomach and
the liver and then we have our ovaries
which we find in a female population
and our testes which we find in a male
population
so now that is the anatomy of the
endocrine system when we come to the
physiology of the endocrine system we
will talk more about these glands
specifically what hormones they release
and then the effect of those hormones on
their target cells when those hormones
bind to their receptors
thank you very much
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