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Summary

In this video, Professor Mara Moreira explains the Pre-Modernism movement in Brazilian literature, a transitional phase from 1902 to 1922 that bridged Realism and Naturalism with Modernism. It explores how the era's social issues, such as urbanization, drought, and inequality, influenced literature, leading to more realistic and relatable characters. The video highlights key authors like Augusto dos Anjos, Euclides da Cunha, Monteiro Lobato, and Lima Barreto, each contributing unique perspectives through their works. With a focus on social critique, their writings laid the foundation for Modernism in Brazil.

Takeaways

• 😀 Pré-Modernismo (Pre-Modernism) in Brazilian literature occurred from 1902 to 1922, marking a transitional phase between Realism, Naturalism, and Modernism.
• 😀 It is not considered a literary movement, but rather a period where authors experimented with new ideas while still drawing from previous literary traditions.
• 😀 The historical context of Pré-Modernismo in Brazil included urban reforms, industrialization, the War of Canudos, and severe droughts in the Northeast.
• 😀 Key themes in Pré-Modernismo literature included the contrast between wealth and poverty, with a focus on the rich and impoverished areas coexisting.
• 😀 Authors began to move away from idealized, romanticized characters and instead portrayed more realistic, concrete figures such as immigrants, rural workers, and public employees.
• 😀 Augusto dos Anjos blended Symbolism with new approaches, using medical and philosophical terminology, and depicted grim, real-life scenes like body decay.
• 😀 Euclides da Cunha, a journalist, wrote *Os Sertões*, a landmark work that combined elements of Naturalism with social critique, particularly regarding the War of Canudos.
• 😀 Monteiro Lobato is known for his creation of *Jeca Tatu*, which critiqued rural life in São Paulo, drawing on Realist narrative techniques to highlight social issues.
• 😀 Lima Barreto stood out for his use of colloquial and accessible language, critiquing urban issues and racial and social inequalities in post-abolition and post-republic Brazil.
• 😀 The period of Pré-Modernismo paved the way for Modernism in Brazil, as it began to shift away from older literary forms and embraced new, more experimental styles.

Q & A

What is Pre-Modernism in Brazilian literature?

Pre-Modernism is a transitional phase in Brazilian literature, spanning from 1902 to 1922. It is not considered a distinct literary movement but a period that connects earlier literary schools like Realism and Naturalism with the onset of Modernism.

Why is Pre-Modernism considered a transitional phase?

Pre-Modernism is considered transitional because it bridges the gap between the Realist and Naturalist movements of the late 19th century and the radical changes introduced by Modernism in the 1920s.

What were the key historical events in Brazil during the Pre-Modernism period?

Key events included urban reforms, severe droughts in the Northeast, the War of Canudos, and the rapid industrialization and urbanization of cities like São Paulo, which led to increased inequality and the favelization of urban areas.

How did these historical events influence Brazilian literature during Pre-Modernism?

These events inspired authors to focus on social issues such as the contrast between wealth and poverty, the challenges faced by rural and urban populations, and the effects of industrialization on society. These themes were central to the literature of the time.

What were some of the main themes in Pre-Modernist literature?

Pre-Modernist literature often explored themes like social inequality, rural struggles, urbanization, the contrast between rich and poor areas, and the portrayal of the real, everyday life of Brazilians, moving away from romanticized depictions.

What is the significance of Augustos dos Anjos in Pre-Modernism?

Augusto dos Anjos is known for combining elements of Symbolism with more contemporary and grotesque themes, like decay and philosophical musings. He used an unconventional, almost medical and philosophical vocabulary in his poetry.

What contribution did Euclides da Cunha make to Pre-Modernist literature?

Euclides da Cunha's *Os Sertões* is a landmark work of Pre-Modernism, blending journalistic reportage with social commentary. He used his experiences in the War of Canudos to discuss the social, political, and economic conditions of the Brazilian Northeast.

Why is Monteiro Lobato important in the context of Pre-Modernism?

Monteiro Lobato is important for his portrayal of Jeca Tatu, a symbol of rural neglect in Brazil. Through this character, he criticized the abandonment of rural areas, particularly in the Vale do Paraíba, using descriptive and realist narrative techniques.

What role did Lima Barreto play in Pre-Modernism?

Lima Barreto was a critical voice in Pre-Modernism, using a colloquial and direct style to highlight social issues such as racial discrimination, poverty, and inequality in Brazil. His works focused on urban and peripheral realities, making him an important precursor to Modernist experimentation.

What makes Pre-Modernist literature different from other literary movements?

Pre-Modernist literature is characterized by its blending of traditional forms with new, innovative approaches. It incorporates aspects of earlier movements like Realism and Naturalism, but also anticipates the more radical and experimental nature of Modernism.