Longo século XIX - História do Capitalismo tomando o mundo

Summary

This lecture provides an in-depth exploration of the long 19th century, focusing on the rise of capitalist dominance, industrial revolutions, and imperial expansion. Beginning with the French Revolution in 1789, it tracks the rise of the bourgeoisie and their control over both political and economic power. The lecture highlights the industrial revolutions, social struggles, and the imperialist era that reshaped global dynamics. Technological advancements during the Belle Époque are discussed, along with the social and economic tensions that led to World War I. The lecture concludes with reflections on the 20th century’s ideological battles between capitalism and socialism.

Takeaways

• 😀 The 19th century is known as the 'long 19th century' due to its over-100-year span, symbolized by the French Revolution of 1789 and the rise of capitalism.
• 😀 The Industrial Revolution, beginning in England, marks the transition from artisan to mass-produced goods, making products cheaper but at the cost of traditional markets.
• 😀 The consolidation of the bourgeoisie in Europe created a political and economic elite that used state power to accumulate wealth and modernize economies.
• 😀 The second Industrial Revolution spread to other countries, including the U.S. and Japan, leading to broader global industrialization and increasing technological innovation.
• 😀 The rise of industrial economies led to vast inequalities, with factory workers enduring poor working conditions while capitalists profited.
• 😀 Social unrest and movements like socialism began to emerge in response to the economic disparities of industrial capitalism, particularly evident in the 1848 revolutions in Europe.
• 😀 The 'Era of Empires' saw European powers colonizing Africa and Asia to secure markets for their industrial products, often justified by an ideology of civilizing 'backward' nations.
• 😀 New states like Germany and Italy, unified in the late 19th century, competed for colonies, heightening tensions that contributed to the outbreak of World War I.
• 😀 The *Belle Époque* period was marked by optimism, technological progress, and scientific advancements, but these innovations were ultimately diverted into the destruction of World War I.
• 😀 The 19th century ended with World War I, marking the collapse of European empires and the beginning of the 20th century, which was dominated by the conflict between capitalism and socialism.

Q & A

What is the 'Long 19th Century' and why is it called that?

The 'Long 19th Century' refers to the period from 1789 to 1914, beginning with the French Revolution and ending with the outbreak of World War I. It is called 'long' because it spans over 100 years and symbolizes a historical era marked by the dominance of capitalism globally.

What is the significance of the French Revolution in the context of the 'Long 19th Century'?

The French Revolution of 1789 is significant as it marked the rise of the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) and the overthrow of the feudal monarchy. It symbolized the shift to a capitalist order in Europe and set the stage for the spread of revolutionary movements across the world.

How did industrialization affect the economy and society in the 19th century?

Industrialization, starting with the first Industrial Revolution in England around 1780, radically transformed production by increasing output through machines, which led to cheaper products. However, it also resulted in the decline of traditional artisan markets and created stark social inequalities, with workers enduring poor conditions in factories.

What were the major consequences of the second Industrial Revolution?

The second Industrial Revolution expanded industrialization beyond England to other European countries, the United States, and Japan. It further increased production and reinforced capitalist dominance, but also led to social unrest due to the poor working conditions of factory laborers.

What does the term 'Era of Capital' refer to?

The 'Era of Capital' refers to a period when the bourgeoisie consolidated political and economic power, using the state's machinery to modernize economies and accumulate more wealth, particularly through industrial production and the spread of liberal capitalist states.

What was the significance of the 1848 revolutions in Europe?

The 1848 revolutions were significant because they were part of a wave of liberal, bourgeois-led uprisings that sought political reforms and social change across Europe. They marked the growing power of the working class and led to the development of socialist ideologies, such as Marxism, with the publication of the Communist Manifesto.

How did the 'Age of Empires' shape global politics?

The 'Age of Empires' (1870-1914) was marked by European imperialism, where industrialized nations sought to expand their influence by colonizing Africa and Asia for new markets for their industrial products. This economic expansion was often accompanied by cultural and ideological justifications, such as the belief in the 'civilizing mission' of Europe.

What were the causes of the First World War according to the script?

The First World War was caused by intense competition among European powers for imperial dominance and control of markets. The rivalry between industrialized nations, particularly Germany and France, led to militarization, alliances, and the eventual outbreak of war in 1914.

What is meant by the term 'Belle Époque'?

The 'Belle Époque' refers to a period of cultural optimism, economic growth, and technological innovation in Europe between 1870 and 1914. It was characterized by advancements in science, art, and industry, but also by increasing tensions due to imperialist competition and class struggles.

How did the 19th century's industrial capitalism lead to the development of the modern world?

The 19th century's industrial capitalism led to the modern world's economic structure by establishing industrialized economies, the dominance of capitalist enterprises, and the expansion of Western influence globally. The rapid technological progress, such as the invention of the telephone, electric light, and automobiles, also laid the foundation for the 20th-century global economy.