How the Israel-Palestine conflict began | Part 2
Summary
TLDREl mandato británico en Palestina en 1936 enfrentó un levantamiento palestino debido a la inmigración y el dominio económico judíos. La propuesta de Lord Peel de 1937 para una solución de partición fue rechazada por los árabes, exacerbando la violencia. La Segunda Guerra Mundial cambió el panorama, con el cambio de posición del Reino Unido en la Carta Blanca de 1939, limitando la inmigración judía y promoviendo un estado palestino independiente. La guerra y el Holocausto generaron simpatía por el sionismo, y la resistencia zionista contra Gran Bretaña aumentó, llevándola a ceder el mandato a las Naciones Unidas en 1947. La propuesta de división en dos estados fue aprobada por la ONU, pero la violencia entre árabes y judíos culminó en la declaración del estado de Israel y la invasión de los estados árabes vecinos, resultando en el control de Israel de más del 50% del territorio propuesto y el exilio de 700,000 árabes palestinos en lo que se conmemora como 'al-Nakba'.
Takeaways
- 🔥 La Palestina bajo mandato británico en 1936 estaba sumida en la violencia, con los árabes palestinos en rebelión contra la inmigración judía y la dominación económica.
- 🕵️♂️ La Comisión Peel enviada por los británicos concluyó que la única solución era una 'operación quirúrgica', sugiriendo la partición de Palestina.
- 🤝 Algunos líderes sionistas estaban entusiasmados con la idea de la partición, aunque no lo admitían públicamente, mientras que la mayoría de los líderes árabes rechazaron la propuesta.
- 📜 El informe Peel no solo no resolvió la violencia, sino que empeoró la situación, y en respuesta, Gran Bretaña declaró la ley marcial y utilizó tropas para suprimir la revuelta.
- 🌍 La Segunda Guerra Mundial transformó nuevamente el conflicto, y Gran Bretaña cambió su postura sobre un hogar judío en Palestina por intereses estratégicos y la necesidad de mantener la estabilidad en la región.
- 📃 El Informe Blanco de 1939 propuso la creación de un Estado palestino independiente en 10 años, con un gobierno compartido entre árabes y judíos, y limitó la inmigración y la compra de tierras judías.
- 🤔 La mayoría de los sionistas rechazó el Informe Blanco de 1939, ya que las restricciones a la inmigración condenarían a cientos de miles de judíos en Europa a la persecución bajo los nazis.
- 💥 La Segunda Guerra Mundial y el Holocausto generaron simpatía por la causa sionista, y la inmigración ilegal de judíos a Palestina se intensificó.
- 🇮🇱 La resistencia sionista contra la gobernación británica aumentó después de la guerra, con atentados como la explosión del Hotel King David en 1946.
- 🏛 La administración británica se centró en retirarse de Palestina, dejando el futuro del territorio en manos de las fuerzas locales y el plan de la ONU de 1947.
- 🛑 La Guerra Civil en Palestina y la posterior invasión de los estados árabes por la declaración del estado de Israel en 1948 llevaron a un cambio drástico en el mapa político, con la creación del estado de Israel y la expulsión o huida de 700,000 árabes palestinos.
Q & A
¿Qué desencadenante llevó a la revuelta de los palestinos árabes en 1936 en Palestina bajo mandato británico?
-La revuelta fue una respuesta al aumento de la inmigración judía y a la dominación económica, lo que llevó a los palestinos árabes a rebelarse contra los británicos, atacando instalaciones militares y asentamientos judíos.
¿Cuál fue la conclusión del informe de Lord Peel en 1937 sobre la situación en Palestina?
-El informe de Lord Peel concluyó que los problemas en Palestina eran tan arraigados que la única esperanza de solución estaba en una operación quirúrgica, es decir, una solución drástica y posiblemente la partición de la tierra.
¿Cómo cambió la Segunda Guerra Mundial la percepción británica sobre la creación de un hogar judío en Palestina?
-La Segunda Guerra Mundial transformó el conflicto de nuevo, y el informe de 1939, conocido como el White Paper, cambió la posición del gobierno británico, rechazando la partición y proponiendo la creación de un estado palestino independiente en el que árabes y judíos compartieran el gobierno.
¿Por qué el gobierno británico decidió limitar la inmigración judía y las adquisiciones de tierras en el White Paper de 1939?
-El gobierno británico quería mantener la estabilidad en la región para proteger sus intereses territoriales, especialmente el Canal de Suez, y creía que conciliar a los árabes palestinos era más ventajoso político y estratégicamente que apoyar inequívocamente a los judíos palestinos.
¿Cómo reaccionaron los grupos sionistas al White Paper de 1939?
-La mayoría de los zionistas se horrorizaron con las propuestas del White Paper de 1939, no solo porque cambiaba el objetivo general, sino también porque las restricciones a la inmigración condenarían a cientos de miles de judíos en Europa a la persecución y sufrimiento bajo los nazis.
¿Qué impacto tuvo el Holocausto en la causa sionista y en la percepción internacional de la situación en Palestina?
-El Holocausto, en el que se murieron 6 millones de judíos de Europa, generó una considerable simpatía para la causa sionista. Muchos judíos sobrevivientes creían que su existencia en Europa después de lo ocurrido era inviable.
¿Cómo comenzó la insurrección contra el mandato británico en Palestina durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial?
-Dos grupos zionistas radicales, el Irgun y Lehi, comenzaron una insurrección contra el mandato británico en 1944, asesinando al diplomático Lord Moyne en noviembre de ese año.
¿Cuál fue el objetivo de la Operación Agatha llevada a cabo por el ejército británico en Palestina en 1946?
-La Operación Agatha tenía como objetivo combatir las organizaciones armadas judías ilegales en Palestina, que estaban llevando a cabo una campaña de violencia, terror, sabotaje y asesinato.
¿Qué sucedió con el Hotel King David en Jerusalén en 1946 y cómo afectó la opinión pública y el mandato británico en Palestina?
-El Hotel King David en Jerusalén fue bombardeado por el Irgun en 1946, matando a 91 personas. El ataque provocó condenación internacional y llevó a una reducción del apoyo público en Gran Bretaña para continuar el mandato en Palestina.
¿Cómo cambió la postura de Gran Bretaña hacia Palestina después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y por qué?
-Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, que dejó a Gran Bretaña prácticamente bancarrota y con un cambio en la opinión pública tanto en el país como en otros estados, Gran Bretaña decidió que el mandato en Palestina era demasiado complicado y costoso, y lo entregó a las Naciones Unidas en 1947.
¿Qué fue del Plan de Partición de las Naciones Unidas para Palestina en 1947 y cómo reaccionaron los árabes y los zionistas?
-El Plan de Partición de las Naciones Unidas para Palestina en 1947 fue aceptado por la mayoría de los zionistas como un paso intermedio hacia su objetivo final de un estado judío más amplio, mientras que la mayoría de los grupos árabes lo rechazó por principio y por la forma en que se dibujaron las fronteras.
¿Cómo se desarrolló la guerra civil en Palestina en 1948 y qué sucedió después de la declaración del estado de Israel?
-La guerra civil en Palestina en 1948 vio a las milicias árabes y judías luchando por el control del territorio. Después de la declaración del estado de Israel, los estados árabes vecinos invadieron, pero las fuerzas israelíes pudieron mantener su territorio y eventualmente expandirse más allá de las fronteras propuestas en el Plan de 1947 de las Naciones Unidas.
¿Qué es 'el Nakba' y cómo se relaciona con el conflicto árabe-israelí actual?
-El 'Nakba', o 'desastre' en árabe, se refiere al evento en el que 700,000 árabes palestinos huyeron o fueron expulsados de sus hogares tras la declaración del estado de Israel. Este evento sigue siendo un punto central del conflicto israelo-palestino actual.
Outlines
🔥 La Revuelta de Palestina en 1936 y la Comisión Peel
El primer párrafo narra el contexto de la revuelta palestina de 1936, motivada por el aumento de la inmigración judía y la dominación económica. La respuesta británica fue enviar la Comisión Peel, que concluyó que la única solución era una 'operación quirúrgica', es decir, la partición de Palestina. Aunque algunos líderes sionistas estaban entusiasmados, la mayoría de los líderes árabes rechazaron la propuesta. La Segunda Guerra Mundial transformó el conflicto, y este segmento explora cómo cambió la postura británica sobre un hogar judío, la lucha del insurgency sionista contra los británicos y la creación de las fronteras de Israel, Gaza y Cisjordania.
🌐 Impacto de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en Palestina
Este párrafo detalla cómo la Segunda Guerra Mundial afectó a Palestina. La mayoría de los miembros de las organizaciones sionistas cesaron sus acciones directas para no perjudicar el esfuerzo de guerra de los Aliados. A medida que se difundía la comprensión internacional sobre el Holocausto, se generó simpatía por la causa sionista. A pesar de la presión, Gran Bretaña se negó a levantar las restricciones de inmigración. En 1944, las milicias sionistas comenzaron una insurgencia contra la gobernación británica, asesinando al diplomático Lord Moyne. La resistencia no fue amplia, pero en 1945, el gobierno laborista de Gran Bretaña, a pesar de haber prometido terminar las restricciones de inmigración, cambió su posición por temor a exacerbar las tensiones con los árabes y los estados árabes vecinos, redirigiendo a 50,000 refugiados judíos a campos en Chipre.
🏛 La Transición a la Independencia y el Surgimiento del Estado de Israel
El tercer párrafo cubre la transición de Palestina hacia la independencia y el surgimiento del Estado de Israel. La propuesta de la ONU de 1947 de dividir Palestina en dos estados fue rechazada por la mayoría de los grupos árabes, mientras que la mayoría de los sionistas la aceptaron. La violencia aumentó y estalló una guerra civil entre las milicias árabes y judías. Gran Bretaña se retiró de Palestina en mayo de 1948, dejando el lugar en manos de las fuerzas locales. Los milicianos sionistas lanzaron el Plan Dalet para asegurar sus fronteras y crear continuidad territorial. Esto provocó la huida de cientos de miles de refugiados árabes palestinos. El 14 de mayo de 1948, se proclamó el Estado de Israel, y el día siguiente, los estados árabes invadieron, pero las fuerzas israelíes pudieron mantener su territorio y expandirse más allá de las fronteras propuestas por la ONU. Al final de la guerra en 1949, Israel controlaba el 60% de la región propuesta para el estado árabe, con el resto controlado por Jordania y Egipto. El evento conocido como 'el Nakba' o 'la catástrofe', vio a 700,000 árabes palestinos huyendo o siendo expulsados de sus hogares.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Mandato Británico en Palestina
💡Informe Peel
💡Segunda Guerra Mundial
💡Haganah
💡Irgun
💡Plan Dalet
💡La Nakba
💡Resolución de las Naciones Unidas
💡Gran Bretaña
💡Conflicto israelo-palestino
Highlights
In 1936, British Mandatory Palestine faced an Arab revolt due to rising Jewish immigration and economic dominance.
The Peel Commission was sent by the British to investigate the causes of violence in Palestine.
The Peel Report of 1937 suggested partition as a solution to the deep-rooted problems in Palestine.
The British declared Martial Law and suppressed the Arab revolt with military force.
Britain's White Paper of 1939 proposed an independent Palestinian State with shared Arab and Jewish governance.
The White Paper included strict limitations on Jewish land purchases and immigration.
Zionist militias facilitated illegal Jewish immigration in response to the restrictions.
The Second World War and the Holocaust shifted international sympathy towards the Zionist cause.
Britain's Labour Government initially promised to end Jewish immigration restrictions but later reversed this stance.
The largest Zionist militia, the Haganah, joined forces with Irgun and Lehi to form the Jewish Resistance Movement against British rule.
The Irgun bombed the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, killing 91 people.
Britain turned over Mandatory Palestine to the United Nations in 1947, recommending a partition into two states.
The UN passed a partition plan in November 1947, leading to a civil war between Palestinian Arabs and Jews.
Britain largely abstained from involvement in the escalating violence in Palestine.
Zionist militias launched Plan Dalet to secure borders and create territorial continuity in anticipation of an invasion.
The declaration of the state of Israel was followed by an invasion from neighbouring Arab states.
By the end of the war in 1949, Israel controlled more land than originally allotted, and hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs were displaced.
Britain's administration of the Mandate was characterized by policy shifts and attempts to protect its strategic interests.
The legacy of the Arab-Israeli War continues to influence the current conflict in Israel-Palestine.
Transcripts
In 1936, British Mandatory Palestine was in flames. In response to rising Jewish immigration
and economic dominance, Arab Palestinians revolted against the British, attacking
military installations and Jewish settlements. The British authorities were scrambling for an answer.
The British sent a commission led by Lord Peel to investigate the causes of the violence. And
in 1937, that commission concluded that problems in Palestine were ‘so deep-rooted that the only
hope of a cure lies in a surgical operation’. Some Jewish leaders were enthusiastic about the idea,
although did not publicly admit this. Most Arab leaders, however,
rejected the proposals outright. Instead of ending the violence, the Peel Report made things worse.
In our last episode, we explored the conflicting promises made by the British during the First
World War and how they tried to resolve them. In this episode we’ll examine how
the Second World War transformed the conflict once again. Why did Britain change its mind
about a Jewish homeland, how did a Zionist underground insurgency defeat the British,
and how were the borders of Israel, Gaza and the West Bank created?
Britain controlled Palestine under a League of Nations Mandate. Its job was to prepare
the territory for independence. As part of the Mandate, Britain had committed to setting up
what was described as ‘a homeland for the Jewish people’ in Palestine, but it had also promised to
respect the rights of the existing populations. Doing both was proving extremely challenging.
After the failure of the Peel Report, Britain declared Martial Law and used a surge of troops
to supress the revolt. They brought in Jewish Auxiliaries to add to their numbers and killed,
imprisoned or exiled Arab Palestinian leaders. But with a Second World War on the horizon,
the British government felt they had to go one step further to end the dissent.
Britain was trying to balance a number of different objectives. It wanted to maintain
stability in the region in order to protect its territorial interests – most notably the
Suez Canal, which was not only a vital link to Britain’s overseas Empire, but was also the
channel through which Persian oil was transported to Britain. The looming threat of war caused
Britain to reason that placating Palestinian Arabs was more politically and strategically
advantageous than siding unambiguously with Palestinian Jews. While support from Jewish groups
in any future conflict could be assured in the near term because of Hitler’s ideology, support
from Arabs was far less certain and Britain wanted to do whatever it could to keep bring them onside.
The result was a complete reversal of the British government position. In the White Paper of 1939,
Britain claimed that, with 450,000 Jewish people now living in Mandatory Palestine
this was already the National Home for the Jewish people and the Balfour Declaration had already
been delivered. Now, instead of partitioning the country, the British planned to create an
independent Palestinian State within the next 10 years, in which Arabs and Jews would share
government. However, the White Paper also included strict limitations on Jewish land
purchases and restricted Jewish immigration to just 75,000 over the next five years. This
all but ensured that Palestinian Arabs would be the dominant group in the new Palestinian state.
Most Zionists were appalled by the proposals outlined in the 1939 White Paper, not only because
it suggested an entirely different overall objective but because the restrictions on
immigration would condemn hundreds of thousands of Jews in Europe to ongoing persecution and
suffering under the Nazis and their collaborators. This is given particularly potent expression in
the fact that the report was initially issued a mere 30 minutes before the death of Nazi
official Ernst vom Rath. His murder would be cynically exploited as the pretext in events
that became known as the November pogrom and were described by the Nazis as Kristallnacht.
But the Arab response to the White Paper was not as the British expected either. The revolt
of 1936 had hardened positions on all sides and while moderate Palestinian Arabs accepted
the White Paper, hard-line nationalists like Amin al-Husseini rejected it for not going far enough.
In response to the restrictions on migration, the Zionist militias that Britain had trained,
began facilitating illegal Jewish immigration. But before their resistance could turn to open revolt,
the Second World War began. Now, Palestinian Jews rallied to the Allied cause as did many
Palestinian Arabs. Al Husseini on the other hand, tried to get support from the Axis Powers. The
war and in particular the Holocaust, in which 6 million of Europe’s Jews were murdered, would turn
the conflict in Mandatory Palestine on its head. The outbreak of the Second World War had a
profound impact on events in Mandatory Palestine. Most Zionist underground members stopped any
direct action, wary of doing anything that could jeopardise the Allied war effort against Germany.
As David Ben Gurion, future Israeli Prime Minister suggested, "They would fight the
White Paper as if there was no war and the war as if there was no White Paper." Internationally,
increasing understanding about the Holocaust generated considerable sympathy for the Zionist
cause. Many surviving Jews believed that their ongoing existence in Europe was untenable after
everything that had happened. Having lost everything, and often everyone, they had
no desire to return to the places in which their lives had been so completely devastated. Britain,
for its part, remained very reluctant, despite the pressure of world opinion, to lift restrictions
on immigration to Mandatory Palestine. By 1944, as Allied victory seemed more assured,
two hard-line Zionist militias, the Irgun and Lehi, began an insurgency against British rule,
assassinating diplomat Lord Moyne in November. But resistance was not widespread. In 1945,
Britain’s newly elected Labour Government under Clement Atlee campaigned on a promise to end
restrictions on Jewish immigration. But fearful of exacerbating tensions among Palestinian Arabs
and damaging relations with neighbouring Arab states, upon arriving in office, Atlee changed
his mind. Instead, some 50,000 Jewish refugees inbound to Palestine were redirected to camps
on Cyprus. The conditions and the sight of Jewish Holocaust survivors being held behind barbed wire
generated widespread criticism. With Britain’s position now clear, the largest Zionist militia,
the Haganah, joined the Irgun and Lehi to form the Jewish Resistance Movement. They aimed to
drive the British out. Together, they targeted immigration control, transport infrastructure
and British military installations. In response, the British curbed civil liberties in 1945 and
launched a series of raids and searches in 1946, codenamed 'Operation Agatha'.
Their intention was to combat what's described as a 'Jewish illegal armed organisations in
Palestine'. It says here 'these organisations have been conducting a campaign of violence,
terror, sabotage, and murder'. A vast amount of documents were seized during the course of
the operations 'that will prove of the greatest value and interest'. Now these documents were all
moved to the King David Hotel in Jerusalem where the British administration were being
housed alongside a number of military personnel. In July 1946 that hotel was bombed by the Irgun.
Palestine and the world was shocked by the blowing up of the King David Hotel Jerusalem. In broad
daylight dozens of Jews, Arabs and Britishers were murdered in cold blood by the notorious
Jewish terrorist organisation Irgun Zvai Leumi. The attack killed 91 people and attracted
widespread criticism from both international governments and other Zionist organisations.
The Irgun, for their part, claimed that it was never their intention to kill anyone and
that warnings sent in advance of the attack had been ignored. Their main target was the
documents that had been captured during Operation Agatha. Now amongst the public condemnation,
many people in Britain started to wonder if the mandate was worth the trouble it was
causing. There was dwindling public appetite to expend more British lives protecting it.
The violence now intensified. Though the Jewish Resistance Movement dissolved after
the King David Hotel attack, the Irgun and Lehi continued to attack British targets. Meanwhile,
Britain continued to send ever-larger numbers of troops to Palestine, hoping to suppress the
insurgency in the same way that they had supressed the Arab Revolt of 1936. But it
wasn’t working. In July 1947, the Irgun kidnapped, hung and boobytrapped the bodies of two British
Sergeants in a eucalyptus grove near Netanya. The attacks were widely condemned and lead to
anti-Jewish rioting back in Britain. To many the Sergeant's Affair, as it came to be known,
was the 'straw that broke the Mandate's back'. The Second World War had virtually bankrupted the
UK and public sentiment both within Britain and across the countries concerned was changing. In
the three years after 1945, India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon all achieved independence.
Whilst in Europe, the dividing lines of a new global conflict were being drawn, preparing
for and responding to this Cold War dominated military planning and strategy. Ultimately,
the Mandate in Palestine was only ever supposed to be temporary, and Britain didn’t want it
anymore. It was too complicated and too costly. With all other Class A League of Nations mandates
now having received their independence, Britain turned over Mandatory Palestine to the newly
formed United Nations in 1947. Taking inspiration from the Peel Report of 1936, they recommended
a partition into two independent states with an economic union and an international zone around
Jerusalem. Most Arab groups rejected the plan. They were opposed both to partition in principle,
and to the way the lines were drawn. They pointed to the fact that while Jews represented just over
30% of the population, they were apportioned 54% of the land, although arguments persist about the
quality of that land. Most Zionists, on the other hand, willingly accepted the proposal, seeing
it as a stepping stone towards their ultimate ambition for a Jewish state that extended further.
In November 1947, the plan passed a vote in the UN with backing from both the United
States and Soviet Union. The United Kingdom abstained and declared that
it would leave on May 15th 1948. Now, violence took hold between Palestinian Arabs and Jews,
and a Civil War broke out between militias from each side. But even as the death toll mounted,
Britain largely did not get involved. These documents come from Major General
William Scott Cole who was tasked with the responsibility of overseeing the British
withdrawal from Mandate Palestine. Whilst Jewish and Arab groups were fighting it out to determine
the future shape of Palestine, Britain's focus became about how to remove itself from the place
entirely. For example, here it says in January 1948, 'difficulties arose at this time due to
absence of staff owing to internal troubles. Jews will not go to or through Arab areas and vice
versa.' As well there's a note talking about the disposal of Sherman tanks that had to be destroyed
by Royal signals and blown up until they were quote 'unrecognisable scrap'. As Rees Williams,
undersecretary of state for the colonies, told the House of Commons 'the manner in which the
withdrawal took place is unprecedented in the history of our Empire'. It was,
in many ways, emblematic of the entire episode. Meanwhile, the Civil War in Palestine continued.
At first, Arab forces seemed to have the upper hand. The Jewish communities in Palestine were
spread out and Arab forces were able to blockade them, most notably in Jerusalem where 100,000
Jewish people were trapped. But in late March 1948, Zionist militias launched Plan Dalet. This
offensive aimed to create territorial continuity and secure their borders in anticipation of an
invasion by neighbouring Arab states. As the Zionist forces attacked, hundreds of thousands
of Palestinian Arab refugees fled their homes. The causes of this flight are still considered
controversial. Some left by choice, others in fear and some by force. Many refugees took their keys
with them, planning to return home someday soon. On the 14th of May, Zionists declared the new
state of Israel. The following day, neighbouring Arab states invaded. But
the Arab forces were unprepared for war, and the Israeli forces were able to hold
onto their territory. Over the next nine months, they built enough forces to push well beyond the
land allotted to them in the 1947 UN Plan. The 1936 Revolt had left Arabs in Palestine
leaderless and significantly weakened. Though they were supported by other Arab states, these states
had different interests and agendas and were often at crossed purposes. In contrast, while there may
have been differences between the convictions of different Jewish groups, they were completely
unified in the common cause of creating and protecting the Jewish State. They also benefited
from having received military training and arms from the British administration in earlier years.
By the war's end in 1949, Palestine had been wiped off the the map. Israel controlled 60% of the
proposed Arab state, with the remainder controlled by Jordan and Egypt. 700,000 Palestinian Arabs
either fled or were expelled from their homes, an event remembered as 'the Nakba' or 'catastrophe'.
In the following years, 260,000 Jewish people emigrated from neighbouring Arab states,
some by choice and others by force. Around 150,000 Palestinian Arabs remained in Israel. Today their
descendants number over 2 million people, making up the largest minority group in the country. The
legacy of the Arab-Israeli War is still at the heart of today's conflict in Israel-Palestine.
Ultimately, Britain’s administration of the Mandate never proved to be much more than a
firefighting exercise, lurching for one policy to another in an attempt to hold the mandate
together and protect its own strategic interests. On the last day of the mandate,
the chief secretary of the British administration called a press conference in his Jerusalem
office. One of the journalists there asked: "And to whom do you intend to
give the keys to your office?". "I shall leave them under the mat," was the reply.
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