How Geography is Pushing India & China to War
Summary
TLDRIn August 2023, China released a new standard map, escalating tensions with several countries by claiming territories not under its control. This map disputes regions controlled by India, Bhutan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, and Russia. Notable conflicts include the South China Sea, Taiwan, and the disputed India-China border. The complex historical and geopolitical origins of these disputes are rooted in colonial-era treaties and strategic concerns, especially over water resources from Tibet. The video delves into the implications of these disputes for China's relationships with India and Bhutan, highlighting the risk of potential military conflicts.
Takeaways
- 🌍 In August 2023, China unveiled a new standard map claiming territories administered by India, Bhutan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, and Russia.
- 🇨🇳 China's new map asserts claims over large areas including Taiwan, the South China Sea, and islands within it, causing disputes with several countries.
- 🏔️ The India-China border, known as the Line of Actual Control, is the world's longest openly disputed border, stretching 3,400 km across the Himalayas.
- ⚔️ The India-China border disputes involve significant territories like Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, leading to military standoffs and clashes.
- 🇧🇹 China has quietly invaded and settled parts of Bhutan, including significant areas in the west, north, and east, representing about 12% of Bhutan's territory.
- 💥 The 1962 Sino-Indian War and subsequent conflicts highlight the intensity of the territorial disputes between China and India.
- 🚿 Tibet, referred to as the 'water tower of Asia,' is strategically vital due to its vast freshwater resources that supply major Asian rivers.
- 🛤️ China's Belt and Road Initiative, particularly the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, has strategic implications for India and regional dynamics.
- 💣 India's strategic concerns include potential encirclement by Chinese influence and the vulnerability of the Siliguri Corridor.
- 🇮🇳 China's claims in Bhutan and military infrastructure developments increase tensions with India, which maintains close ties with Bhutan.
Q & A
What was significant about China's new standard map released in August 2023?
-The new standard map released by China in August 2023 included numerous territories not controlled by China but claimed by it, leading to territorial disputes with countries like India, Bhutan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, and Russia.
Which countries are involved in territorial disputes with China according to the new map?
-The countries involved in territorial disputes with China according to the new map include India, Bhutan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, and Russia.
What are the most well-known territorial claims shown on China's new standard map?
-The most well-known territorial claims include the entirety of Taiwan and China's extensive maritime claims in the South China Sea, which conflict with the claims of Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei.
What is the Line of Actual Control (LAC) between India and China?
-The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is the frontier between Indian-controlled territory and Chinese-controlled territory, where both countries have differing interpretations of the border and maintain a significant military presence.
What territories does China claim in the northwest sector of the India-China border dispute?
-In the northwest sector, China claims the areas of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract, both of which are currently controlled by China but also claimed by India.
How has China escalated its claims over Bhutan's territory?
-China has escalated its claims over Bhutan's territory by quietly invading, occupying, and settling in three significant areas in Bhutan, including the northern, western, and eastern regions, representing roughly 12% of Bhutan's internationally recognized territory.
Why did the border dispute between China and India intensify in the 2020s?
-The border dispute intensified due to both countries' growing geopolitical rivalry, China's increased military assertiveness under Xi Jinping, and India's assertive foreign policy under Narendra Modi, leading to military standoffs and clashes.
What is the significance of the Siliguri Corridor for India?
-The Siliguri Corridor, also known as the Chicken's Neck, is a narrow land bridge that is India's only connection to its northeastern states. Its strategic importance makes it a significant vulnerability, especially in the context of Chinese territorial claims in the region.
Why does China consider Tibet strategically important?
-China considers Tibet strategically important because it is the source of major rivers that provide water to billions of people across Asia, including the Yellow and Yangtze rivers in China, making the control over these water sources vital for China's security.
What was the historical context behind the territorial dispute over Aksai Chin?
-The territorial dispute over Aksai Chin stems from differing interpretations of historical border treaties between British India and the Qing Empire, with the Johnson-Ardagh line placing Aksai Chin within India and the McCartney-MacDonald line placing it within China. These differing interpretations persisted through the 20th century, leading to ongoing disputes.
Outlines
🇨🇳 China's New Standard Map 2023
In August 2023, China unveiled a new standard map claiming numerous territories not actually controlled by China but administered by India, Bhutan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, and Russia. This has resulted in China having the most territorial disputes globally. The map includes well-known claims like Taiwan and the South China Sea, as well as lesser-known ones like the Saku Islands and surprise claims like Russia's Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island.
⚔️ India-China Territorial Disputes
The territorial disputes between India and China are vast, with the two countries having the longest openly disputed border in the world. The Line of Actual Control (LAC) divides the areas controlled by India and China, with both countries having differing claims across three sections. Major disputed territories include Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, leading to frequent military standoffs and conflicts, notably in 1962 and recent clashes in 2017 and 2020.
🗺️ Historical Origins of the India-China Border Dispute
The border disputes between India and China stem from historical agreements and colonial-era boundaries. Key areas of contention include Aksai Chin and the McMahon Line. The British-proposed Johnson-Ardagh and McCartney-MacDonald lines further complicate the border definitions. The 1914 Simla Convention, signed by British India and Tibet, but not China, solidified the McMahon Line, which remains contentious to this day.
🔱 The Importance of Tibet in China-India Relations
Tibet's geopolitical significance, due to its vast freshwater reserves and strategic location, led China to annex it in 1950. This move heightened tensions with India, especially after the Dalai Lama fled to India in 1959. The annexation secured China’s control over crucial water sources, linking Tibet with Xinjiang via the Aksai Chin highway, which became strategically valuable for China.
📈 China's Rising Power and Border Policies
Since the 1990s, China's economic rise has led to a more assertive foreign policy, particularly under Xi Jinping. China's economic and military power growth has reduced its interest in settling territorial disputes with India and Bhutan. The strategic importance of areas like Arunachal Pradesh and the Siliguri Corridor fuels India's security concerns and China's aggressive territorial claims.
🇮🇳 India's Strategic Concerns
India is wary of China’s territorial ambitions and its strategic moves around Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh. The Siliguri Corridor, a narrow land bridge, is crucial for India’s connectivity to its northeastern states. China’s claims in Bhutan and the Chumbi Valley region threaten India’s strategic interests, prompting India to bolster its military presence and alliances, particularly with Bhutan.
🌏 China's Strategic Settlements in Bhutan
China's claims and settlements in Bhutan, particularly in the Dolam Plateau, Bayu, and Machuma Valley, aim to secure strategic high ground near the Chumbi Valley. These moves pressure Bhutan to concede territory, straining Bhutan's relations with India. The construction of infrastructure and villages in these areas strengthens China’s strategic position, challenging Bhutan’s sovereignty.
🤝 Bhutan's Diplomatic Balancing Act
Bhutan faces a difficult choice between yielding to China’s territorial demands and maintaining its alliance with India. Bhutan's strategic location between India and China makes it a focal point of regional geopolitics. Bhutan's isolationist policies and limited diplomatic relations aim to balance the influences of its powerful neighbors while avoiding direct conflict.
🏔️ The Ongoing Bhutan-China-India Tensions
Bhutan’s territorial integrity is under threat as China continues to claim and settle disputed areas. India’s strategic interest in Bhutan and the Siliguri Corridor fuels its opposition to China’s advances. The 2017 standoff in the Dolam Plateau highlighted the potential for conflict, with both India and China keen to avoid war but prepared for military confrontations.
📢 Nebula: Exclusive Content Platform
Nebula, a creator-owned subscription service, offers exclusive content, including the continuation of the India-China conflict series. Real Life Lore and other independent creators produce high-budget productions on Nebula, funded by lifetime memberships and subscriptions. Nebula’s exclusive content covers controversial and in-depth topics, providing viewers with detailed analyses and updates on global conflicts.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Standard map of China
💡Territorial disputes
💡Line of Actual Control (LAC)
💡Arunachal Pradesh
💡Aksai Chin
💡Doklam Plateau
💡Siliguri Corridor
💡Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
💡China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
💡Dalai Lama
Highlights
In August 2023, China unveiled a new standard map, claiming territories not under its control, including areas administered by India, Bhutan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, and Russia.
China's new map has led to numerous territorial disputes, making it the country with the most open territorial conflicts worldwide.
Major disputes include China's claims to Taiwan and the South China Sea, conflicting with maritime claims of Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei.
China has renewed its claim to Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island in Russia, previously settled by a treaty in 2008.
The India-China border, stretching 3,400 km across the Himalayas, remains the world's longest openly disputed border, with no legal demarcation.
China's claims in the northwest include Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract, currently controlled by China but claimed by India.
The eastern sector dispute involves Arunachal Pradesh, a region the size of Austria with 1.2 million Indian residents, claimed by China as 'South Tibet.'
China refuses to stamp Indian passports from Arunachal Pradesh, issuing stapled visas instead to challenge India's sovereignty.
China has also made significant territorial claims in Bhutan, occupying and settling areas in the west, north, and east of the country, amounting to 12% of Bhutan's territory.
In 2020, China began claiming Bhutan's Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary, indicating potential future territorial expansion.
The historical roots of the India-China dispute date back to colonial times, with conflicting border lines proposed by British authorities and the Qing Empire.
China's strategic interests in controlling Tibet stem from its vast freshwater reserves, crucial for the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers supplying water to 600 million Chinese citizens.
The 1959 Tibetan uprising and the Dalai Lama's asylum in India further escalated tensions, with China accusing India of fermenting the rebellion.
China's control over Aksai Chin became strategically important after building a highway linking Tibet and Xinjiang, prompting the 1962 Sino-Indian War.
India's defeat in the 1962 war remains a national humiliation, while China's military victory reinforced its control over disputed territories.
China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has seen six out of seven of India's neighbors join, increasing India's sense of encirclement.
India fears a two-front war with China and Pakistan, both of whom claim significant Indian-controlled territories.
China views its border dispute with India as secondary, focusing primarily on Taiwan, and seeks to avoid escalation while maintaining its territorial claims.
The U.S.-India strategic partnership, including military exercises and support for India's UN Security Council bid, adds to China's concerns.
China's territorial encroachments in Bhutan and India have strategic motivations, aiming to secure advantageous positions and weaken India's defenses.
India's relationship with Bhutan is crucial for maintaining a buffer against China, with significant trade and diplomatic ties.
China's aggressive settlement and infrastructure development in disputed areas of Bhutan is part of a strategy to pressure Bhutan into territorial concessions.
The 2017 Doklam standoff between Indian and Chinese troops in Bhutan highlighted the strategic significance of the region.
Recent clashes along the Line of Actual Control, such as the 2020 melee battle, have intensified India-China tensions.
India's economic rise and strategic partnerships with the U.S. and other countries are seen by China as countermeasures to its influence.
Transcripts
at the end of August in 2023 the
People's Republic of China unveiled
their new standard map the map of
China's territory From beijing's
perspective the thing about this new
standard map of China though is that it
contains numerous territories on it that
are not in fact actually controlled by
China but which China claims on the map
anyway the map shows huge territories
that are currently administered by India
Bhutan Vietnam Malaysia brunai Indonesia
the Philippines Taiwan Japan and even
Russia as all belonging to China giving
China the largest number of open
territorial disputes with other
countries in the world many of the
disputes shown in the map are more
wellknown such as China's claims to the
entirety of thawan and China's Maritime
claims projecting out across the entire
South China Sea and all of the islands
within it which clashes directly with
the competing Maritime claims of States
like Vietnam the Philippines Malaysia
Indonesia and berai other Chinese
territorial claims on the map are lesser
known and less publicized such as
China's claims to the Saku islands that
are currently administered by Japan
while other Chinese claims on the map
have appeared as brand new and are kind
of open to interpretation such as
China's surprise renewal of their claim
to the entire bullo usisi Island in
Russia that was thought to have been
settled by a treaty between Moscow and
Beijing in 2008 but evidently not but by
far the biggest series of territorial
disputes shown on China's new standard
map besides Taiwan and the South China
Sea are across the vast Frontier
separating China from India across the
Himalayan Mountains the Border here
between the world's two most populous
nations stretches in windes for 3,400 km
across the Earth's most rugged and harsh
geography through the world's highest
mountains and some of its largest
glaciers and as a consequence it has
always been difficult to accurately mark
on the ground where one country's
territory ends and where another's
begins consequently the India China
border to this date has never actually
been properly demarcated and as a result
it is the longest openly disputed border
remaining anywhere in the world today
with no legal recognition of what the
actual border between them should look
like the deao border between India and
China is known as the line of actual
control instead the frontier between
Indian control territory on one side and
Chinese control territory on the other
where tens of thousands of soldiers on
both sides stand off against each other
and on either side of the line of actual
control the rightful final borders
claimed by both India and China are
significantly different and vastly
opposed to one another across three
separate sections of the line of actual
control China and India disputed amount
of Territory between them that's roughly
the same size as Portugal and home to
nearly 2 million people in the Northwest
are two larger areas known as axai chin
in the trans Korum tract territories
currently controlled and administered by
China but also claimed by India in the
center are some much smaller disputed
territories while in the East are the
largest and arguably most controversial
series of disputes here south of the
line of actual control is the Indian
administered and controlled state of
arunachal Pradesh an area that is
roughly the same size as Austria and
home to about 1 A2 million Indian
citizens that is also fully claimed in
its entirety on China's new standard
2023 map as belonging to Beijing China
insists on referring to this territory
as South Tibet instead and they are so
insistent on their claims to it that
Beijing currently refuses to even stamp
the Indian passports of arunachal
Pradesh residents whenever they travel
to China opting instead to provide them
with stapled visas as a direct legal
challenge to India's sovereignty and
control over the Terr
and right next door to Aruna chal
Pradesh or South Tibet is the
independent Mountain Kingdom of Bhutan a
small nation home to only a little more
than 700,000 people that is currently
suffering a quiet and underreported on
creeping Invasion From China China
quietly pressed Bhutan into seeding away
this Northern Area known as kolakari to
Beijing in the 1980s but since then
China has quietly claimed invaded
occupied and even settled three other
significant territorial claims in Bhutan
in the west the North and the east of
the country representing roughly 12% of
bhutan's internationally recognized
territory that is currently claimed by
China and China isn't just claiming
these territories in the Western and
Northern sections of Bhutan they claim
their army has quietly occupied them and
begun building military infrastructure
in them while in the northern sector
they've even begun constructing
full-blown settlements and Villages that
have exploded in size just since 2020
with satellite images showing a rapid
development of hundreds of Chinese homes
and buildings in the territory over just
just the past 4 years China is therefore
constructing entire Villages within
bhutan's internationally recognized
territory changing the demographic facts
on the ground and reinforcing their
claims with settlers and soldiers while
they're continuing to add on new
territorial claims as well it was only
in 2020 when China suddenly also began
claiming the saang wildlife sanctuary in
the Far East of Bhutan as well a
territory that they don't yet control on
the ground like the other two but which
they might also attempt to quietly
invade and seize soon as well the Future
these numerous territorial disputes
between India and China are extremely
controversial in 1962 they led to a war
between them that killed thousands and
since the 2010s they've nearly led to
the outbreak of another war between them
on multiple occasions as the
geopolitical Rivalry between Beijing and
New Delhi has intensified including
extremely tense military standoffs
across the line of actual control in
2017 and again in 2020 the left dozens
of soldiers killed and wounded and
involved brutal hand-to-hand medieval
style combat between the two rival
armies and in order to understand why
India and China have all of these
territorial disputes today that add up
to an area the same size as Portugal why
the intensity of the dispute has been
growing increasingly higher in the 2020s
why China has quietly invaded occupied
and even colonized around 12% of
bhutan's territory and how this entire
situation could push the world's two
biggest countries with more than
onethird of the global human population
between them each armed with nuclear
weapons into a cataclysmic confrontation
in the future it helps to understand the
historical and Geographic origins of the
dispute and what's truly at stake from
both China and India's
perspectives the modern states of India
and the People's Republic of China were
born around the same historical era
Modern India was born after it received
its independence from the British
following the conclusion of the second
world war in 1947 while the People's
Republic of China was established only 2
years later in 1949 after the Communists
fin finally emerg victorious in the
long-running Chinese Civil War against
the Chinese nationalists and upon each
of their geopolitical appearances the
each inherited the outstanding baggage
and decisions of their legal
predecessors the colonial British
authorities in India's case and the
Ching Empire and the independent state
of Tibet in China's case the area of
axai chin in the western sector almost
immediately became controversial over
differing interpretations between
Beijing and New Delhi over border
treaties signed between both of their
predecessors the region itself has
almost always been a remote difficult to
access and largely unpopulated high
altitude desert that historically didn't
matter very much in the 19th century it
was understood between the colonial
authorities in British India and the
Ching Empire that the border between
their Realms ran somewhere through this
area but because of the regions
difficult to access geography the exact
boundary remained largely undefined
eventually in 1897 the British
authorities in India proposed The
Johnson ug line to be the boundary
between them along the crest of the Klan
mountains which placed aai chin fully
within the territory of the princely
state of jamu and Kashmir which was
effectively a British protectorate at
the time this line was however seemingly
never actually presented to the Chinese
government for approval and then just 2
years later in 1899 British authorities
in India proposed and presented a
completely different boundary line here
to the Ching Chinese called the
McCartney McDonald line which placed the
boundary further to the Southwest along
the crest of the kakora mountain range
instead and effectively put axai chin
within China instead the British
authorities presented the McCartney
McDonald line to the Ching government in
1899 through a note but theq never
actually officially acknowledged or
responded to it which has led to more
than a century of differing
interpretations ever since the Indian
government has insisted that the Ching's
lack of a response to the McCarney
McDonald line indicated their rejection
of it while the modern Chinese
government has insisted that the lack of
a response only indicated that the Ching
already believed it to be the accepted
boundary and that a response wasn't
necessary confusingly if official
British maps from 1899 up until India's
independence in 1947 used both the
Johnson Artic line and the McCarney
McDonald line almost interchangeably
well no attempts were made by either the
British or the Chinese to actually
establish any Authority between the
lines on the ground so when India
achieved its independence in 1947 it
claimed the entirety of the princely
state of jamu and Kashmir as its own
territory and they selected the Johnson
arog line as their official Eastern
Border that placed axai chin within
their territory well naturally after the
Communists took over control of China
after 1949 they selected the McCartney
McDonald line as the official boundary
that placed axai chin as an extension of
their own Shin Jong Province but despite
this disputed boundary relations between
China and India were initially
relatively warm India became the very
first non-communist country to recognize
the People's Republic of China's
government in April of 1950 but merely
months after they did that in October of
1950 China tested the relationship when
they invaded and then Annex the deao
independent state of Tibet after the
Ching Empire had collapsed in 1912 Tibet
managed to emerge out of the chaos as a
deao independent Buddhist theocracy that
survived for decades although the
Republic of China that initially
succeeded the Ching never recognized
tibet's Independence and Tibet remained
a largely unrecognized state by the rest
of the outside International Community
for its entire existence except by
Mongolia who had similarly declared
their independence following the Ching's
collapse during the roughly four Decades
of the early 20th century that Tibet
remained de facto independent it
unilaterally entered into a series of
Border negotiations with the colonial
British authorities in neighboring India
between 1913 and 1914 Tibetan
authorities met with representatives of
Britain and the Republic of China at the
similar convention to discuss the status
of Tibet in tibet's borders with British
India the British proposed the Tibet
would remain under the control of the
Tibetan government as effectively an
autonomous Chinese tributary or vassel
state while the British further proposed
that the previously undefined border
between British British India and Tibet
would follow a line drawn up by then
British India foreign secretary Henry
McMahan that became known as the McMahan
line the McMahan line placed a vast area
that had previously been under Tibetan
and Ching influence within British India
and in sent the Chinese negotiators
present at the simar convention refused
to sign the agreement and left which
left the British and Tibetan
representatives to sign the final
agreement anyway without Chinese
approval that solidified the McMahan
line as the border from each of their
persp perspectives the nature in which
this agreement was signed without
Chinese approval has remained
controversial for more than a century
ever since by signing the agreement and
effectively annexing the territory south
of the McMahan line the British violated
numerous previous treaties they had
signed such as the angl Russian
Convention of 1907 that bound Britain
into not negotiating with Tibet except
through the intermediary of the Chinese
government and the anglo-chinese
convention of 1906 which further bound
Britain to not Annex any Tibetan
territory since there were significant
legal doubts to the McMahan Line's
validity even during the time period the
British never even showed the McMahan
line on any of their maps of India until
23 years later after it was signed in
1937 while the British never even
published that the similar convention
had even happened at all in their treaty
record all the way until
1938 China has therefore argued ever
since as both the Republic of China and
later as the People's Republic of China
that the Tibetan government never had
the legal authority to unilaterally
agree with the British on the borders of
Tibet because they argue that China
never recognized tibet's Independence
China has thus maintained that the 1914
Sima convention that assigned the
territory south of the McAn line to
British India was an unequal treaty
forced upon them during the century of
humiliation and that India's continued
control of what they refer to as South
Tibet is a lasting Legacy of British
imperialism well conversely as the legal
successor to British India India
recognizes the legitimacy of the McMahan
line and argues that it follows the
natural geographic border of the Indian
subcontinent across the crest of the
Himalayan Mountains and the China's
claims to what they call a rachal
Pradesh south of the Himalayas is a
legacy of Chinese imperialism to a
territory that has been Indian for
nearly a century now either way after
China invaded Tibet in 1950 and annexed
it in 1951 they immediately inherited
the territorial disputes south of the
McMahan line controlled by India in
addition to the disputes over aite chin
between the Johnson arog and McCarney
McDonald lines as well as several other
smaller disputes in between and the
whole reason why the Chinese Communist
Party decided to invade and Annex Tibet
in the first place was rooted in
paranoia over the risk of India gaining
influence or control over Tibet instead
you see Tibet is often referred to as
the water tower of Asia or as the
world's third pole because it contains
the highest and largest reserve of
freshwater that can be found anywhere in
the world outside of the polar regions
the Tibetan Plateau has tens of
thousands of glaciers scattered all
across it and it contains the headwaters
that give rise to many of Asia's
mightiest Rivers including both the
yellow and yang SE rivers that flow
through China the Mong river that flows
through southeast Asia the Indus River
that flows through Pakistan and the
Brahma Putra river that eventually flows
through Northeast India and Bangladesh
the waters that originate in the Tibetan
Plateau are estimated to provide the
Lion Share of freshwater supplies to
approximately 2 billion people across
Asia while the yang sea and yellow
Rivers through China provide the primary
drinking water supply for about 600
million Chinese citizens not to mention
all of the electricity they provide
through Modern Mega projects like the
three gorgees Dam on the Yang sea river
which all on its own produces roughly
the same amount of electricity as the
entire country of Bangladesh does with
nearly 170 million people the security
of the water supplies in these two
rivers is a core strategic concern of
China's and so immediately after the
People's Republic was proclaimed in 194
49 the Chinese Communist Party opted to
permanently secure the river sources by
securing their control over Tibet so
that a hypothetical Regional rival in
the future like India would never be
able to do that instead initially the
Chinese granted Tibet significant
autonomy after they ceased control over
it and in 1952 the Indian government
chose to even recognize China's newly
established sovereignty over Tibet
hoping to allay China's senses of
insecurity in the region but then only a
few years later by 1959 significant ific
tensions that built up between the
Tibetans who had been used to an
absolute Tibetan Buddhist theocracy that
rever the Dalai Lama and the new
communist Chinese authorities that
espoused the eradication of feudalism
and the destruction of religion
religious Tibetans began worrying that
the Chinese authorities were preparing
to arrest the 14th Dal Lama and the
tensions eventually exploded into a
full-blown Tibetan revolt against
Chinese Authority in 1959 the people's
Liberation Army cracked down on the
Revolt harshly killing thousands of
Tibetans in the process and sending the
14th Dal Lama and some of his loyal
entage to flee across the border for
safety in India where he along with
thousands of Tibetan refugees were all
granted Asylum afterwards the 14th Dalai
Lama established the Tibetan government
in Exile in India right across the
border and he continues to survive there
in India to this very day in 2024 at the
age of 88 much to the unease of China
China miscalculated at the time in 1959
that India had fermented the rebellion
in Tibet and then New Delhi ultimately
intended to trans form tobet into a
protectorate of theirs which would have
established Indian control over the
sources of the Yang sea and yellow
rivers and India's subsequent welcoming
and hosting of the Dal Lama and his
government in Exile only fueled China's
paranoia about this even further in the
aftermath China clamped down on Tibet
more harshly and revoked the province's
formerly high levels of autonomy while
Chinese control of Tibet established
beijing's comparatively more easy access
to the disputed territory of axai chin
relative to India since axai chin Shin
was located on the opposite side of the
kakor mountains from India and
accessible to the rest of the flatter
Tibetan Plateau from China this then led
the Chinese across the 1950s to
construct a strategic Highway across
axai Chen that connected their provinces
of Tibet and Shen Jong which transformed
aai chin into a strategically valuable
territory for China as an infrastructure
linkage point between two of the
country's most politically unstable
regions and that led the Chinese
authorities to present a deal to India
the year after the Tibetan Revolt in
1960 on settling the Border dispute
between them China proposed creating a
demilitarized zone between them across
the length of the border and offered to
recognize India's control over arunachal
Pradesh south of the McMahan line in
exchange for India recognizing China's
control over the newly strategically
valuable axite chin with an updated
border region several miles west of the
old McCartney McDonald line in order to
give China a large buffer away from
their strategically valuable Highway
India however categorically refused the
Chinese offer on all counts insisted
that both arunachal Pradesh and axai
Chin were Indian territories and began
moving troops to advance towards India's
claimed borders if India Advanced all
the way towards their claimed boundary
in axai chin towards the old Johnson
arog line then the Indians would have
severed the highway connecting Tibetan
Shin Jong and they would control a
geographic Launchpad on the other side
of the kakar mountains within the
Tibetan Plateau itself that they could
used to project power into the rest of
Tibet from and calculating that that was
unacceptable the Chinese decided to
respond by launching a war against India
in
1962 thousands of soldiers died in the
ensuing Sino Indian War and by the end
of it the Chinese had emerged decisively
Victorious pushing their deao line of
control all the way to their desired
western frontier and AI chin to the foo
Hills of the kakor mountains and even
advancing Deeper South of the McMahan
line in the East into arunachal pesh
though they decided to withdraw back
North across the McMahan line afterwards
so as not to antagonize outside powers
to greatly like the United States the
defeat in the 1962 War served as a
national shock and humiliation to India
while it provided a lesson at China that
deterring India's territorial Ambitions
in the region required occasional
displays of violence to put down for
decades afterward the border disput
between India and China remained present
but at a lower level of intensity as
China dealt with numerous internal
crises and economic problems that
disincentivized external shows of
strength Beijing pursued territorial
compromises and settl with many of their
other neighbors during this time period
like with Myanmar and Nepal during the
1959 Tibet and Uprising with Mongolia
Vietnam and LA in the aftermath of the
great Chinese famine in the 1960s and
after the 1989 Tian Square massacre and
with Central Asian States like
Tajikistan kiristan Kazakhstan and
Afghanistan during High periods of
unrest in Shin Jong across the 1960s and
the 1990s but then beginning in the
early 1990s China's economic fortunes
and geopolitical power began rapidly
shifting as the era of China's
incredible economic rise began China's
economy soared into becoming the second
largest in the world in nominal terms by
2010 and it even became the largest in
the world by purchasing power parody
terms by 2016 when it surpassed the
United States China's economic rise was
so rapid between 1970 and 2022 that it
went from accounting for less than 3% of
the global economy in 1970 to accounting
for nearly a fifth of the global economy
by 2022 and with China's increasing
economic power came its rapidly
increasing military power as well and
with that China's growing
Ambitions China became less and less
interested in settling and compromising
with its remaining open territorial
disputes it had with Taiwan and the
South China Sea and with India and
Bhutan across the line of actual control
and after the rise of xiin ping to power
in China since 2012 the People's
Republic has pursued a much more
aggressive and assertive foreign policy
with its neighbors a trend that has been
similarly followed in India since the
2014 election of Narendra Modi who also
pursues an assertive and nationalist
foreign policy for India as well from
the current perspective of New Delhi in
2024 they have many many reasons to be
wary of China's position and intentions
on the other side of the line of actual
control especially in the Eastern region
around Bhutan and arunachal Pradesh
China's internationally recognized
control of the chumbi valley region
wedged in between India Sim state in
Bhutan is sometimes referred to in
Indian strategic circles as a Chinese
dagger that points precipitously close
to one of India's greatest Geographic
vulnerabilities the narrow Siliguri
Corridor sometimes also referred to as
the chicken's neck this is the extremely
narrow land bridge that's only 24 km
wide wedged in between the independent
states of Nepal and Bangladesh that
serves as the only land connection India
has between their primary territory and
their seven Northeastern states if the
24 km wide Siliguri Corridor were to
come under Chinese occupation in the
event of another War then China would
cut off the roughly 50 million Indians
who live here in the Northeast from any
available access to the rest of India
while perhaps even more pressingly China
would also sever India's ability to send
any reinforcements by land through their
own territory to support Aruna Pradesh
which would enable the pla to advance
China's territorial claim in the region
south of the McMahan line with heavily
restricted Indian reinforcements and
Logistics this paranoia from India's
perspective is not helped by the
location of China's territorial claims
and incursions into Bhutan either and
specifically this Chinese claim in
Bhutan immediately to the east of the
chumi Valley known as the Dolan Plateau
were China to gain a firm control over
the dolam plateau here they would
acquire the Strategic Eastern High
Ground looking down into their own chumi
Valley they would reinforce their
control over the valley enable them to
more effectively mobilize and
concentrate troops in the area and Grant
them more access routes into India in
the event of a conflict while they would
also extend their territorial control
much further south to the southern
foothills of the Himalayan mountains
which would then enable the pla to
easily observe the Siliguri Corridor
only 87 km away and observe any
potential Indian troop movements flowing
through the corridor India has
maintained a very close special
relationship with Bhutan ever since they
signed a treaty of friendship all the
way back in 1949 which granted India
Special guidance over bhutan's foreign
and defense policy especially as it
related to China that treaty was only
slightly relaxed as recently as 2007 and
India has continued to remain as
essentially bhutan's most important Ally
and protector as New Deli wants to
maintain bhutan's territorial Integrity
as much as possible to keep them as a
buffer State separating their vulnerable
Siliguri Corridor away from China
meanwhile over in the western sector
India remains wary of China's control
over aai chin in the trans Korum tract
because of their proximity to the Cen
Glacier and India's road that connects
the remote area around the glacier back
to the rest of Indian control territory
the Cen Glacier is located within
territory currently controlled by India
but it's located immediately across the
separate line of actual control that
India also shares with Pakistan their
arch geopolitical rival who also claims
the territory of the former princely
state of jamu in Kashmir Pakistan
accepted China's territorial claims in
the region of aai chin and the trans
karakorum tract in order to secure
beijing's support for the rest of their
claims to the territory in jamu and
Kashmir currently under Indian control
that's also home to more than 12 12 half
million people India is therefore
primarily concerned about China's
control over axai chin because in the
event of a conflict the pla would not
have to advance very far from axai chin
in order to seize control over the
Indian road that leads to the Cen
Glacier opposite of the Pakistani Armed
Forces which would then enable Pakistan
to move in and seize control over the
glacier without stable Indian
reinforcements or Logistics between 1984
and 2003 Pakistan and India fought
bitterly over the control of this
glacier in which an estimated 2,000
soldiers were killed which earned the
Cen Glacier the moniker of being the
highest Battlefield in the world and the
concern here around the Cen Glacier and
axin is only a small part of India's
greater fear of the overall extremely
close relationship that has emerged
between Pakistan and China both
countries maintain large territorial
claims to lands that India currently
controls Pakistan claims 110,000 square
kmers of land that India controls not
only in jamu and casir
but also in the formerly princely state
of junar that Pakistan also claims
within India's modern state of Gujarat
combined with China's claims to Indian
controlled territories like aruno chal
Pradesh Pakistan and China collectively
claim nearly 200,000 square kilometers
of Indian administered territory a huge
area that's roughly the size of
Washington state in the United States
India's Ultimate Nightmare scenario is
being one day forced into fighting a
two-front war against Pakistan and China
at the same time both of whom are armed
with nuclear weapons Well India is even
further growing increasingly concerned
that China is starting to encircle them
from an economic point of view since
China unveiled the belt and Road
initiative in 2012 six out of India's
seven immediate neighbors have signed up
to become a part of the initiative
Pakistan Nepal Sri Lanka Bangladesh
Myanmar and the Maldives only Bhutan
India's closest Ally in the region has
join New Delhi in resisting The Lure of
joining the belon road initiative which
has led New Delhi into feeling that it
has been losing significant clout in its
own backyard to Beijing that could
reduce Regional support for India in the
event of a potential future conflict the
talks of potential Chinese debt traps
and hypothetical Naval bases in many of
these countries like hiyaku in Myanmar
hent TOA and Sri Lanka and guidar in
Pakistan has not aided with India's
growing feelings of insecurity in
Chinese encirclement though China has
still to date not actually built any
Naval facilities in any of these
locations yet meanwhile from China's
perspective their border dispute with
India and Bhutan is truly only a
secondary concern of theirs at the
moment throughout the 2020s beijing's
primary territorial Focus will almost
certainly remain on asserting the
Chinese Communist party's control over
Taiwan whereas India's ultimate nmare
scenario is a twofr front war against
Pakistan and China China's Ultimate
Nightmare scenario is having to fight
their own two-front war against the
United States and her allies in the
Pacific during an assault on Taiwan and
against India across the Himalayas
region a major war with India over the
disputed landb order is not within
China's best interests while its focus
is fixated east on Taiwan and so Beijing
would like to keep things on the line of
actual control as quiet as possible for
now China is overall considered to be
relatively happy with the status quo On
the Border they've maintained since
their military victory over India in
1962 but they remain incentivized to
deter any and all perceived Indian
threats to challenging it and increasing
their leverage whenever they sense the
opportunity to do so however because of
India's continuous claims on axai chin
and other locations along the line of
actual control and India's consistent
refusal to ever consider recognizing
China's claim to axai Chin in exchange
for beijing's recognition of India's
claim to arunachal Pradesh China has
likely calculated that settling the
Border dispute with India once and for
all to permanently stabilize the border
and prevent the odds of a two-front war
when necessarily require China to make
territorial concessions to India like
giving up on arunachal Pradesh or South
Tibet forever and retreating from axai
chin the transor tract and the other
smaller territories and Beijing is
likely reason that from its new found
position of strength and power in the
21st century they have no further need
to make any compromises on territory
moreover even if Beijing were to make a
significant territorial compromise with
India to settle the Border dispute it
would carry with it a precedent for
China's other ongoing and more serious
territorial disputes in places like the
South China Sea which could Harden the
resolve of countries like the
Philippines Vietnam and Malaysia to
Simply decide on waiting the Chinese
claims out and pushing back more firmly
against them China also maintains old
concerns and grievances about India's
continued hosting of the 88-year-old Dal
Lama ever since he fled from Tibet in
1959 and its hosting of the influential
Tibetan government in Exile as well
which lobbies international support for
tibet's greater autonomy within China
and sometimes even for tibet's outright
Independence again and there are newer
greater concerns about India that have
been growing in China recently since the
2010s too namely India's increasingly
close relationship with her own top
geopolitical rival the United States as
China has risen in strength India has
naturally sought a counterweight to
increase their own negotiating power and
what better counterweight than the most
powerful country in the world and for
Washington increasingly concerned about
great power competition with China in
the Indo Pacific theyve calculated that
there is no better country in the region
to counter China's rise than India India
now has a larger population base to pull
from than China does its economy has
risen to become the fifth largest in the
world and is likely to surpass Japan
soon to become the fourth largest and
its defense spending is already
increased to become the fourth largest
in the World Behind only the heavy
weights of America China and Russia the
Indian Navy as a modern and capable
force with two aircraft carriers in
operation compared to China's three
carriers which gives India the ability
to project power across the Indian Ocean
region in a way that few other countries
can match wishing to court India against
China since the 2010s then Washington
has invested considerable diplomatic
effort into pleasing New Delhi the
United States amended its own domestic
laws to allow for the construction of
six us designed nuclear power reactors
in India in 2016 the United States has
publicly backed India's efforts to
become a new permanent member of the
United Nations security Council which
China opposes the United States has
Exempted India from sanctions that other
countries have suffered by purchasing
oil from Iran and Russia and in 2017
after a nearly decade long Hiatus India
Australia Japan and the United States
revived the quadrilateral security
dialogue or the quad between them a
strategic security dialogue that
involves joint military exercises
dedicated to countering China's Maritime
claims in the South China Sea and the
Indo Pacific both militarily and
diplomatically India's capable Navy and
their possession of a series of
far-flung islands known as the Andaman
and nikobar islands make beijing's
military planners particularly anxious
these islands sit strategically close by
to the Western entrance of the malaka
strait a narrow choke point that
represents the fastest Maritime route
available between the Chinese Pacific
coast and the rich oil and gas fields
around the Persian Gulf the malaka
strait therefore represents China's most
critical energy artery through which an
estimated 60% of China's entire oil
supply flows through if the us or Allied
navies were to blockade the malaka
strait during a wartime scenario such as
during an attempted Chinese invasion of
Taiwan then 60% of China's oil supply
would immediately become eliminated
which would quickly begin to starve
their War Machine of vital fuel the US
Navy already maintains a base on the
Eastern edge of the malaka straight in
Singapore and if the Indian Navy join
the war or Worse granted the US Navy the
rights to base themselves in the endam
and ncbar Islands too then China would
face the Dilemma of defending the
critical malaka Strait against hostile
Naval forces on both of its flanks
moreover back along the line of actual
control on land India's open bellicosity
towards Pakistan and their competing
claims with Pakistan and jamu and
Kashmir is yet another grave concern of
beijing's to have to deal with since
2015 China's single largest project of
their entire belt and Road initiative
has been focused in Pakistan and dubb
the China Pakistan economic Corridor or
CAC China has poured more than $65
billion do worth of investment into
developing this project over the decade
since it began which includes a modern
Deepwater ported guidar on the coast and
a well-built road and rail line from the
port leading up across Pakistan's
territory into China's Shen Jang
Province to Beijing the cek has become a
Cornerstone of their strategy in
avoiding their Reliance on the malaka
strait for oil imports coming in from
the Persian Gulf since with the cek
operational Persian Gulf oil can just be
transported to guar and then carried by
truck or rail car up through Pakistan
and into China directly which greatly
reduces China's vulnerability to an
American Naval blockade in malaka
moreover the project is also intended to
spur on economic development in China's
Shin Jong region which Beijing hopes to
use to reduce militant influence on
Muslim separatists among the native
weager people there but alarmingly for
China the route of the CeX roads and
Railways necessarily runs through the
Pakistani controlled area of jamu and
Kashmir in order to reach China which is
all through territory that is disputed
and claimed by India this whole project
has greatly annoyed India but from
beijing's perspective if India were to
ever act on their territorial claims on
the Pakistani controlled area of jamun
Kashmir and successfully seize it
through Force they would also seize
control over the CAC destroy China's
greatest alternative oil import artery
destroy more than $65 billion worth of
Chinese investment and leave China more
Expos to an American Naval blockade of
Mala that could literally crash China's
oil supply and wreck their military's
operating Effectiveness during a war
worse still China perceives its Air
Force at being at a distinct
disadvantage along the line of actual
control with India because the operating
altitudes across the tietan plateau to
the north of the line are much higher
than the altitudes in India to the south
of the line which lengthens the ignition
times required of China's jet engines
and restricts their aircraft Fuel and
payload capacities which already will
make China's air campaigns in the region
more difficult than India's and doubly
so if their oil supply is restricted by
Indian and American seizures of their
critical import arteries and then there
is beijing's own perceived vulnerability
of their chumi Valley too the valley
here is narrow and is flanked by Higher
Ground to the West in India Sim State
and to the east in Bhutan with Bhutan a
close military and diplomatic Ally of
indiia Indian artillery imp placements
during a wartime scenario On The Higher
Ground all around the chumi valley could
render it almost defenseless by
initiating a pincer attack on it and
then if the Indians secured control over
the valley the valley leads directly
through the Himalayas into the Tibetan
plateau and from there relatively close
by is laasa the religious and legal
capital of Tibet with the Dal Lama and
the Tibetan government in Exile both
still hosted by India China's darkest
fear is an Indian military Advance
breaking through the chumi valley and
carrying the Dal llama and the deedan
government in Exile back to laasa again
and encouraging another great Tibetan
Revolt to erupt again in the process and
so to better their own Geographic
positioning around the chumi valley that
is why China has been steadily and
quietly invading and settling several
strategically chosen territories of
Bhutan China has long maintained a claim
to the Dolan Plateau region of Bhutan on
the pretense that it is a historic
extension of Tibet but for the
geopolitical rationale that it extends
Chinese control to Encompass The Higher
Ground east of the chumi valley and
denies the Indian army the ability to
access it instead but it claims to the
other territories in Bhutan are much
more recent China only began taking out
claims to these territories in Northern
Bhutan called The Bay Ule and the
machuma valley only in the 1980s in an
apparent attempt to directly Target
bhutan's deeply Buddhist culture the
Bayle area in particular is considered
to be highly sacred and culturally
significant to the budines people where
the Kingdom's monarchy traces its
ancestral Origins to to Bhutan China's
claim and settlement of the bayu region
would be as if Canada suddenly made a
claim to the Statue of Liberty in Ellis
Island in New York York and began
actively colonizing them with armed
troops and settlers for decades now
since 1990 China has attempted to
weaponize its claims over the sacred
bayu region in the machuma valley to
pressure Bhutan into a deal by offering
to recognize bhutan's claims in the
north if Bhutan only recognize China's
claims to the doam plateau in the west
China has noted during negotiations that
their claim in the north is
495 km weather claim in the west is only
269 km implying the Bhutan stands to
acquire the larger and more culturally
significant territory by accepting the
deal but accepting such a deal would
immediately jeopardize bhutan's
relationship with its historic protector
and Ally India who would be loathed to
see China's Geographic position in the
Doan Plateau be strategically enhanced
so nearby to their own vulnerable
Siliguri Corridor India has relentlessly
pressured Bhutan into never accepting
the deal with China while standing up
for bhutan's complete territorial
Integrity but China has also continued
building up the pressure on Bhutan to
Cave into it in 2020 after Decades of
fail negotiations China suddenly began
claiming a whole new territory in the
east of Bhutan encompassing the saang
wildlife sanctuary in an apparent
message to Bhutan that if they continue
refusing to yield the Doan Plateau China
will just continue claiming even more of
bhutan's territory and in addition to
the paper claims on maps China is
solidifying their claims on the ground
with a rapid influx of settlers and
soldiers since 2020 as well in only the
past 4 years the bay U and manuma Valley
areas claimed by China and Northern
Bhutan have seen a rapid pace of Chinese
infrastructure development and
settlement dozens of miles of roads have
been paved hundreds of houses and other
structures capable of supporting
hundreds to even thousands of Chinese
settlers have been constructed and even
military and police outposts and
electricity plants have been spotted by
satellites China is constructing entire
Villages within their claimed
territories in Bhutan and within the
sacred region of the bay Ule increasing
the pressure on bhutan's government even
further to yield in order to regain
their own control over the sacred bayu
in exchange for giving up the doam
plateau Bhutan is effectively being
squeezed between the two giants of Asia
that surround them as they attempt to
outmaneuver one another and they are
becoming presented with an impossible
choice to make they can continue to
ignore China's demands and continue
watching more of their country's
territory get claimed seized and
colonized by Chinese settlers or they
can cave to the Chinese pressure and
surrender the Doan plateau in exchange
for Beijing releasing their claims
everywhere else and destroy their
long-standing relations with India in
the process who is their most important
Ally and by far their most important
trade partner as about 95% of bhutan's
exports go to India and roughly 90% of
bhutan's imports come from India where
Bhutan to ever surrender the Doan
Plateau to China India would feel that
their final loyal Ally in the region
would have turned against them and the
sense of paranoia within New Delhi of
becoming encircled by Chinese influenced
countries would rise even further which
means that India's willingness to
confront China on the border more
aggressively would rise as well Bhutan
is a small but strategically located
Kingdom a fewer than 800,000 people
wedged in between two nuclear armed
Giants with more than a billion people
each and so they do their best to
appease both sides as much as possible
in order to avoid a full-blown war from
erupting or cross their territory
between them Bhutan is long maintained
diplomatic relations with India ever
since India's founding in 1947 and
India's guarantee of BH protection since
1949 while Bhutan has never established
formal diplomatic relations with China
in any of its forms curiously bhan is
the only country in the world who has
never officially recognized either the
mainland based People's Republic of
China nor the Taiwan based Republic of
China refusing to recognize the PRC in
order to appease India but also refusing
to recognize the ROC in order to non-
infuriate Beijing too greatly moreover
Bhutan has also avoided ever
establishing diplomatic relations with
any of the world's other major Powers as
well so as not to antagonize China too
greatly Bhutan is the only UN member
State who maintains no diplomatic
relations with any of the five permanent
members of the United Nations security
Council including none with the United
States in fact Bhutan only maintains
formal diplomatic relations with 54 of
the 193 UN member states in its
deliberate policy of isolationism that
strategically aims to balance itself
between the giant orbits of India and
China but It ultimately remains
difficult to see how this crisis at the
roof of the world will ever be solved
through diplomacy as China continues
encroaching on bhutan's territory
expanding their territorial claims even
further building Villages and bringing
in thousands of settlers a clash between
China and India over the status of
Bhutan may eventually be coming even
though all sides involved wish to avoid
one and it's already come very close to
happening already in 2017 Chinese
soldiers attempted to construct a road
in the disputed Doan plateau of Bhutan
that would have connected the territory
to the be valyant toet which would have
enabled Chinese troops and equipment to
more easily access it terrified the
Indian army came in with bulldozers and
confronted the Chinese soldiers in tolam
and initiated a 10th 73 day standoff
where both armies formed human chains to
face each other down before both sides
withdrew then 3 years later in 2020
calculating that it needed to display a
greater show of force towards India the
Chinese began advancing thousands of
soldiers towards different locations in
the western section of the line of
actual contr control which sparked a
fierce Indian response and massive
clashes along the border in a previous
attempt to deescalate tensions along the
line of actual control both India and
China had agreed back in 1996 to ban all
of their soldiers from carrying firearms
or explosives near the border area to
reduce the chances of a major incident
taking place that could Cascade into a
full-blown War again so because of that
ban thousands of Chinese and Indian
soldiers faced each other off high up in
the mountains in 2020 armed with more
primitive melee weapons instead like
spiked clubs metal bars wrapped in
barbed wire riot gear and machetes which
led to the combat taking place between
them in 2020 appearing to be more out of
the Medieval Era than the 21st century
depending on the sources the melee clash
between the Indian and Chinese armies
then resulted in the deaths and injuries
of dozens of soldiers on both sides
representing a massive escalation along
the line of actual control since they
were the first deaths caused by combat
between India and China along their
disputed Border in more than 40 5 years
which led to campaigns in India to
boycott Chinese products and India's
subsequent Banning of hundreds of
Chinese apps in the country including
Tik talk and Alibaba the crisis sharply
escalated geopolitical tensions between
China and India and has reverberated
over the years since into the present
day and the next part of this video that
covers how these border clashes went
down and why they were so violent in
2020 compared to previous decades is all
vital context to understanding where the
dangerous india-china relationship is
going in the future but unfortunately
due to the inherently violent
controversial and very recent nature of
discussing in detail how one of the
bloodiest melee battles of the 21st
century happened the next part of this
video that would cover all of it would
almost certainly cause the rest of the
video before it to become demonetized
and age restricted which ultimately
would mean that YouTube's algorithm
would have never promoted any of this
video to you and you would probably
never have seen any of it but thankfully
I was still able to produce the next
part of this video anyway in my ongoing
modern conflict series because of the
power of this this video sponsor nebula
where you can go and watch the next 30
minute part covering everything you need
to know about what happened between
India and China and 20120 that led to
thousands of their soldiers engaging in
a massive melee battle and what could
happen between them next going forward
and this is also just one of more than
several dozen exclusive fulllength real
life lore videos that you can only find
on nebula in My overall modern conflict
series there that can all only be found
over there because of all of their
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can go watch right now covering subjects
like China's totalitarian repression
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