THE SUN - Giver Of Life & Death Star | SPACETIME - SCIENCE SHOW
Summary
TLDRСкрипт видео раскрывает загадки космоса, начиная с рождения Солнца и его роли в жизни на Земле. Оно поднимается вопросами о происхождении Вселенной и будущем собственного солнца, открывая путь к пониманию его важности для формирования планет и поддержания жизни. Также скрипт освещает научные исследования и технические достижения, которые помогли нам узнать больше о Солнце и его влиянии на нашу планету, включая грозы солнечной активности и их потенциальные последствия для Земли.
Takeaways
- 🌌 С начала времен человечество смотрит на звезды, и Вселенная всегда была источником увлечения и загадок.
- ☀️ Солнце находится в центре нашей планетарной системы и является космическим источником энергии, превращая 600 миллионов тонн водорода в гелий каждую секунду.
- 🌍 В конечном итоге Солнце уничтожит Землю, жизнь, возникшая благодаря Солнцу, будет уничтожена неизбежно и безвозвратно.
- 💥 Солнце медленно становится более жарким, и в один прекрасный день температуры на Земле вырвутся на 100 градусов Цельсия, океаны испарятся, а Солнце расширится до тех пор, пока его внешние слои не достигнут и не поглотят Землю.
- 🚀 История нашего Солнца начинается с Большого Взрыва, который произошел почти 14 миллиардов лет назад, и из которого родился сам Вселенная.
- 🌟 Первые звезды были огромными и горячими, они существовали всего несколько десятков миллионов лет, после чего упали, рассеяв элементы, которые стали основой для следующего поколения звезд.
- 🔬 Солнце - это звезда, которую мы можем изучать подробно, и многие физические процессы, происходящие на других звездах, также происходят на Солнце.
- 🌌 Наша солнечная система была создана благодаря космическому катастрофе, которая дала рождение нашей звезде, а также великому количеству материи, включая тяжелые элементы, необходимые для формирования планет.
- 🌌 Млечный Путь - это огромная галактика, в которой находится наша солнечная система, и его образование связано с движением тьмы материи, привлекая видимую материю и формированием диска.
- 🌐 Солнце находится на окраине Млечного Пути в так называемой зоне пригодности для жизни, где не так много сверхновой взрывов, и где могут появляться планеты, способные удерживать жизнь.
- 🔭 Современные телескопы и космические зондировки помогают нам изучать Солнце и предотвращать возможные негативные последствия его активности, такие как солнечные бури и полярные световые явления.
Q & A
Чем всегда увлекался человеческий род, глядя на звезды?
-Человечество всегда увлекалось загадками и тайнами Вселенной, такими как происхождение космоса, его содержание и наши корни.
Какова основная функция Солнца в нашей планetary системе?
-Солнце является источником космической энергии и является массивным реактором ядерного сливания, поддерживающим жизнь на Земле.
Какова судьба Земли в связи с изменением Солнца?
-В конечном итоге Солнце уничтожит Землю, так как его тепло и размеры будут расти, что приведет к исчезновению жизни, созданной Солнцем.
Каков возраст нашего Солнца?
-Наша Солнца возраст составляет примерно 4,7 миллиарда лет.
Каковы основные элементы, из которых состоит молодая Вселенная после Большого взрыва?
-В молодой Вселенной после Большого взрыва основными элементами были водород и гелий - самые легкие элементы.
Каковы основные этапы формирования звезды?
-Звезды формируются из обширных облаков молекулярного газа, которые увеличиваются в плотности и под влиянием гравитации трансформируются в первые галактики и звезды.
Что такое сверхновые и как они связаны с формированием звезд?
-Сверхновые - это взрывы очень больших и горячих первых звезд, которые после своего краткого существования рассеивают элементы, которые становятся основой для следующего поколения звезд.
Каково место Солнца в нашей Млечном Пути?
-Солнце находится где-то на внешнем крае Млечного Пути, в так называемой зоне обитаемости, где нет множества сверхновых взрывов и где могут появляться планеты, способные удерживать жизнь.
Чему приводит солнечный цикл, обнаруженный Хинрихом Шварбом?
-Солнечный цикл, или 11-летний солнечный цикл, связан с изменением количества солнечных пятен, что указывает на изменяющуюся активность Солнца.
Какие последствия может вызвать солнечный ветер на Землю?
-Солнечный ветер может вызвать магнитные бури на Земле, что может привести к зрелищем аурор, а также может повлиять на электромагнитные поля и инфраструктуру Земли.
Какие наблюдательные миссии помогут лучше понять Солнце?
-Миссии, такие как SOHO, солнечный орбитер и Sunrise, помогут исследователям изучить внутреннее состояние Солнца, его влияние на Землю и другие планеты нашей планетарной системы.
Каковы основные этапы жизненного цикла звезды?
-Жизненный цикл звезды включает в себя стадии формирования из газовых облаков, ядерного сливания в ядре звезды, сверхновых взрывов и, в случае Солнца, превращения в белую карликову.
Чему приводит изучение звездных систем с двумя звездами?
-Изучение звездных систем с двумя звездами помогает понять, что в таких системах сложно предположить стабильность условий для возникновения высокой формы жизни из-за изменяющихся гравитационных сил.
Какова судьба нашей Солнечной системы в дальнем будущем?
-В дальнем будущем, после того как Солнце иссякнет, его внешние слои будут выброшены, и останется белая карликовая звезда, в то время как облака газа, содержащиеся в нашей системе, могут стать основой для новых звезд и планет.
Outlines
🌌 Звездное небо и солнце
В первом параграфе скрипта подводятся итоги о том, что с древности люди мечтали о звездах и Вселенной, которая всегда была источником удивления и загадок. Рассматривается вопрос о происхождении космоса, его содержимом и происхождении человечества. Солнце, как центр нашей планетарной системы, обладает огромным влиянием на нашу планету, предоставляя тепло и свет, которые необходимы для жизни. Однако, солнце также является источником уничтожения Земли в дальнем будущем, когда его тепло уничтожит океаны и жизнь на планете. История солнца начинается с Большого взрыва, после которого формировались первые элементы, которые стали основой для формирования первых звезд. Эти звезды умирали молодыми, и их взрывы распространяли элементы, необходимые для формирования следующего поколения звезд, включая нашу солнце.
🚀 Рождение звезд и Солнечной системы
Второй параграф описывает процесс рождения звезд и планетарных систем. Звезды рождаются из星际云, которые могут коллапсировать под своим собственным весом или под влиянием внешних шоков. При расширении и утяжении газовых и пылевых облаков происходит формирование звезд, включая нашу солнечную систему, которая возникла около 4,5 миллиардов лет назад. Рассматривается также вопрос о том, где находится солнце в Млечном Пути и как его местоположение влияет на возможность возникновения жизни. Также описывается процесс образования звезд и планет, включая образование ядер звезд и начало термонуклярных реакций, которые дают звездам энергию.
🔬 Исследование Солнца и его влияние на Землю
Третий параграф посвящён изучению Солнца и его влиянию на Землю. Описывается визуализация солнечной активности, включая солнечныеacula и другие явления, а также их измерение через телескопы. Рассказчик делится своими размышлениями о том, почему Солнце так интересно, и как оно влияет на нашу планету, формирует климат и условия жизни. Также упоминается история изучения Солнца, включая теории геоцентризма и гелиоцентризма, а также вклад Галилео Галилей в астрономию и изучение Солнца.
☄️ Солнечные бури и их последствия
В четвёртом параграфе рассматривается, как Солнце, выглядывающее мирным, может генерировать мощные солнечные бури, которые могут влиять на Землю. Описывается процесс образования солнечных ветров и их воздействия на нашу планету, включая возникновение аурор. Также рассматривается история солнечных бурь и их влияние на технологии, такие как телеграфные системы, и современные опасения, связанные с потенциальным воздействием на современную инфраструктуру, включая электросети и спутники.
🛰️ Наблюдение и изучение Солнца с космоса
Пятой параграф фокусируется на космических миссиях, направленных на изучение Солнца. Упоминается миссия SOHO, которая предоставляет данные о солнечных извержениях в реальном времени, а также предстоящая миссия солнечного орбитера, которая будет изучать солнечный ветер и косMICU. Также описывается важность наблюдения Солнца с точки L1 - первого Лагранжевого места, которое обеспечивает идеальное расположение для космических аппаратов.
🌐 Исследование магнитного поля и влияния Солнца на Солнечную систему
В шестом параграфе обсуждается, как данные, получаемые от миссий, помогают ученым лучше понимать внутренние процессы Солнца и его влияние на Землю и другие планеты Солнечной системы. Рассматривается проект Sunrise - высоковысокий солнечный обсерватор на воздушном шаре, который позволяет получать изображения с высокой разрешением. Также упоминается важность изучения старых звезд для понимания историй и будущего нашей солнечной системы.
🔭 Развитие солнечных телескопов и их вклад в астрофизику
В седьмом параграфе описывается исторический и современный прогресс в области изучения Солнца с помощью телескопов, включая Эйнштейн-башню и Грегор. Также обсуждается важность размещения солнечных телескопов в районах с хорошими атмосферными условиями и разработка новых поколений солнечных телескопов для более точного исследования Солнца.
🌌 Поиск идеальной звезды для жизни
Восьмой параграф посвящён поиску идеальной звезды, способной поддерживать биологическую жизнь. Рассматривается тип звезды G, такой как наша Солнце, который предоставляет стабильные условия для жизни на планете. Также обсуждается проблема существования планет в двойных звездных системах и их возможных непригодностей для жизни из-за изменчивых условий.
🌌 Рождение звезд и их влияние на образование планет
Девятый параграф рассматривает процесс рождения звезд в небесных туманностях, таких как Орион Nebula, и их влияние на образование новых планет. Обсуждается, как смерть массивных звезд способствует рождению новой поколении звезд и планет, возвращая частичку своей массы в межзвездное пространство.
🌠 Конечный цикл Солнца и Вселенной
В десятом параграфе описывается окончательный цикл жизни Солнца и его влияние на Вселенную. Предсказывается, что Солнце продолжит расширяться и нагреваться, что приведёт к исчезновению жизни на Земле и, в конечном итоге, к поглощению Земли. После этого Солнце откинет свои внешние слои, оставив за собой белую дыру, и внесёт свой вклад в вечное обновление Вселенной, возвращая свои элементы в межзвездный материал для формирования новых звезд и планет.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡космос
💡солнце
💡космическая катастрофа
💡галактика
💡сверхновая
💡солнечный цикл
💡солнечный ветер
💡солнечная активность
💡солнечный телескоп
💡белый дvärf
Highlights
Human fascination with the cosmos and its mysteries, including the birth of the universe and the contents it may hold.
The Sun, a massive nuclear fusion reactor, is the energy source at the center of our planetary system.
The Sun's eventual expansion and destruction of Earth due to its increasing heat.
The birth of the universe and the formation of the first galaxies from the cooling and expansion of the universe.
The life cycle of stars, from their birth in supernova explosions to their contribution to the next generation of stars.
The Sun's formation from the matter of a dying star, highlighting its connection to the broader cosmos.
The importance of studying the Sun to understand other stars and the physical processes occurring within them.
The role of the Sun in shaping Earth's climate and seasons over billions of years.
The process of star formation from the collapse of interstellar clouds under their own weight.
The structure of the Milky Way and the conditions that led to its formation.
The location of the Sun within the Milky Way and its significance for the emergence of life.
The prerequisites and processes involved in the birth of a star, including the formation of a protostellar core.
The internal processes of the Sun, including the fusion reactor at its core and the production of sunlight.
The observation of sunspots and the discovery of the solar cycle by Heinrich Schwab.
The impact of solar activity on Earth, including the potential dangers of solar storms and geomagnetic storms.
The importance of early warning systems for solar activity and the potential vulnerabilities of our technological infrastructure.
The role of satellites in monitoring the Sun and the importance of the SOHO observatory.
The use of balloon-borne observatories like Sunrise to study the Sun's ultraviolet radiation.
The development of new solar telescopes and the planning of the European Solar Telescope.
The study of other stars like Trappist-1 and the search for habitable exoplanets.
The challenges of life emerging in binary star systems due to unstable orbits and climate conditions.
The future of the Sun and its eventual transformation into a white dwarf, contributing to the cosmic cycle.
Transcripts
since time immemorial humankind has
looked to the stars the universe has
always been a source of fascination and
of mystery how was the cosmos born what
else might the universe contain and
where do we come from
the Sun lies at the center of our
planetary system it is a cosmic source
of energy a massive nuclear fusion
reactor some four point seven billion
years old beneath its surface 600
million tons of hydrogen are converted
to helium each second at a temperature
of 15 million degrees Celsius from the
surface of the Sun light and heat travel
into outer space and to earth
welcome to space time featuring
astronaut and scientist Ulrich Volta and
an expert on surprises
the universe has in store for us
the Sun without it there would be no
life on earth the Sun is the star that
sustains us supplying our planet with
warmth and light
but in the end the Sun will destroy the
earth
the life made possible by the Sun will
be wiped out inexorably and irrevocably
[Music]
[Music]
Wynn's was on our son we needed to
survive we need its energy all right the
Sun this is slowly growing hotter and
eventually it will destroy us
heat em temperatures here on earth will
soar to over 100 degrees Celsius against
the Earth's oceans will evaporate the
Sun will swell growing ever larger until
the outer layers finally reach and then
envelop the earth it will explode and
die that of course will spell not only
the end of our solar system a lot of
humankind in charge the history of our
Sun begins with the big bang nearly 14
billion years ago in this cosmic dawn
space time and matter the universe
itself was born just fractions of a
second after this creation tiny
elementary particles were formed these
became the building blocks for hydrogen
and helium the lightest elements
the young universe continued to expand
the cooling of the universe along with
gravity helped transform this matter
into the first galaxies as vast clouds
of molecular gas continue to increase in
density the first generation of stars
was born very large and very hot the
first stars died young they existed only
tens of millions of years before they
collapsed these supernova explosions
then dispersed the elements that would
become the next generation of stars
born about 8 billion years after the Big
Bang our son was also formed out of
matter that a dying star had held into
the universe defend his honor same
fasting and thus for she son fascinates
me for various reasons listen for one
it's a key to understanding the many
billions of other stars in our cosmos
they're all similar to our Sun and DVDs
on its on this event some are so does an
ordinary star signs that the only stars
we can unlock the only one we can study
and understand in detail many of the
physical processes that also take place
in other stars and of course the Sun is
our star the star of our own solar
system which has given us life leading
spend on the energy of our Sun shaped
our planet over billions of years it
determined our climate and our seasons
[Music]
for me it's a very interesting star it's
right at our front door you can see its
diameter unlike the other stars you can
see it's not just a little speck you can
see the disc the sunspots and the Sun
shines onto earth that's Keith it's the
source of our energy without the Sun all
life here would perish the earth was
also formed out of the same material
that created our Sun dust and small
particles clumped together to form new
celestial bodies which continue to grow
the heaviest elements became planets
let's give the author in there are
places in outer space that are somewhat
denser than average one should have more
gas and dust English tender certain
circumstances interstellar clouds as
their quality can collapse under their
own weight that's how stars are born or
HD and then one of them is our Sun which
words some 4.5 billion years ago
caffeine had million yonder sonam our
planetary system was created by the same
cosmic catastrophe that gave rise to our
Sun a supernova such explosions ensue
when a massive star collapses and
explodes these brilliant bursts of light
in outer space mark the death of a star
and the birth of new celestial bodies
the explosion sends an enormous amount
of matter
hurling into outer space along with
hydrogen and helium the expanding cloud
of gas and dust is comprised mainly of
oxygen carbon silicon and iron the basic
building blocks of planetary formation
such clouds of gas and dust can collapse
under their own weight sometimes they
are compressed by a new shock wave at
the center of the cloud an area of high
density begins to form it attracts even
more matter becoming the cradle from
which a new star is born movie and how
did our solar system come into being
it's part of an enormous galaxy that we
call the Milky Way so let's take a look
at the Milky Way there it is well that's
not entirely correct that's what we call
galaxy m31 but we know it looks pretty
much exactly like our Milky Way which by
the way contains about 100 billion stars
and has a diameter of approximately
100,000 light-years how was this Milky
Way born we know that in the beginning
there was an enormous cloud of gas that
was far larger than what we see here
when at some point dark matter moved
into this area drawing this visible
matter in its way noxee
as a result this cloud of gas condensed
into this area we see here at the same
time the gas cloud began to rotate and
collapsed to form a disc that's exactly
what we see here there are no stars yet
it's covering once in a while though
there was a supernova which generated an
explosion I'm keen on the ensuing shock
wave then caused certain areas of the
gas to condense that's where the stars
were born one of which was our Sun so
where's our Sun located in the Milky Way
very roughly speaking on the outer edge
about here in our Milky Way
awesome is this is it a coincidence that
this spot is where life emerged no
absolutely not had our Sun been situated
closer to the center for example we know
that life wouldn't have emerged there
are so many supernova explosions in that
region that any life would have been
extinguished right away we wouldn't have
lived very long on the other hand if our
Sun had emerged outside over here and
that's an area where there are no heavy
elements meaning elements such as carbon
and iron which make up our bodies and
indeed the earth itself there would be
no planets over there so there couldn't
be any life there's just a very narrow
strip the so-called habitable zone where
there aren't many supernova explosions
and where planets could emerge that
could sustain life
so you could say that we got very very
lucky reason recapped
the first prerequisite for the birth of
a star is a random conglomeration of
matter in outer space the cloud of
interstellar matter collapses under its
own gravitational force the initial
rotation causes the smaller area to move
outward where the orbiting planets will
form the much larger part of the cloud
gradually moves to the center where its
mass and density continues to increase
until it becomes a priest stellar core
as its density increases the temperature
inside this nascent star rises to
pressure and temperature continue to
rise a process that takes about 100
million years as millisecond the reason
for Zeus reactor an enormous fusion
reactor is formed is in a fusion reactor
hydrogen atoms collide with such force
that they fuse together that's the
freshman as soon as this nuclear
reaction is triggered in the core we can
say a star is born the star has ignited
and burns with cool temperatures of up
to 15 million degrees Celsius hydrogen
fuses to become helium the Sun then
emits this energy into space in the form
of sunlight when energy is produced
inside the Sun it takes 1 million years
to reach the surface in some of the
smaller spots you might not notice
anything for one or two hundred thousand
years so this ignition is actually a
very mysterious and silent process which
takes many years to become apparent
the photosphere is the visible surface
of the Sun it is about 400 kilometers
thick and just under 6000 degrees
Celsius comparatively cool the next two
layers of the sun's atmosphere are the
chromosphere
and the corona inside the corona the
temperature rises once again to several
million degrees Celsius a phenomenon
that scientists still don't fully
understand but they do know a great deal
about the spots on the surface of the
Sun Sun flak and quantum and other
things with them telescope sunspots in
fact are relatively easy to observe
through the telescope was unfortunate
then one very significant advance came
when Heinrich Schwab an amateur
astronomer had a telescope set up in his
apartment 15 hata he ran a pharmacy
which was on the ground floor and every
free moment when it was light outside he
ran upstairs and observed the Sun he
diligently recorded the sunspots day
after day after 40 years of painstaking
work he plotted them out on a diagram
that's what he noticed Oh the number of
sunspots isn't always the same sometimes
there were more sometimes less that's
how he discovered the solar cycle the
famous 11-year solar cycle which was a
major advance sunspots appear and
disappear again they're an indicator of
the activity of the Sun
these dark spots were first observed
more than 2,000 years ago the Sun
countless generations have revered or
even feared it many believed a solar
eclipse was an ill omen heralding the
plague death or the end of the world
the Sun was worshipped venerated as a
deity humans were sacrificed in its
honor in some cultures the Sun was
regarded as the creator of the world its
path across the heavens was carefully
measured and observed the Sun determines
the cycle of day and night and
influences our climate its light and
warmth is what allowed human life to
emerge
dementia - yeehaw fast The Sun has
always fascinated us DD's all about the
first people who observe the Sun or
observed it more carefully for often
astrologers vytas worked hard from they
wanted to predict the future based on
the position of celestial bodies least
against it wasn't until the invention of
the telescope that people embarked on
rigorous observation of the Sun their
famous telescopes humankind has a
primordial desire to explore and explain
our world the philosopher and scientist
Aristotle propagated a geocentric theory
of the universe under which the earth
constituted the origin and center of all
existence
the ancient Greek philosopher Ptolemy
also believed that the earth was at the
center of the universe that believed
held sway for nearly 1500 years then
Nicholas Copernicus realized that the
Sun was the central point around which
the earth and the other planets in our
solar system revolved his theories were
not confirmed until a revolutionary
invention arrived on the scene the
telescope Galileo Galilei was the first
scientist to turn a telescope to the
heavens
he discovered the four largest moons of
Jupiter and he was the one who realized
that the Milky Way was not simply a
nebula a cloudy mass but a cluster of
stars
Galileo also described the spots on the
Sun this marked the birth of modern
astronomy and the beginnings of
scientific research on the Sun these
honest and to gross because Sun is
simply too large I can't bring him to my
laboratory it's too hot I can't go there
and bring back a piece it would burn our
probes to a crisp but we can't carry out
direct investigations on one part of the
Sun by going to outer space and
capturing a piece of solar wind that's
being done the solar wind is a stream of
charged particles released from the Sun
surface this wind can become a veritable
storm the surface of the Sun is a
seething cauldron whose matter is in
constant motion much is here on earth
the rotation of the molten Sun generates
enormous magnetic fields which form
tangled loops when these loops break
away from the sun's surface they release
intense bursts of energy which can
result in the ejection of huge
quantities of matter from here on earth
the Sun looks quite harmless but it
really packs a punch it generates gag
antek eruptions you can see it clearly
here an enormous mass is just being torn
out of the Sun by the way of comparison
the Earth's diameter is only about this
big so this is huge
these ejections emit a huge amount of
gas it's comprised mainly of protons or
subatomic particles with a positive
electric charge they're ejected from the
Sun at an enormous speed several hundred
kilometers per second toward Earth for
example if the Earth's in the way it
will be hit by this radiation but if
it's somewhere else say here or over
here it will be spared let's just
imagine all this mass is ploughing
toward Earth at an enormous speed the
blast of the energy can be a thousand
times higher than normal it hits the
earth at the North and South Poles
because that's where the planets
magnetic field directs
those geomagnetic storms that's why we
see those spectacular northern and
southern lights they're depending on its
intensity this solar wind can affect the
Earth's magnetic field the floods of
electrically charged particles head
towards the Earth's magnetic poles where
they can give rise to a stunning natural
spectacle called the Aurora's the
northern and southern lights
electromagnetic radiation is dangerous
here on earth we don't notice it in our
day-to-day lives because it's fairly
infrequent but in 1869 a powerful solar
storm hit the United States
back then they had nothing like today's
high-tech infrastructures with the
internet the electric grid and so forth
but they did have Telegraph systems
which failed as a result of these solar
flares as they're called guns the
Aurora's were visible across the entire
United States when many billions of tons
of plasma gas are ejected into the solar
system these electrically charged
particles can trigger a powerful
geomagnetic storm experts now worry that
our hyper networked world makes us
vulnerable to these extreme fluctuations
in solar activity in the future we might
want to pay attention to what the Sun is
up to in the worst case scenario a solar
storm could cause power surges that
would blow out the electrical grid the
American gets tough we've now realized
that our entire infrastructure is
vulnerable or we rely on the Internet
and networks
the more vulnerable we are at those
points there's nothing we can do about
it we can't switch off the Sun but we
could devise an early warning system
much like a weather forecast
satellites have a major impact on our
daily lives we live in a digital world
our communication systems and our entire
infrastructure have become dependent on
a continuous stream of data much of
which is transmitted by satellite the
satellites would be the first things to
suffer a hit we need to make sure our
navigation satellites aren't affected a
fan in to prevent the image we might
need to take these systems offline till
it's over
of course we'll also try to build more
stable systems which are less vulnerable
to these events we can't control but if
we realize something's headed our way we
need to shut down these systems and when
it's over we can restart them I mean
David our office of fun nowadays the Sun
is observed and monitored around the
clock both from the earth and from
probes in outer space
in 1995 Issa and NASA launched the Soho
scientific observatory the spacecraft
delivers images of solar eruptions in
real time the Soho satellite carries a
large range of instruments onboard which
can be used to study everything from the
inner core of the Sun to its outer
corona the data gathered by the
satellite is also exceptionally high in
quality for Zoho bodies on engrossment
and dance before Soho the Sun was around
the boring static store was the sea but
we knew that it had several layers and
we knew it had occasional eruptions
our thanks to Soho and the instruments
that followed we know that the Sun is
constantly bubbling
egon vas email explode yet there's
always something exploding somewhere on
the Sun it's never quiet and ever
God says we've been forced to completely
overturn our understanding of the Sun
it's all thanks to Soho thanks
the Soho mission is now more than 20
years old but it's still one of the most
important satellite observatories
providing data about the Sun
so where does this probe need to be to
have the best possible view of the Sun
well it needs to have the same angle of
view as the earth and to be able to
communicate easily with the earth
community and come as it happens there's
an excellent spot for that between the
Earth and the Sun Dean Sean woods yet to
take a look this in the middle is the
Sun I'm here in the moon's wasana
150 kilometers away is the earth to have
the same angle of view the Sun needs to
be near the earth and it needs to be
able to communicate easily with earth
and for them it will need to be located
at a specific point if I draw a line of
connection from the Sun and the earth
that point will have to be situated on
this line on sight about this point
right here it can't be too far from the
earth so cosine
it's about 1.5 million kilometers away
when this point has other beneficial
characteristics it's called the l1 point
for the first Lagrange point from Earth
the goulds was an old French physicist
who demonstrated some important aspects
of this point for example when I
position a probe there it stays there we
won't keep moving that's nice
because I won't need fuel to maintain
the probe in that position but this
point also has a major disadvantage
which we'll examine from a different
perspective
he finally toward the Sun from a
position on earth the probe would be
visible right in the middle of the Sun
to DES on it Susan Ozzie sure I'm
standing on the earth here looking
toward the Sun this is an enormous
disadvantage because whenever the probe
communicates with me the signal would be
drowned out by the sun's radiation
I wouldn't be able to hear or see
anything coming from that probe so the
probe needs to be moved slightly
off-center this l1 point has another
lovely aspect to
has what is called a halo orbit meaning
an orbit that circles this point yes my
mouse sketch that right here positioning
it not in the middle of the Sun but
outside it if I direct my antenna at
this orbit I can communicate with the
probe the probe will still have a very
good view of the Sun that's what's so
wonderful about this l1 point and that's
why Soho is positioned there and is
important
[Music]
the European Space Agency's new solar
orbiter mission will also study the Sun
ISA satellite will also help us better
understand the impact of the Sun here on
earth
one of the solar orbiters tasks will be
observing solar wind and space weather
let's go to August have it the solar
orbiter will leave the Earth's orbit
methane will then follow its Boeing very
elliptical orbit around the Sun on one
side it will be quite close to the Sun
and on the opposite side will be further
away and it will leave the Earth's
elliptical orbit the Earth's orbit level
as the solar orbiter will be able to
observe the poles of the Sun through its
telescopes which will also be a first
the mission has been designed to deliver
new data about the star at the center of
our planetary system for the first time
ever observations will be carried out of
the rear of the Sun the instruments
onboard the solar orbiter will generate
a 360-degree image of the sun's magnetic
field it's hoped that the data provided
by the mission will help scientists
better understand the inner workings of
the Sun and the impact it has on the
earth and other planets in our solar
system
[Music]
the Max Planck Institute for solar
system research in gutting in Germany is
taking part in the mission the Institute
conducts research on a range of topics
involving the Sun the heliosphere and
solar winds this research isn't only
being conducted by satellites with their
sunrise project the gutting and
researchers are breaking new ground
sunrise is a balloon borne solar
observatory many of the sun's secrets
are contained within the ultraviolet
radiation that it emits into outer space
on earth however our atmosphere absorbs
the majority of this ultraviolet
radiation as a result precise
observations of this UV radiation cannot
be carried out from here on earth the
sunrise observatory floats at a height
of 35 kilometers in the Earth's
stratosphere from that unique vantage
point the observatory's telescope
provides researchers with
high-resolution images of the surface of
the Sun in deserts man over at that
altitude would send the 99% of the air
was below the observatory when it's fast
you're almost in a vacuum it's very
close to outer space and blow the sky is
black not blue and there's almost no
atmospheric turbulence Ithaca Dustin the
common you can take very high-resolution
images our goal was to achieve a special
resolution of less than 50 kilometers of
the solar surface and we succeeded
that's a fedora you could compare that
to being able to discern a 1 or 2 euro
coin from a distance of about 100
kilometers and family of yours and
sunrise thus provides the scientists
with a view of the Sun undisturbed by
the Earth's atmosphere
at a fraction of the cost of a space
mission by the way the death of a star
can take many different forms it depends
on its final mass when the final mass is
more than three times that of our Sun
you get a gigantic explosion a famous
supernova we're all familiar with that's
blood is what remains well a small black
hole that can't be seen thank you in
spite of next you have stars with a mass
somewhere between 1.5 and 3 times that
of our Sun also get a gigantic explosion
but that will leave behind what's called
a neutron star that's visible through a
telescope it's very small only about 15
kilometers in diameter it's very bright
and as dense as an atomic nucleus then
there's the third possibility which is
what will happen with our Sun the Sun
will shed its outer layers leaving
behind a white dwarf fruit which glows
with a bright light fast and what's it
made of almost entirely of carbon
basically like a diamond but it doesn't
sparkle like a gemstone it's just a
clump of carbon atoms stuff that told me
based on their observations of the Stars
researchers have also drawn conclusions
about the history and the future of our
Sun
[Music]
the study of aging stars can serve as a
blueprint to better understand the Sun
these will be Samia den Sophie how do we
know so much about the birth of the Sun
we know it from our observations of
other stars or things we can observe
them in various places and not just one
star but many of them you can observe
places where stars are being formed but
we also see stars that are dying that
are bloated that are the red giants you
can observe the moment that they shed
their outer layers which is very
beautiful viewed through the telescopes
and that is cool because you can see the
planetary nebula as well as the core
which is the white dwarf device and sag
a BC first it's enclosed in layers these
a later the layers are shed and only the
white dwarf remains and you also see
ones that have run their course that are
nearly extinguished the faster notion
the researchers are on a never-ending
journey to the limits of human knowledge
they are searching for the blueprint of
the universe the pace of research is
accelerated as have the insights it
offers us the more deeply scientists
venture into space the more information
they gather about our planetary system
to carry out direct observations of the
Sun researchers have also been
developing ever more precise and
specialized instruments
[Music]
einstein tower is an observatory on a
hill in the city of Potsdam just outside
Berlin built by architect Eric Mendel's
own in 1920 it houses what was once
Europe's most important solar telescope
[Music]
the telescope was designed by
astrophysicist Arvind Finley finally to
test Albert Einstein's recently
developed theory of general relativity
that accounts for the structures named
Einstein tower while researchers at the
observatory did not succeed in proving
the theory of general relativity Albert
Einstein received a lifetime appointment
as chair of the board of trustees of the
observatory Foundation
let's list them from 50 kopecks laws now
we basically have to move the dome so
that sunlight strikes the mirror these
are speaker faint a suddenly this mirror
catches the sunlight you can see an axis
here parallel to the Earth's rotational
axis so when the Sun moves across the
firmament we can retrace that movement
with this mirror it sends the light to
the second mirror whose only purpose is
to direct the light vertically downward
into the telescope the light then
strikes a lens that's 60 centimeters in
diameter it has a focal length of 14
meters and produces a solar image that's
about this size 14 centimeters down in
the optical laboratory the laboratory in
the basement of the Einstein Tower
the mirror under the dome directs the
sunlight into the telescope located
inside the tower the height of the tower
in turn determines the focal length of
the telescope
Duncan as endless sunlight can pass into
the basement laboratory the telescope
rests on its own foundation
to protect it from vibration it's
surrounded by the tower which serves as
a protective shell the sunlight passes
through the tower down to the basement
a thief left on all the light then hits
this mirror which redirects it over this
optical bench where we can carry out
tests on instruments then the light
strikes this wall this is the
spectrograph gap the basement of the
tower is where the actual research
laboratory is located once the light
arrives here it is diverted again the
spectrograph lies at the heart of the
observatory
it's where sunlight is separated into
its individual wavelengths by analyzing
the spectral lines scientists can
determine the chemical composition of
the Sun
the Einstein tower and its soda
telescope belonged to the light knits
Institute for Astrophysics in Potsdam
researchers here are still working with
a data that has been collected over
decades of observation here you see the
times of day and which cameras were
observed these are basically the
Einstein towers laboratory reports we
can still use the data recorded here and
analyze it Audino all these here are the
photographic plates every day weather
permitting photographs were taken of the
entire solar disk so here you can see
sunspots extending in a row along the
equator from east to west and here are
similar groups that extend from the edge
of the Sun here to the middle of the Sun
the telescope in Einstein tower is still
fully operational even today instruments
to observe the Sun are developed and
tested here nowadays though solar
observations are conducted with far more
modern instruments and they have moved
to areas that are more remote far from
any city
Gregor Europe's largest solar telescope
is situated on a volcano on the Spanish
island of Tenerife high above the cloud
cover the calm and clear air offers
perfect conditions for a solar
observatory Gregor was co-developed by
researchers from the Institute for
Astrophysics in Potsdam the telescope's
large main mirror can obtain solar
images of unprecedented quality and
resolution in a solar telescope a large
mirror is key
this one is 1.5 metres in diameter you
need a large mirror to collect a lot of
light which we need to carry out in our
precise measurements the larger the
mirror more high-res your solar image
will be Gregor first set its sights on
the Sun in 2012 since then it's been
supplying images that would be
impossible to obtain in Germany
oh Sh lucky atmospheric conditions are
the most important criteria for deciding
where to build a solar telescope I
figure as he shined this first the Sun
has to shine more often it shines the
better that suggests it's best to go
south where you have sunnier weather
conditions then in our northerly
latitudes
a mountaintop is also good the higher
you are in the Earth's atmosphere the
better and clearer your view
a new generation of solar telescopes are
already in planning one is est the new
European solar telescope its main mirror
will be four meters in diameter making
it Europe's largest solar telescope
this high-resolution telescope will
allow scientists to investigate
fundamental processes of the Sun in
greater detail the researchers hope to
obtain new insights into the Sun from
its deep photosphere to the upper
chromosphere by the way did you know
that our Sun vibrates that's because our
Sun at about 5,000 degrees Celsius is
molten a liquid all the way through
imagine our Sun is an enormous droplet
of water like any drop of water it can
vibrate under conditions of zero gravity
of course these vibrations are so small
that we can't see them from here on
earth they can only be seen using very
special instruments that observe the Sun
in great detail since other stars are
about as hot as our Sun they vibrate in
much the same way in carrying out their
research astrophysicists have embarked
on a journey into infinity our own Milky
Way contains more than 100 billion stars
and our solar system is just one among
many but it is the study of our own Sun
that lies at the foundation of
Astrophysical research our Sun forms the
basis for understanding other stars is
there such a thing as the perfect stars
the store that makes biological life
possible yes there is but to understand
why we first have to look at a
completely ordinary star for example
Trappist one that's the star we see here
on the far left which was discovered
quite recently it's a red dwarf star and
what's also interesting is that it has
many planets seven planets as you can
see here but only two are located in
just the right spot these ones here
which as you can see are blue that's
because they have
liquid water on them in other words
their surface temperatures somewhere
between zero and a hundred degrees
Celsius which is where life can arise
other planets which are further out or
already too cold
they've only got ice and the ones that
are further in are too hot they're
already more than a hundred degrees
Celsius so life can't emerge there what
we need are planets in the habitable
zone the big problem with Trappist one
and indeed all red dwarf stars is that
they emit huge blasts of radiation that
radiation reaches the planets and would
extinguish the basis for life there so
what we need is a good natured star in
the middle what's called a g-type star
our own Sun is a G star a very happy and
content star that's been burbling away
without any outbursts for many billions
of years plus the earth is situated
right in the middle of the habitable
zone in that sense the earth and Sun are
perfectly situated for the emergence of
biological life
for many years scientists were puzzled
by the dark spots in our Milky Way and
in other galaxies a dark band divides
the Milky Way into two clouds of such
density that the light of the stars
can't pass through it but it is these
clouds that contain the matter from
which new stars can emerge these star
factories can give rise to thousands of
new stars the Orion Nebula in the Milky
Way is the closest such star Factory to
earth this stellar nursery gives birth
to very massive stars the enormous
hydrogen nebula is 1344 light-years from
Earth just around the corner in galactic
terms the Orion Nebula is about three
million years old
in its center lies a collection of young
stars
[Music]
using infrared and x-ray telescopes
astronomers have been observing the
birth of new stars in this galactic
nursery in what is almost a live
performance
our galaxy the Milky Way contains about
1,500 such nebula they are all regions
in which stars are born the basic
principle is always the same the death
of massive stars promotes the birth of a
new generation down when a star dies
that gives back a part of its mass to
the interstellar medium medium confined
in the case of the Sun that would be the
entire outer layer that would be half
perhaps more than half that will return
to the interstellar medium nothing stood
out immediately even death know these
stars that are even more massive return
more of their mass for example stars
that are 10 or 20 times heavier than the
Sun kind of team media those stars don't
live ten billion years they live only
around 100 million years or ten million
years or even less what's the latest and
they're very short-lived stars explode
the energy in the end they explode
they're torn to bits that just a small
bit remains at the core the outer layers
are thrown off at enormous speed
dying stars return part of their mass to
the interstellar medium ever since the
Big Bang
this dust comprised of what were once
stars gives rise to new celestial bodies
in particular planets that bear a
resemblance to earth
in our all-stars only children I know
definitely not many stars have siblings
most have one sibling in fact let me
explain yes Liam it all begins with that
enormous cloud of gas which collapses on
itself it begins to rotate laws of
physics have to maintain that angular
momentum
despite this gravitational collapse
that's accomplished most easily with two
stars let's sketch this out on the one
side we have one star they don't have to
be the same size this one is for example
smaller to maintain the angular momentum
the two stars need to revolve around
each other like this so now the question
is where did the planets emerge and
where do they revolve well there are two
very different possibilities the first
is a planet revolving in the direct
vicinity of the star as I'll sketch here
or you could have a planet emerge
further away which revolves around both
stars as you can see here I've drawn a
somewhat wobbly line why is that well
while the planet revolves here on the
outside the two stars move here at the
center so the planet is constantly
subjected to slightly variable
gravitational forces that's why the
orbit isn't a perfect circle the same
thing is happening here this planet
revolving here subjected to the
gravitational pull of the other star
from here and here or here so it's orbit
also has bumps and bulges over the
orbits such as these are very unsuited
to life since they mean that climate
conditions will be highly variable in
other words small bacterial life forms
might arise that aren't terribly
bothered by climate conditions but
higher forms of life such as human life
need a very stable climate over millions
of years that's exactly what all these
planetary orbits don't provide and
that's the reason why it's very unlikely
that life would emerge in these binary
star systems
one of the most famous scenes in Star
Wars also drew inspiration from a binary
sunset
in the past scientists believed that
planets did not exist in binary star
systems meanwhile however their
existence is well documented
both offense is famous binary star
systems are relatively common system
there are also systems with more than
two stars three or even more I have
that's because when stars are formed
it's usually not just a single star
understand that could be that's that's
and then when one of those enormous
clouds collapse in interstellar space
great many stars are formed an entire
group of stars I understand and if two
stars happen to be near enough to one
another and if they're not moving
terribly fast so gravity will draw them
closer together and then they'll begin
to revolve around one another unfun an
omen under two cries no astronomers
estimate that up to 70 percent of all
stars in our galaxy are part of a binary
or multi star system most probably have
their own planetary system and it could
well be that some of these systems
contain exoplanets revolving in a stable
orbit a planetary system such as ours
with just one central star might be an
exception within the Infinity that is
our universe our Sun an enormous ball of
fire a nuclear reactor brimming with
seemingly endless energy a star that we
experience directly here on earth and an
object whose characteristics and
peculiarities we continue to investigate
and explore and yet our Sun is just one
star among billions in our galaxy it is
nothing but a blip in the endless
expanse of the universe and like every
star in the cosmos the Sun will one day
be extinguished
easy what will the end of our son look
like well for the next 20 30 40 maybe 50
million years nothing at all will happen
he's on the son will just continue to
burble along as it does now but as it
does it will expand very very slowly and
it will grow warmer very slowly
temperatures on the earth will continue
to rise until they reach about 100
degrees Celsius about a billion years
from now by then our oceans will have
evaporated and that will spell the end
of human life as I said that's a billion
years from now so that's nothing to
worry about but that won't be the end of
our Sun it will continue to expand and
grow hotter until it finally consumes
the earth in the first limit and that
will be the end of our earth eventually
the Sun will cast off its outer layers
and collapse and a small white dwarf
will remain those outer layers will be
incorporated into other clouds of gas a
great distance away they'll also contain
elements that make up our bodies these
these clouds of gas will eventually
collapse to giving rise to new stars and
new planets and a new cosmic cycle will
begin cosmic shot sucrose
we are surrounded by infinity that is
beyond human comprehension a universe in
which the Sun and our solar system
are nothing but specks of sand in an
enormous ocean just like our Sun once
emerged from a nebula of matter in the
end it will cast off its outer layers
and be reabsorbed into this strange
cosmic landscape a landscape of light
gas and Stardust formed and shaped by
cosmic wind and radiation some six
billion years from now when our Sun
finally runs out of fuel when its
hydrogen supplies have run dry in its
celestial fire has been extinguished
then it too will contribute to the
eternal renewal of the universe
[Music]
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