Intro to Government Debates
Summary
TLDRThis video script offers an introductory exploration of government concepts, focusing on the role of government in mediating citizens' interests, maintaining order, and balancing liberty with security. It delves into the social contract theory, contrasting the philosophies of big government intervention, small government minimalism, and the middle ground approach. The script also distinguishes between various systems of government, including democracies, monarchies, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism, and provides guidance on constructing obligation arguments for government actions, using criteria that encompass responsibility, direct results of actions, and alignment with professed values.
Takeaways
- 📚 The video is an introductory session on government concepts and aims to enhance understanding of politics and international relations.
- 👨👧👦 The speaker advises viewers to watch a related 'choice' video for a balanced perspective on government and individual choice.
- 🤔 The importance of understanding content over merely regurgitating information is emphasized, with a call to question or learn about anything not understood.
- 🌏 A hypothetical world without government is discussed, illustrating the potential chaos and lack of order without a governing body.
- 🏛 The role of government is to mediate interests of its constituents, ideally through democratic processes, to maintain order and protect citizens.
- 📜 The social contract theory is introduced, suggesting citizens trade certain rights for protection and benefits from the state.
- 📚 Different interpretations of the social contract by philosophers such as Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau are highlighted, each with their unique perspectives on governance.
- 🏛️ The philosophies of governance, including big government, small government, and the middle position, are discussed, each with their justifications and examples.
- 🏫 The video distinguishes between liberalism and libertarianism, explaining their core beliefs and how they relate to government involvement.
- 🌐 Different systems of government, such as democracy, monarchy, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism, are outlined with examples and their unique characteristics.
- 💡 The video concludes with guidance on constructing obligation arguments for government actions, providing criteria and examples to build a compelling case.
Q & A
What is the main purpose of the video session on government and concepts?
-The main purpose of the video session is to provide an introductory understanding of government concepts, including the social contract theory, different philosophies around governance, types of policies, and systems of government, as well as how to construct an obligation argument.
Why is it important to watch the 'choice' video after this session?
-It is important to watch the 'choice' video because most debates revolve around whether the government should take action or individuals should have the choice to do something. The 'choice' video offers the perspective of people, complementing the government perspective provided in this session.
What does the speaker emphasize about understanding the content rather than just memorizing it?
-The speaker emphasizes that understanding the content is crucial, and one should not regurgitate information without comprehension. If something is not understood, one should ask questions or learn more about it, rather than simply repeating it.
What is the concept of a world without government according to the video?
-In a world without government, individuals would have absolute liberties, meaning they could behave as they wish without any external protection or consequences for their actions. However, this could lead to interests overlapping and conflicts arising due to the lack of a mediating authority.
What is the universal obligation of a government as per the video?
-The universal obligation of a government is to mediate the interests of its constituents, ideally in a democratic manner, to maintain order and ensure that everyone's interests are considered and balanced.
Can you explain the social contract theory as discussed in the video?
-The social contract theory suggests that citizens, by virtue of being born in a state, give up certain rights in exchange for protection from a collective state or government. It is a mutual agreement to follow societal rules in return for benefits like social welfare and security.
What are the three key authors mentioned in the video who have contributed to the social contract theory?
-The three key authors mentioned are Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, each providing different interpretations of the social contract theory in their respective works: 'Leviathan', 'Two Treatises of Government', and 'The Social Contract'.
What are the four main things citizens give up according to the social contract theory?
-According to the social contract theory, citizens give up natural rights, the right to enforce personal justice, the monopoly on violence, and certain liberties such as freedom in exchange for security and stability.
What is the difference between the philosophies of big government and small government as per the video?
-Big government philosophy supports extensive intervention in individuals' lives for their well-being, while small government philosophy, often associated with libertarianism, advocates for minimal intervention, emphasizing individual autonomy and the belief that individuals are best suited to make decisions regarding their own lives.
What is the middle position in governance philosophy and how does it differ from big and small government?
-The middle position in governance suggests that the government should not directly tell people what to do but can influence their decisions through nudges or incentives. This approach differs from big government, which intervenes directly, and small government, which advocates for minimal intervention.
How does the video explain the process of creating obligation arguments for governments?
-The video explains that to create an obligation argument for governments, one must prove that the action falls within the scope of their responsibilities, is a direct result of their actions, and aligns with their self-professed values. Additionally, showing that they have the capacity to perform the action can strengthen the argument.
What are the different systems of government mentioned in the video?
-The different systems of government mentioned are democracy, monarchy, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism, each with its unique characteristics and ways of functioning.
Can you provide an example of how to apply the criteria for obligation arguments as discussed in the video?
-An example given in the video is the obligation of the government to protect the environment even at the expense of economic development. The criteria for this argument include proving that environmental protection is within the government's responsibilities, that environmental issues may be a result of government actions, and that intervention aligns with the government's values, such as sustainability.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to Government Concepts
The video script begins with an introduction to the concept of government, aiming to provide a foundational understanding of politics and international relations. The speaker humorously acknowledges potential background noise and emphasizes the importance of understanding over memorization. The session will cover the social contract theory, governance philosophies, types of government policies, and constructing obligation arguments. The speaker also suggests watching a related 'choice' video for a complementary perspective on individual liberty versus government intervention.
🏛 Social Contract Theory and Government Obligations
This section delves into the social contract theory, which posits that citizens relinquish certain rights to the government in exchange for protection and benefits. The government's role is to mediate interests and maintain order, ideally through democratic processes. The theory is explored through the works of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, each offering unique perspectives on the balance of power and individual rights. The script discusses the implications of this theory, including the surrender of natural rights, personal justice enforcement, the monopoly on violence, and the trade-off of liberties for security.
🌐 Philosophies of Governance: Big vs. Small Government
The script contrasts big government and small government philosophies, explaining their approaches to individual freedoms and state intervention. Big government supports active intervention to improve citizens' well-being, justifying policies that may restrict personal choices for the greater good, such as mandatory seat belt laws or educational requirements. In contrast, small government, often aligned with libertarianism, advocates for minimal state interference, arguing that individuals are best suited to make decisions about their own lives. Examples of policies from both perspectives are provided, illustrating the different levels of state involvement in citizens' lives.
🔍 Middle Position in Governance and Policy Types
The script introduces a middle ground between big and small government approaches, where the state nudges citizens towards certain behaviors rather than directly intervening. This can include incentives or disincentives, such as taxes on unhealthy products. The section also covers different types of policies governments might implement to address social issues, such as majoritarian and pluralist views, which focus on majority agreement versus the protection of marginalized groups, respectively.
🏳️🌈 Systems of Government: Democracy, Monarchy, Authoritarianism, and Totalitarianism
This part of the script outlines various systems of government, starting with democracy, where power is held by the people through voting and referendums. It then describes monarchies, which have a single ruler with varying degrees of power, and contrasts them with authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. Authoritarianism concentrates power with limited opposition, while totalitarianism seeks to control all aspects of life. Examples of each system are provided, along with a discussion of how these systems can overlap and the nuances between them.
📘 Constructing Obligation Arguments for Government Action
The final section of the script focuses on constructing obligation arguments for government action. It presents criteria to prove that the government has an obligation to act, including whether the action falls within their responsibilities, is a direct result of their actions, aligns with their professed values, and whether they have the capacity to act. An example argument about government environmental policies is provided to illustrate how to apply these criteria. The script concludes with a call to action for viewers to practice constructing such arguments and an invitation to support the creators through donations.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Government
💡Social Contract Theory
💡Governance
💡Policies
💡Systems of Government
💡Obligation Argument
💡Democracy
💡Monarchy
💡Authoritarianism
💡Totalitarianism
💡Liberalism vs. Libertarianism
Highlights
Introduction to government concepts and theories to enhance understanding of politics and international relations.
The importance of watching the 'choice' video for a balanced perspective on government and individual freedoms.
The necessity for understanding content over regurgitation, emphasizing the need for true comprehension in discussions.
Imagining a world without government to illustrate the concept of absolute liberties and the potential conflicts arising from them.
The role of government in mediating interests and maintaining order through democratic processes and rule of law.
The social contract theory, where citizens trade certain rights for protection and benefits from the state.
Different interpretations of the social contract by philosophers Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Rousseau.
Surrendering natural rights, personal justice enforcement, and monopoly on violence as part of the social contract.
Philosophies of governance including big government, small government, and the middle position on intervention.
Big government's role in intervening in personal choices for perceived greater good and well-being.
Small government advocating for minimal intervention and individual rationality in decision-making.
The middle position's approach to nudging citizens towards right actions without direct intervention.
Types of policies addressing social problems, including majoritarian and pluralist views.
Distinguishing liberalism from libertarianism and understanding their impact on government approaches.
Exploration of different systems of government: democracy, monarchy, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism.
Criteria for constructing obligation arguments for government actions, focusing on responsibility, action results, and values.
Practical example of constructing an obligation argument for government environmental policy.
Practice motions provided for developing skills in creating obligation arguments for government mandates.
The volunteer-based nature of After Freedom and the invitation for donations to support their educational mission.
Transcripts
hello everyone today we're going to be
talking about government and Concepts
around the
government so this is meant to just be
an introductory idea and an introductory
session we're going to cover quite a few
things um this should give you a better
understanding of how to approach
something like politics or international
relations if you hear screaming children
in the background I promise you we take
care of them very well what are we going
to be covering today we're going to
cover a bit of an intruction to
government I'm going to talk to you
about the social contract theory we're
going to look at the different ways or
or the philosophies around governance
we're going to look at types of policies
that governments can have we're going to
look at systems of government and how to
construct an obligation argument that
last bit is
important right before we begin a few
important important things firstly
immediately after watching this video I
think you should watch the choice video
because most debates circle around the
idea of should the government do
something or should people have the
choice of doing something so this is
only half of the understanding which is
from The Cho from the perspective of the
government the other half of the
understanding of from the perspective of
people will come from the choice video
that's currently up second thing do not
regurgitate information I need you to
understand the content we're providing
here and not just regurgitated as it is
written here what I like to say
specifically when I'm coaching schools
again is if you don't understand
understand something don't say it I have
no desire to hear it if you don't
understand it you will either ask
questions around it or you will go back
and try to learn it then you will
communicate it but if you don't
understand it but understand it don't
regurgitate
it I want to briefly look at what a
world without a government would look
like and I want you to close your eyes
and kind of imagine that with me so it
would be a world where we can all behave
how we want and no one would have you
know the right to protect you but
yourself no one would protect you other
than yourself we a self- sustain so
basically there would be cuz without a
government or without a group of people
agreeing on how trade is going to happen
there's really no way it's going to be
done so we'd all be kind of working on
our own as far as trade goes and there'd
be no real like consequences to our
actions we could kill someone and be
like w well that just happened and
there'd be no one to arrest us or
anything like that so what I kind of
want to drive is the idea that in with a
in a world without a government
government we have absolute Liberties
right and generally the problem with
having those absolute Liberties is that
sometimes they may overlap with each
other so the government has existed
throughout time and the structures are
there to create order right they group
or an organization that's there to
maintain and create order ideally they
should be democratically elected but the
universal obligation of a government is
to mediate the interest of its
constituents what what I mean by
mediating the interest is what I was
talking about a second ago that we would
all do whatever we want you know it'll
it would be like think about The Purge
for that period of time I know some of
some of you may have watched that that
movie I'm not sure if the rating is you
know accurate for for high school kids
but maybe you did so for a certain
amount of time there are no laws that
are enacted everyone is free to do
whatever they want the problem with that
is that everyone's interests would
undercut each other so you might have
the interest to live to see The Purge
that interest is mutually exclusive and
contradictory to your friend's interest
to possibly kill you right your friend
may want to have I don't know the their
house on a certain block of land you may
also want to have it on that blot of
land so your two interests are competing
with each other and you both can't have
what you want so governments were put
there to mediate the interests between
people so that everyone is able to
within reasonable jurisdiction have what
they want and within reasonable
jurisdiction to also be protected that
is the underlying philosophy of
governance and how it should
work now let's have a a short
conversation about the social contract
theory so the social contract theory
suggests that by virtue of being born in
a state citizens have to give up certain
rights in exchange for protection uh
from a collective state or government so
basically we participate in a society in
accordance to the rules of the
government in exchange for protection
and benefits like social welfare what
that is suggesting at its simple and
most basic core is that in order for the
the government to be able to mediate
your interests as people you should give
them the right and ability to mediate
that interest so if you give them the
power to say hey you can mediate my
interest uh in relation to someone
else's interest then that is what the
government is going to do basically
we're going to look at a lot of the ways
that government mediate interests is
predicated on on the creation of laws so
they limit one person's ability to to
murder whoever they want in exchange for
someone else being able to be protected
so that is an example of a legislated
means of mediating people's interests um
and you have to allow the government to
do that via the social contract theory
so different authors have written uh
about it such as Thomas Hobbs uh John
Lock um and rosu each has had different
interpretations of the social contract
with Hobs emphasizing the need for
strong governmental authority to prevent
chaos lock focusing on natural rights
and limited government and R emphasizing
the idea of a collective agreement among
individuals to form a society so Hobbs
wrote about it in his work Leviathan
which was released in 1651 Lo uh wrote
about it in treaty in two treaties of
government which is released in
1689 and Ru wrote about it in the social
contract which was released in 1762 so
you guys can check those out if they
interest
you more on the social contra Theory so
it works on the idea that you would be
giving up certain rights to the
government this would be one of four
things firstly natural rights so some
philosophers argue that individuals
surrender some of their natural rights
such as the right to absolute freedom in
order to live in a civilized society the
second one would be their right to
enforce a form of personal justice so
you can't just go around and do whatever
you think is correct because remember
you've elected this group of people to
kind of determine what is right and
wrong and how Justice should be enacted
and part of that is all kind of leaning
on to point three which is the idea of
the Monopoly on violence what this means
in a non-fancy way is that the state is
the only body that has the right to be
violent or legitimately use violence so
you surrender your rights to uh you know
violently kill someone or like beat
someone up um to the state who are the
people who really decide if you can have
the death
penalty or you know incarcerate someone
or anything of that nature there are
some exceptions to this like in the case
of self-defense but that's basically
what the the Monopoly on violence refers
to the state is the only actor that can
use violence
legitimately again it's when I phrase it
like that it it it offers a few
questions but yeah and then you also
give up some Liberties so this is
depending on people's interpret ation of
the social Contra uh contract so
Liberties such as freedom in exchange
for security and stability these are all
things we've kind of already alluded
to now we're going to touch on a few
philosophies of governance and basically
how they work so we're going to talk
about um the three big approaches to
governance which is big government small
government and the middle
position in relation to big government
so the big government position suggest
that the government can interfere with
individuals freedoms if the person
affected would be better off or if they
would be less harmed as a result of the
policy so in this case the government is
as involved um as possible within
people's lives and the way that they
would work and the way that their
realities are kind of created Created
and manufactured that's the concept and
the idea around big government so they
can inter intervene in people's personal
choices and their right to choose H and
you know they aim to further a person's
well-being by kind of making the
decisions for them when you watch the
choice video you're going to look at the
alternative side to
this and then there are various
justifications that are used for um big
government and kind of white right so
one of them is you know the the idea
that the person who is making the
decision ER you know it is is making a
decision that's against their own
interest um even if they are like
knowledgeable so that is one suggestion
so the government would make a decision
that is in their best interest a second
one is the idea that the policy would
protect a moral well-being and for and
enforce a sense of community standards
and then the third one is the idea that
the policy is necessary to kind of
promote a sense of social interest the
interest of a collective Society
generally speaking they'll lean on
theide idea that people are making
decisions ill informed so they don't
know as much as the government does so
these are all different ways you can
kind of justify the big government
approach and big government they can
lean on multiple examples in terms of
the applications of their policy this
could be stuff like Banning harmful
drugs uh making wearing seat belts
mandatory requiring workers to
contribute to their super annuation fund
requiring miners to have blood
transfusion even if their religious
beliefs forbid it and requiring parents
to ensure that their children attend
school and a wide variety of other
things the point is big government
intervenes in your life under the
assumption that they are best suited to
make decisions for your life as opposed
to you as a citizens who as a citizen
who may not know as much as the
government the direct opposite of that
is something referred to as small
government so the small government
positions supports limiting intervention
in the lives of citizens to the greatest
possible extent right so libertarianism
is the most popular political theory
that supports the small government
approach so it suggests that the role of
the government is limited to narrow
functions of protecting against Force
theft fraud and enforcing
contracts and so on and so forth so I
think the Conservative Party in the USA
is an example of a party that in many
cases
campaigns you campaigns using small
government retoric so they just believe
that the government should not be
heavily involved in people's
lives so the way that these uh the the
small government approach is kind of
Justified is that individuals are
rational actors you know uh so they can
make decisions on their own lives also
the fact that individuals rather than
governments are better suited to make
decisions that would maximize their own
happiness and that the government just
doesn't have a right to infringe on
people's choices um based on what they
think is best for people right let's
look at a few examples of uh policies
that would be supported by the oh oh
policies that the small government
approach would deem as illegitimate as
wrong or wrong so prohibiting self-
endangering activity like driving
without a seat belt prohibiting deviant
but harmless Behavior like you know
non-standard sexual practices and so
forth so these are all the things that
uh small government would deem as
illegitimate then there is a really
interesting middle ground here which is
the middle position so simply put the
middle position suggests that government
shouldn't tell people what to do it
shouldn't directly intervene in their
lives instead it can nudge them in the
right direction or convince them of what
is right or wrong so an example of this
would be providing a tax a syntax on
things like smoking or impos opposing
more taxes on something like alcohol or
maybe the alternative is providing
incentives for you to buy certain things
as opposed to other things so providing
incentives or like tax write offs for
people who like wear seat belts more
frequently I don't know basically the
the main function of middle position is
to nudge you towards doing the right
thing such that it is coercion but you
still are the person who is making the
decision so that's the middle uh
position often you'd find that
governments use a combination of of all
of these
things
so the fatty food example is is
important when you're looking at the way
that different approaches would take it
so a small government would approach uh
this by essentially ending all syntaxes
and allowing individuals to make their
own choices a big government might ban
the fatty food Al together but a middle
position would you know might ensure
that the food is properly lab and also
impose a syntax so these are the
different ways a government may approach
uh the idea of how to mediate people's
interests and how to act within a
state now we're going to look at the
types of policies uh that a government
can have specifically when looking at
how they address social problems so
there's the majoritarian view which
suggests that a policy can be moved
forward if majority of the people agree
on on it so if we want to uplift a
disenfranchised group or the
marginalized group in society that can
happen so long as the majority agrees on
it the alternative is the pluralist view
the plural The pluralist View suggests
that we should or the government has an
active obligation to protect
disenfranchised and marginalized groups
at all times even if the majority
doesn't agree with it when we're when
you guys are watching the video about
advancing social change we we provide a
lot more details on both of these views
and kind of how they work but yeah these
are the types of policies that you might
have then here we have a a bit of a
tossup where I kind of want to draw a
clear difference between liberalism and
libertarianism which I don't necessarily
think is the same thing it's important
for you to understand the difference
between the two given that
libertarianism is the main belief that
bolsters the the the small government
approach uh so it's important for you
guys to understand each of these so do
go through this table pause it and give
it a read whatever you
prefer all right now we're going to kind
of look at the different systems of
government that we have the first one is
a democracy so in a democracy power is
vested in the hands of the people so you
vote people directly into power and
mostly you have things like referendums
where you can directly vote on a lot of
issues so voting is a major part of a
democracy there is another video on
Democracy that you can that you know
we've also made uh that was made by
Leighton actually and you guys can give
that a watch it's a very nice video then
from there there's a monarchy so in a
monarchy there's a single ruler it's
usually a king or a queen and they hold
supreme authority over the state so
monarchies can be absolute where a
monarch can have unrestricted power or
they can be constitutional monarchies
that are limited by the laws and the
Constitution but basically there's a
ruler and a k which is a king and
generally there might even be a rer
family or something of that nature so
that would be how a monarchy would
function then there's authoritarianism
so authoritarianism is a
system that concentrates power in the
hands of a single leader or a small
group of individuals without any real
accountability or checks on their
Authority so their regimes often
suppress any political opposition they
restrict civil civil liberties and they
maintain control so these would be
things like dictate dictator leers ships
um and militarily run countries and one
party States the fourth one is
totalitarianism so totalitarianism is a
system characterized by extreme
government control over all aspects of
private life so they seek to to exert
total dominance over society and claim
descent through propaganda surveillance
censorship and a whole wide variety of
other things totalitarian regimes often
um involve ideology that seeks to trans
form Society in accordance to a
particular Vision such as communism or
fascism let's do some work to kind of
draw the distinction between each of
these views so if you want to look at
democracy it's very different from the
rest of the three I don't think I need
to spend a lot of time on it the main
thing that's important in a democracy is
that people have the power to choose who
to vote for right they have the power to
launch referendums where they can vote
on policies a monarchy is whether he's a
royal family or like a king or a ruler
or a queen or whatever ever the case may
be and they rule over the rest of the
nation so in the case of a monarchy it
can be a monarchy that has unrestricted
power where they do all of the ruling or
it can be like in the case of uh the UK
where there's a monarch but it's
constitutional so there's also a prime
minister and a wide variety of other
political
structures then with
authoritarianism and totalitarianism
which I think is is seems very very
similar but within an author itarian
States it's a system that concentrates
power in in the hands of a single group
of of individuals or one person they
don't have any opposition or anything so
then how does that is that separate for
to to totalitarianism with
totalitarianism they're most focused on
just controlling your life it's not
about leadership having all the power
they're in totalitarianism they just
want to control various aspects of your
life and kind of move you towards a very
specific Direction so those are the
differences between in the four of them
in a democracy I think there are two
examples and again the more we learn the
more we going to kind of see that a lot
of these things are a lot more fluid
than you think but I think the USA is an
example of a democracy India can be an
example of a democracy if you want to
look at at at a monarchy Saudi Arabia is
a monarchy the UK is also a
monarchy and you can kind of read up
about um how they how they exist and
kind of how they function thereof
and if you want to look at
authoritarianism Russia under Vladimir
Putin is a clear an example of
authoritarianism I think China to a a
great degree is also an example of
authoritarianism and then
totalitarianism that would be something
like Nazi Germany where they literally
controlled every aspect of life the
textbooks you read um what you could eat
when you could go out who could occupy
certain spaces that
totalitarianism so and then North Korea
is is is another example of a form of
totalitarianism that kind of exists in
in Modern Times And modern day what's
important to note about all of these
things is that they can kind of overlap
a monarchy can have Democratic Values a
totalitarian state can have very
authoritarian and like monarchy uh
values within it there's there's
generally overlap between them there's
never a clearcut idea of what is what
and and you know what is it but this
this is just so you have a a surface
level understanding of what each of
these forms of governance are and kind
of what they look
like now I want to talk to you about how
to create obligation
arguments the reason why that's being
done in this video is because the most
common obligation argument to generally
come come across is the government
mandate so I think that's what we used
to call it know as a speaker they'd be
like you're running a government mandate
argument um which is not a bad thing but
we need to find ways to construct
Arguments for why governments should do
things correctly so this is kind of a
criteria that would help you to do that
it applies to literally any actor and
why they should have an obligation but
I'm going to kind of apply it to
government in this uh scenario so we can
talk more specifically about government
so in order to prove that an act as an
obligation to do something we ought to
do we ought to prove three things
firstly that it falls with with in the
scope of their responsibilities secondly
that it is a direct result of their
actions thirdly that the action Falls
within the scope of their own
self-professed values and as a bonus
just to make sure you have a nuanced
argument and people won't respond to
your argument stupidly it's also nice to
prove that they have the capacity to do
that particular thing let's look at an
example here we have the motion this
house believes that government should
put in place policies to protect the
environment even if it is at the expense
of Economic Development and I chose side
proposition and I'm making one argument
here the idea that the government has a
direct obligation to protect the
environment and there are three like the
the first level to the argument is the
criteria which is when does the
government have an obligation to
intervene in a problem a when it falls
within the scope of their
responsibilities what you'll notice with
each of these is that I add an example
at the end to prove why my criteria is
true cuz my criteria could be apples
oranges bananas thank you how but
clearly that's wrong in order for me to
prove that my criteria is right I need
to provide an example of how it applies
in the real world right so for example
it's the prot it's the obligation of the
government to protect uh its citizens
from National threats we all understand
that we all know that the second level
is when the problem exists because of
their actions an example here was when
the US accepted responsibility and paid
rep reparations to Japanese Americans
after they put them in internment camps
during World War II then the third level
is that when the intervention is within
the scope of their self-professed values
so for
example uh political parties make
promises during elections and on their
manifestos they have the obligation of
sticking to those promises because they
are the ones that profess to them so
make sure you are justifying your
criteria in that way as well right level
two is me proving my criteria so here
you can pause read or go through the
slides I provide three levels of
analysis as to why the criteria is true
um and then in addition to that I also
provide a third level which explains why
the government has the capacity to
intervene in this problem then I get to
my very simple conclusion that is how
you should always construct your
obligation
arguments all right then there are a few
motions here that you guys can use for
practice so be like make sure that you
kind of go through these let us know
what you think and yeah that is just
about it I hope that the video was
otherwise beneficial to you and that you
were able to learn uh a few things along
the
way thank you everyone for making it
this far into the video we hope that the
information was valuable to you and we
hope that our course continues to enrich
your debating career everyone who works
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