Primeiro Reinado: características gerais - Brasil Escola

Summary

The video explains the key characteristics of Dom Pedro I's reign during Brazil's first empire (1822-1831). It highlights the political and social crises, including his tensions with Brazilian elites, the dissolution of the 1823 Constituent Assembly, and the authoritarian nature of his rule. The Confederação do Equador (1824) and the Cisplatine War (1825-1828) are discussed as major conflicts. Additionally, the video touches on economic instability, criticisms from the press, and internal revolts, leading to Dom Pedro I's abdication. The period of transition until his son, Dom Pedro II, ascended the throne is also briefly outlined.

Takeaways

• 😀 The First Reign started in 1822, following Brazil's independence, and ended in 1831 when Dom Pedro I abdicated in favor of his 5-year-old son, Pedro de Alcântara.
• 😀 Dom Pedro I, born in Portugal, became the first Emperor of Brazil. He moved to Brazil when he was 9 years old during the transfer of the Portuguese court.
• 😀 The First Reign was marked by political crises, including tension with various sectors of Brazilian society, particularly the elite.
• 😀 Dom Pedro I dissolved the Constituent Assembly in 1823, which had created the Mandioca Constitution, arguing it limited his imperial powers. This led to the 'Night of Agony' event.
• 😀 The Confederation of the Equator, a republican revolt, occurred in 1824 in the northeastern provinces of Brazil, challenging Dom Pedro I's authoritarian rule.
• 😀 Dom Pedro I's regime faced economic issues, including the collapse of the Bank of Brazil in 1829, which worsened the nation's financial instability.
• 😀 The press frequently criticized Dom Pedro I for his centralization of power, his political actions, and his personal life, which included affairs.
• 😀 The press opposition to Dom Pedro I included publications like 'Jornal Malagueta' and 'Jornal Aurora Fluminense,' which condemned his authoritarian rule.
• 😀 The First Reign saw the creation of important institutions, such as the Faculty of Law in São Paulo and Olinda, and the first Brazilian Penal Code in 1830.
• 😀 The political landscape during Dom Pedro I's reign saw the rise of two elite political parties: the Brazilian Party, opposing him, and the Portuguese Party, supporting him.
• 😀 The 'Night of Garrafadas' in 1828 was a significant event where the Brazilian Party protested against Dom Pedro I, using bottles and stones, contributing to his eventual abdication.

Q & A

What were the main characteristics of Dom Pedro I's reign?

Dom Pedro I's reign was marked by constant crises, including tensions with various societal groups, particularly the Brazilian elite, conflicts over political power, economic instability, and multiple uprisings. He faced criticism for his authoritarian approach and centralization of power.

Why did Dom Pedro I dissolve the Constituent Assembly in 1823?

Dom Pedro I dissolved the Constituent Assembly in 1823 because he believed that the proposed Constitution, known as the Constitution of Mandioca, limited his powers as Emperor. He also sent part of the army to invade the assembly and imprisoned and exiled some politicians.

What was the Constitution of Mandioca, and why was it controversial?

The Constitution of Mandioca was a proposed constitution in 1823 that required a significant amount of wealth, specifically 150 alqueires (a unit of land measurement) of mandioca cultivation, for people to vote. It was controversial because Dom Pedro I rejected it, claiming it restricted his imperial powers.

What was the 'Night of Agony'?

The 'Night of Agony' refers to the event in 1823 when Dom Pedro I dissolved the Constituent Assembly, sending the army to imprison some politicians and forcing others into exile, marking a significant moment of political repression.

What was the Confederação do Equador (Confederation of the Equator)?

The Confederação do Equador was a separatist republican revolt in the northeastern provinces of Brazil, particularly Pernambuco, that began in 1824. It was a response to Dom Pedro I's authoritarian rule, especially after he rejected the Constitution of Mandioca and imposed his own constitution.

How did Dom Pedro I's actions contribute to the War of Cisplatina?

Dom Pedro I's centralization of power and failure to resolve tensions over territorial disputes led to the War of Cisplatina. The war, which lasted almost three years, ended with the separation of the Cisplatina region from Brazil, leading to the creation of the Republic of Uruguay in 1828.

What role did the press play in criticizing Dom Pedro I?

The press, particularly newspapers like Jornal AM Malagueta and Aurora Fluminense, played a significant role in criticizing Dom Pedro I's authoritarianism. His personal life and political decisions, such as his treatment of journalists and critics, led to further tensions between him and the Brazilian press.

How did the Brazilian economy fare during Dom Pedro I's reign?

The Brazilian economy during Dom Pedro I's reign was in a dire state, marked by high taxes, the bankruptcy of the Bank of Brazil in 1829, and widespread financial instability. The economy was severely affected by the constant uprisings and the high costs of suppressing revolts.

What were the main political parties during Dom Pedro I's reign?

During Dom Pedro I's reign, two main political parties emerged: the Brazilian Party, composed mostly of wealthy Brazilians who opposed the Emperor, and the Portuguese Party, which supported him and was made up of wealthy Portuguese individuals.

What was the 'Night of Garrafadas'?

The 'Night of Garrafadas' was an event in 1828 when the Brazilian Party staged protests against Dom Pedro I in Rio de Janeiro. These protests involved throwing bottles and stones at the supporters of the Portuguese Party, highlighting the political divisions in the country.