Rise of China | Season 1 | Episode 3 | History 101 | #education #documentary #history #china #101

Summary

1979年2月、中国の最高指導者である鄧小平が初めてアメリカを訪れ、中国が世界経済に参入する意欲を示した。その後、中国は急速に経済成長を遂げ、特別経済区（SEZ）の設立などで外国投資を引きつけた。1980年代から90年代にかけて、中国は低コストの大量生産により、世界経済の重要なプレーヤーとなった。経済危機や政治的な逆境にもかかわらず、中国は世界最大の経済大国への道を進んでおり、2030年までにアメリカを追い抜くと予測されている。

Takeaways

• 😀 1979年2月、鄧小平が中国の指導者として初めてアメリカを訪問。
• 🤠 中国は経済的に世界とつながる意志を示す。
• 📈 中国の人口は14億人、巨大な経済力を持つ。
• 🏙️ 中国の15のメガシティには約16％の人口が住んでいる。
• 📊 2018年、中国は世界のGDPの18.6％を占める。
• 🛠️ 中国は世界のコンピューターの41％、エアコンの34％、携帯電話の70％を輸出。
• 🌏 中国はグローバルな経済大国に成長。
• 🔨 1949年、毛沢東が中華人民共和国を設立、自己完結的な経済システムを導入。
• 🚀 鄧小平の改革開放政策が中国の経済成長を加速。
• 💰 特別経済区（SEZ）の設立により、外資誘致と輸出が活発化。
• 🌆 深センの人口が大幅に増加し、経済成長の象徴に。
• 📉 2008年の世界金融危機後、中国は国内消費を促進して経済を回復。
• 🛤️ 一帯一路イニシアティブを通じて、グローバルなインフラ投資を拡大。
• 🏆 2025年までに中国が世界最大の経済大国になる可能性が高い。

Q & A

なぜ鄧小平はアメリカを訪問したのですか？

鄧小平は中国の経済を開放し、世界と連携する意向を示すためにアメリカを訪問しました。これは中国が30年間の孤立を終わらせ、経済的な改革を推進するための一環でした。

中国の人口はどれくらいですか？

中国の人口は14億人以上で、北アメリカ、南アメリカ、オーストラリア、ニュージーランド、スカンジナビア、および西ヨーロッパ全体を合わせたよりも多いです。

特別経済区（SEZ）はどのような役割を果たしましたか？

特別経済区（SEZ）は、外国からの投資を引きつけ、輸出品を生産するための地域として設立されました。これにより、中国は経済改革を進め、世界経済に参加することができました。

天安門事件は何を象徴していますか？

天安門事件は、経済的自由が許容されても、政治的自由は認められないという中国共産党の姿勢を象徴しています。1989年6月4日に学生デモが武力で鎮圧され、多くの死者が出ました。

鄧小平の経済改革の成果は何ですか？

鄧小平の経済改革により、中国は急速な経済成長を遂げました。特別経済区が成功し、国内外の投資を引きつけることができました。これにより、中国は世界経済の中で重要な地位を占めるようになりました。

中国はどのようにして偽造品問題に対処しようとしましたか？

中国は、世界貿易機関（WTO）に加盟するために、偽造品の取締りを約束しましたが、依然として多くの偽造品が製造されています。2019年時点で、世界の偽造品の85%が中国から来ていると推定されています。

2008年の経済危機が中国に与えた影響は？

2008年の経済危機は中国にも影響を与えましたが、中国政府は迅速に5860億ドルの救済策を講じ、輸出から国内消費へのシフトを促しました。これにより、中国は比較的速やかに経済回復を果たしました。

一帯一路構想とは何ですか？

一帯一路構想は、中国が世界中のインフラプロジェクトに投資する戦略です。鉄道、道路、パイプラインなどを含むこのプロジェクトにより、中国は国際的な影響力を強化し、経済的な利益を得ようとしています。

中国の経済成長はアメリカとどのように比較されますか？

中国の経済成長は急速で、2018年にはアメリカに次ぐ世界第二の経済大国となりました。推定では2025年までにアメリカを追い越し、世界一の経済大国になると予想されています。

鄧小平の改革後の中国の経済政策の特徴は何ですか？

鄧小平の改革後、中国は市場経済の要素を取り入れながらも、共産党の統制を維持するという「中国の特色ある社会主義」を推進しました。これにより、経済的な自由と国家の統制が共存する独自の経済モデルを形成しました。

Outlines

00:00

😀 邓小平的美国之行：经济开放的开始

1979年2月，邓小平成为首位访问美国的中国领导人，标志着中国经济开始走向世界舞台。尽管当时他还不知道，但这一举措将超出预期地成功。中国人口众多，经济潜力巨大，到2018年，中国已占全球GDP的18.6%，出口了世界上70%的手机，成为全球经济强国。

05:01

🤝 中美关系的重建与经济改革

1970年代初，美国开始修复与中国的关系，尼克松总统访问中国，试图推动中国走向民主。邓小平1978年接管中国，开始经济改革，创建了四个经济特区，吸引外国投资，推动中国经济发展。深圳成为首批特区之一，从一个小渔村迅速发展成一个1200万人口的大城市。

10:03

📈 经济改革与政治镇压的并存

中国在经济开放的同时，也面临着年轻人对政治自由的渴望。1989年春，北京天安门广场爆发了要求民主和自由的抗议活动，但遭到武力镇压，导致众多死伤。随后，中国重新开放了上海证券交易所，推动市场经济发展，同时保持共产党的统治地位。

15:09

🌍 经济危机中的中国策略

2008年全球经济危机期间，中国受到影响，但迅速采取措施，推出5860亿美元的救助计划，并将生产重心从出口转向国内消费。此后，中国通过“一带一路”倡议，在全球范围内投资基础设施项目，进一步提升了国家财富和国际影响力。

20:14

🔝 中国经济的崛起与未来挑战

预计到2025年，中国将超越美国成为全球第一大经济体。中国的国家资本主义在盈利方面表现出色，但经济成功是否能长期维持仍未可知。未来，中国可能面临人民对更多选择和政治参与的需求，但不可否认的是，今天的中国已经成为全球经济的重要角色。

Keywords

💡鄧小平

鄧小平は1978年から中国の最高指導者として経済改革を推進し、中国を国際舞台に再登場させました。彼の指導の下、中国は西側諸国との経済関係を開き、特区を設けて外国投資を引き寄せました。彼の訪米はこの新しい経済政策のシグナルとして重要でした。

💡人民公社

人民公社は毛沢東時代の中国で、農民が集団で生活し働く形態を指します。農業集団化の一環として設立されましたが、これにより経済は停滞し、多くの問題が発生しました。

💡特別経済区

特別経済区（SEZ）は、中国が外国投資を誘致するために設立した地域で、他の地域とは異なる経済ルールが適用されます。最初の特区である深センは漁村から人口1200万人の大都市に急成長し、このモデルは他の地域にも拡大されました。

💡文化大革命

文化大革命は1966年から1976年にかけて毛沢東が主導した政治運動で、ブルジョワ知識人への攻撃や再教育キャンプの設置などが行われました。これにより中国国内は混乱し、経済も停滞しました。

💡天安門事件

天安門事件は1989年に北京の天安門広場で発生した学生主導の民主化運動が政府により武力で鎮圧された事件です。この事件により、多くの市民が命を落とし、世界的な非難を浴びましたが、中国政府はその後も経済改革を続けました。

💡一帯一路

一帯一路は、中国が進める大規模なインフラ投資プロジェクトで、アジアやアフリカの国々にインフラを提供し、経済連携を強化することを目的としています。これにより中国は国際的な経済影響力を拡大しています。

💡模倣品

中国は世界の模倣品の主要供給国として知られており、多くの偽物商品が市場に出回っています。これらの模倣品は、中国の経済に重要な影響を与え、GDPの8％を占めるとされています。

💡世界貿易機関 (WTO)

世界貿易機関 (WTO) への加盟は、中国が国際貿易に参加し、経済成長を促進するための重要なステップでした。1998年にアメリカの支持を得て加盟し、それにより中国の市場はさらに開放されました。

💡経済改革

経済改革は鄧小平が推進した政策で、特別経済区の設立や市場経済の導入などが含まれます。この改革により中国は急速に経済成長を遂げ、世界の経済大国となりました。

💡市場経済

市場経済は、中国が計画経済から移行し、外国投資と自由貿易を促進するために導入した経済システムです。この移行により中国は急速な経済発展を遂げ、世界の製造業の中心となりました。

Highlights

Deng Xiaoping's 1979 visit to the USA marks China's return to the international stage after 30 years of isolation.

China's population is 1.4 billion, more than North America, South America, Australia, New Zealand, Scandinavia, and all of Western Europe combined.

China is responsible for 18.6% of global GDP, exporting 41% of the world's computers, 34% of air conditioners, and 70% of cell phones.

China's alliance with America during World War II and its mass production efforts.

The establishment of the People's Republic of China by Mao Zedong in 1949 and the subsequent period of self-reliance.

Mao's Cultural Revolution, aimed at re-educating dissenters, resulting in widespread famine and economic challenges.

Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China, aiming to re-establish ties and encourage democracy.

Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms in 1978, creating special economic zones (SEZs) to attract foreign investment.

The transformation of Shenzhen from a fishing village to a mega city, highlighting the success of SEZs.

China's rapid urbanization, constructing neighborhoods the size of Rome every two weeks by 2005.

China's emergence as a global toy production hub in Guangdong Province.

The Tiananmen Square protests in 1989 and the subsequent crackdown by the Chinese government.

The reopening of the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 1990, marking a shift towards a market economy.

China's integration into the World Trade Organization (WTO) with support from President Bill Clinton.

China's resilience during the 2008 global economic crisis, using state resources to mitigate losses.

The Belt and Road Initiative, a vast infrastructure project aimed at boosting global trade and connectivity.

China's significant investments in global infrastructure, increasing its economic influence worldwide.

China's economic growth nearing the US, with predictions of becoming the world's top economic power by 2025.

The debate over China's state-sponsored capitalism versus America's democratic system for economic success.

Transcripts

thank you

February 1979 and the Paramount leader

of the People's Republic of China is

taking in a rodeo

dung Xiaoping is the first Chinese

leader ever to tour the USA

after 30 years of isolation communist

China is suddenly back on the

international stage and dung is making

it clear that they're ready to embrace

the world economically

he doesn't know it yet but that approach

will work beyond all expectations

[Music]

the population of China is huge 1.4

billion people more than North America

South America Australia New Zealand

Scandinavia and all of Western Europe

combined

according to the Chinese government

nearly 16 of the population lives in

China's 15 mega cities each with a

population of over 10 million there are

only 47 such cities in the world

as of 2018 China is responsible for 18.6

of global gross domestic products

it exports 41 of the world's computers

34 of all air conditioners and a

whopping 70 of the world's cell phones

China has become a global economic

Powerhouse

how did they pull it off

and why was the rest of the world so

slow to notice China's rise to the top

[Music]

during World War II China and America

are stored allies in the battle against

Japanese Imperial aggression

and like America China throws itself

into mass production on an epic scale

somewhere in China a blanket Factory in

full blast

three thousand women working with hand

looms weave the blankets for the Chinese

Army but after fighting the Japanese

China is torn apart by a brutal civil

war between the U.S backed nationalists

led by Chiang Kai-shek and the Communist

Army and its leader Mao zidong

in 1949 Mao sweeps to Victory

establishing the People's Republic of

China

[Music]

in Mouse China everyone is to share in

the wealth

and that Collective Community will be

represented by the state

also China is to be completely

self-reliant in terms of Finance food

and goods

[Music]

no more stock exchanges and no more

diplomatic or economic relations with

the capitalist West

China and its 542 million people will be

cut off from the rest of the world

[Music]

to modernize his largely agrarian Mega

Nation Mao encourages millions of

peasants to leave their farms and work

in factories

and to make sure no one has a problem

with that he launches the cultural

revolution punishing dissenters by

ordering them to re-education camps

paramilitary groups attack Bourgeois

intellectuals many cities are close to

chaos at least a million die

meanwhile China suffers from widespread

famine a corrupt infrastructure and a

busted economy

it's largely ignored by the rest of the

world

in 1960 China's economy is worth 59

billion dollars

a figure dwarfed by the United States

economy worth 543 billion dollars

[Music]

but in the early 1970s America decides

it's time to win over Mao taking

advantage of a rift between him and his

communist counterparts in the Soviet

Union

Richard Nixon becomes the first American

president ever to visit China

after 25 years of isolation Mao seems

prepared to re-establish ties with

America

and Nixon hopes to encourage an

american-style democracy in China

[Music]

but when supreme leader Mao dies in 1976

his autocratic system doesn't die with

him

it just takes a whole new Direction

enter dung Xiaoping

when dung takes China's Reigns at the

end of 1978 he makes it clear that while

his party is not going to relinquish any

power China will consider opening up to

the West if they can make a little money

out of it

this is the reason for dung's cheerful

visit to America

sending a signal to the world communist

China is open for business

and they start by embarking on a program

of economic reform

creating four special economic zones or

sezs

the zones will be allowed to play by

different rules than the rest of

communist China

here factories will be able to export

goods to the West

and importers will be able to trade with

capitalist countries the idea is that

these zones will draw foreign

investments and serve as many economic

engines for the rest of the country

and it works

spectacularly just three years ago this

area housed a few Villages and Paddy

Fields today it is a bustling commercial

site an industrial city being built from

scratch

China's leaders insist that these secs

are just experiments in global trade

they remain dedicated to the ideals of

Communism and Mao

one of the first special economic zones

is the fishing Village of Shenzhen

population 59 000.

by 2016 its population swells to 12

million

after increases an astounding 24

569 percent

which explains why over the next 30

Years China will begin designating more

and more of these development zones

by 2005 China is constructing

neighborhoods the size of Rome every two

weeks

[Music]

between 2011 and 2013 China uses more

cement than the US did in the entire

20th century

in these early secs Factory managers

take advantage of China's massive labor

force to crank out huge quantities of

low-cost exports and productivity goes

Sky High

setting up in the development Zone means

tax-free profits low rents and endless

cheap labor

in one sec Guangdong Province one

commodity rules them all toys

[Music]

with more than 1500 toy factories this

Zone emerges as the world's largest toy

production base exporting billions of

dollars worth each year

anywhere else this is called capitalism

here it's titled socialism with Chinese

characteristics

socialism with Chinese characteristics

is how China starts fulfilling huge

consumer demand for cheap Goods in the

west

economically China's catching up but

America is still number one

between 1980 and 1990 China's economy

almost doubles

but so does Americas keeping it far

ahead

but with this opening up to capitalism

China's leaders now have a problem

young people are increasingly demanding

more than just the right to pursue

profits

in the spring of 1989 in beijing's

Tiananmen Square students begin leading

daily protests calling for democracy

free speech and a free press but on June

4th the ruling Communist Party sends the

students a clear message economic

freedom is one thing political freedom

is something else

tanks and troops are dispatched to the

square and open fire on the

demonstrators

thank you

the Chinese government never does

release an official death toll but the

event will become known internationally

as the Tiananmen Square massacre

[Music]

or taking a stick to those protesting

their Authority China's leaders offer a

carrot to those interested in making

money

in December 1990 they reopened the

Shanghai stock exchange sparking stock

market fever

Shares are on offer and for the Chinese

it's a riveting new game

it's a chance to be a real capitalist

China is still a communist Nation but

its transformation to a market economy

seems almost complete

a dream of money money podcast

very soon

what would Mal say

by the end of the 1990s the signs of

China's economic success are everywhere

memories of the civilians killed in

Tiananmen Square and the freedoms they

were seeking seemed to fade as workers

wages and their quality of living climb

and foreign businesses rushed to set up

shop to reach China's billions of

consumers

me on

luxury items from abroad become highly

coveted status symbols

[Music]

but most Chinese citizens can't afford

expensive name brand goods from overseas

the demand for counterfeit Goods emerges

one that fuels a new Boom for China's

manufacturers accounting for up to eight

percent of China's GDP

okay so here we have the new Bond DVD in

fact we have the whole bond series here

and this is just the tip of the iceberg

when it comes to China's counterfeit

culture

sometimes it feels like everyone's

Faking It polo shirts Burberry scarves

no Western brand is safe

fake Chinese

goods are finding their way around the

world

and sellers of the real stuff aren't

happy

this Chinese chocolate maker is being

sued by its more famous rival Ferrero

Rocher complained the product is too

close for coincidence he's a Chinese

member this product has been in China is

normal this is just a English name is

this Chinese name

the thing is China really wants to join

the World Trade Organization to solidify

its status on the world stage

[Applause]

and it has President Bill Clinton's

support

ing the economy of China

unprecedented opportunities

for American farmers workers and

companies to compete successfully in

China's Market

while bringing increased prosperity to

the people in China

but those counterfeit Goods become a

real sticking point

America insists that China's leaders

crack down on copycat Manufacturing

and China swears it will

but as of 2019 it's estimated that 85 of

all the world's counterfeit Goods still

comes from China

Place goes to turkey with three percent

China's top five counterfeit goods are

smartphones

luxury brand bags Footwear

sports clothes like Nike and North Face

and it's estimated that 20 of Cosmetics

on the market in China are fake

[Music]

in the 1990s the rest of the world also

wants China to open up its

state-controlled Market to more

competition from outside

they say it's not fair the Chinese

government blocks Imports into China but

still floods other countries with its

exports

again China promises to work towards

balancing its trade

[Music]

and in November 1998 America agrees to

support China's entry into the WTO

earlier today the United States and

China reached an agreement on the WTO

this is a truly historic achievement

Clinton like Nixon before him hopes that

beijing's authoritarian government will

loosen its grip over its people once it

opens up to doing more business with the

West

but that rosy-eyed optimism may be what

blinds foreign powers to the aggressive

Juggernaut China's economy is becoming

by 1998 China's economy hits the one

trillion dollar mark

but America is still way ahead hitting

nine trillion dollars

foreign

[Music]

in 2008 an economic crisis hits

and this one is global the worst

economic disaster since 1929.

in the U.S more than 2.6 million people

lose their jobs

1.8 million businesses shutter and 10

million homes are foreclosed in less

than two years

that December China is hit too

as exports to the U.S dry up

people just aren't buying like they used

to

[Music]

Merry Christmas it's no laughing matter

someone canceled Christmas as China

discovers that all that glisters is no

longer sold

[Applause]

many Chinese factories shut down

including one Mega Factory that produces

the symbol of the season the world's

largest Christmas tree Factory lies

derelict

all around here you will find dozens of

factories like this that have collapsed

under the weight of empty order books

and empty and rusting reminder that in

the global economy the global downturn

Knows No Boundaries

but remember in China the state runs

everything

and China's new Paramount leader who

Jintao isn't worried then just use the

state's Deep Pockets to make up for any

losses

foreign

[Music]

with no free press or political

opposition to second-guess their

policies

the Chinese government swiftly

authorizes a 586 billion dollar bailout

and Chinese factories quickly pivot from

churning up goods for export to making

goods for domestic consumers

for China the crash of 2008 turns out to

be less of a knockout and more of a

glancing blow

soon they're ready to rise again

we found economic leverage China starts

quietly investing in far-flung

developing nations in Africa and Asia

the most ambitious policies is called

the belt and Road initiative

a vast series of infrastructure projects

around the globe

foreign

these include a 12 000 kilometer Railway

stretching from ewoo in coastal China

all the way to London

a massive network of Highways connecting

Eastern China to Pakistan's deep water

ports

and a

1833 kilometer pipeline that can carry

natural gas from Turkmenistan across

Central Asia to the Chinese border

around the world China has invested more

than one trillion dollars in

infrastructure projects across dozens of

countries

this latest strategy of China's newest

leader Xi Jinping really makes the West

sit up and take notice

is China taking over the world

[Music]

supporters of China's International

Investments say that these

infrastructure projects will lift

millions of people out of poverty and

create jobs in poorer countries

critics say it's a land grab using

checkbooks instead of swords

either way it's increasing China's

overall wealth at an astronomical rate

by 2018 China's economy is closing in on

Americas

it's not a matter of if but when China

overtakes the U.S

the best guess is by 2025

making China the world's number one

economic superpower

[Music]

years ago

soon saw China as a struggling third

world country

today it's China that the rest of the

world is playing catch up to

most will agree that their brand of

state-sponsored capitalism works when it

comes to making profits perhaps even

better than America's messy democratic

system but history tells us nations are

not built on economic success and power

alone so how will China survive long

term

will people demand more Choice more say

in their own governments whatever its

future it's safe to say no say no one is

ignoring China anymore

[Music]