Hysteria and Fear in The Crucible - Destroying Drama

Summary

The video script delves into Arthur Miller's 'The Crucible,' a play that mirrors the paranoia of McCarthyism and the Red Scare in 1950s America. It explores the Salem witch trials as an allegory for the fear and hysteria that can corrupt justice, where accusations are made without solid evidence. The play's structure, condensed into four acts, quickens the pace and amplifies the sense of hysteria. Miller examines the source of hysteria, suggesting it stems from fear and a selfish instinct for self-preservation. The narrative highlights how fear can be contagious, leading to the spread of accusations and the erosion of reason and justice. Characters like Abigail Williams and Judge Danforth are shown to exploit the situation, while others like John Proctor suffer tragically. The play concludes with a reflection on the impact of mass hysteria on society, challenging viewers to consider the parallels to contemporary issues.

Takeaways

• 📜 The play 'The Crucible' by Arthur Miller is an allegory for the mass paranoia and fear that accompanied McCarthyism and the Red Scare in 1950s America.
• 👥 The characters in the play turn against each other, accusing one another of witchcraft, reflecting the societal fear and the desire to deflect blame onto others.
• 🎭 Miller uses the Salem witch trials as a metaphor for the corrupt justice system that prosecutes people without solid evidence, mirroring the political climate of his time.
• 📚 The structure of 'The Crucible' follows a condensed version of the classic five-act play structure, with elements like exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and denouement.
• 🔥 The rising action introduces the conflict and builds tension, starting in medias res, which heightens the emotional impact and sense of hysteria.
• 🤔 Miller explores the source of hysteria, suggesting it stems from fear, paranoia, and self-preservation, leading characters to accuse others to protect themselves.
• 🌊 The play illustrates the cyclical nature of fear and hysteria, where accusing others generates more fear within the community, leading to a spiral of accusations.
• 👧 Abigail's lies and the power she gains over the townsfolk highlight how hysteria can lead to the wrong people being trusted with authority.
• 📉 The spread of fear and hysteria is shown to erode justice, as seen in the tragic character arc of Rebecca Nurse, a devout Christian woman whose life is taken due to false accusations.
• 😱 Dramatic irony is present in the court proceedings, where the audience is aware that the accusations are based on lies, not the 'voice of heaven' as claimed by the authorities.
• 📉 The climax of the play shows how hysteria can lead to the tragic downfall of innocent individuals, such as John Proctor, and the ultimate decay of justice in Salem.
• 📝 Miller's portrayal of the events in 'The Crucible' challenges the audience to reflect on the consequences of mass hysteria and the importance of reason and justice in society.

Q & A

What is the central theme of 'The Crucible' by Arthur Miller?

The central theme of 'The Crucible' is the destructive power of mass hysteria and fear, which Miller uses to explore the paranoia and fear in society, particularly drawing parallels with the McCarthyism and the Red Scare of the 1950s in America.

How does Miller use the Salem witch trials as an allegory in 'The Crucible'?

Miller uses the Salem witch trials as an allegory for the mass paranoia and fear that accompany a corrupt justice system that prosecutes people without solid evidence, reflecting the political climate of 1950s America.

What is the significance of the play's structure in 'The Crucible'?

The structure of 'The Crucible', which spans four acts but borrows elements from the classic five-act play structure, quickens the plot's pace and heightens the sense of hysteria and fear, effectively mirroring the rapid escalation of accusations and panic in the story.

How does Miller create tension from the start of the play?

Miller creates tension from the start by beginning the play in medias res, a narrative technique where a story begins in the middle of the action, with Abigail and her friends already caught dancing in the forest and Betty Paris being ill.

What is the source of hysteria according to the play?

The source of hysteria, as depicted in the play, stems from fear and paranoia, combined with a desire for self-preservation, where individuals accuse others of crimes to protect themselves from persecution.

How does Abigail manipulate the situation to avoid blame?

Abigail manipulates the situation by blaming other women in the town, using repeated exclamations to add intensity and a tone of desperation to her dialogue, in an effort to escape being accused of witchcraft.

What is the role of fear in spreading hysteria in the community?

Fear plays a contagious role in spreading hysteria, as individuals, in an attempt to alleviate their own fear, accuse others, thereby passing on their fear and creating a cycle of accusation and hysteria.

How does Miller use the motif of witchcraft as an invisible force?

Miller uses the motif of witchcraft as an invisible force to heighten paranoia among the townspeople, making them increasingly vigilant and fearful, as they believe witchcraft could be anywhere, thus fueling the hysteria.

What is the dramatic irony in the court proceedings?

The dramatic irony lies in the audience's knowledge that the authorities are treating false accusations as real evidence. The audience knows that the children are lying, but the characters on stage, blinded by their ideologies and fear, do not.

How does Miller portray the decay of justice in Salem?

Miller portrays the decay of justice through the absurd charges against revered figures like Rebecca Nurse, showing how fear and hysteria can lead to the persecution of innocent individuals and the erosion of a fair legal system.

What is the significance of John Proctor's character in the play?

John Proctor's character is significant as he is a well-developed, relatable figure whose tragic downfall due to hysteria and false accusations serves to critique public hysteria and its impact on innocent individuals, encouraging the audience to reflect on their own society.

How does Miller suggest that mass hysteria prevents justice from prevailing?

Miller suggests that mass hysteria prevents justice from prevailing through the character of John Proctor, who is forced to choose between confessing to false charges or facing execution, symbolizing the destruction of fair legal trials by hysteria-induced fear and irrationality.

Outlines

00:00

📜 The Allegorical Nature of 'The Crucible'

This paragraph introduces 'The Crucible' as an allegory for the paranoia and fear that Arthur Miller observed during the McCarthyism era in 1950s America. Miller uses the Salem witch trials as a metaphor for the corrupt justice system that prosecutes without solid evidence. The paragraph also discusses the play's structure, which, while condensed into four acts, borrows elements from the classic five-act structure, and how this quickens the pace and heightens the sense of hysteria and fear. The source of hysteria is explored, suggesting it stems from selfish instincts to protect oneself and to accuse others to escape persecution.

05:01

🌐 The Contagious Nature of Fear and Hysteria

The second paragraph delves into the idea that fear and hysteria are contagious, with individuals seeking to transfer their fear onto others to alleviate their own anxiety. The narrative discusses how Miller uses stage directions to build suspense and convey the girls' crazed frenzy, foreshadowing the spread of mass hysteria. The paragraph also explores how fear can lead to the empowerment of the wrong individuals, as seen with Abigail's influence over the townsfolk, and how religious and ideological fear can fuel mass hysteria.

10:03

🔥 The Climax and Erosion of Reason

This paragraph describes the climax of 'The Crucible,' where fear and hysteria reach their peak, drawing parallels to the anti-communist sentiment during the Red Scare. It discusses dramatic irony, where the audience is aware of the false accusations but the characters are not, leading to a loss of reason and justice. The paragraph highlights how characters like Mary Warren succumb to the mass hysteria despite knowing the truth, and how this reflects the contagious spread of fear and irrationality.

15:03

😔 The Tragic Consequences of Hysteria

The fourth paragraph focuses on the tragic outcomes of the hysteria in Salem, particularly the character arc of Rebecca Nurse. As a static character representing goodness and purity, her tragic end symbolizes the decay of justice. The paragraph also discusses how fear and hysteria corrupt the justice system, leading to the downfall of characters like John Proctor. John's character is used to show the tragic consequences for innocent individuals caught in the web of public hysteria.

20:04

🤔 Reflecting on the Impact of Hysteria

The final paragraph invites the audience to reflect on the impact of hysteria and its consequences. It suggests that Miller may be criticizing the influence of religious sects on justice during the 1950s and how belief in the supernatural can come at the cost of human justice. The paragraph also touches on the idea that fear breeds more fear and that political regimes based on fear, like McCarthyism, can lead to chaos and the corruption of freedom and justice.

Keywords

💡Hysteria

Hysteria refers to an uncontrollable excitement or fear, often leading to irrational behavior. In the context of the video, it is a central theme illustrating how fear and paranoia can spread rapidly within a community, leading to chaos and injustice. The Salem witch trials are used as an allegory to represent the mass hysteria and fear that can accompany a corrupt justice system, as seen when the villagers turn on each other and accuse one another of witchcraft.

💡Fear

Fear is an emotional response to a perceived threat or danger. The video discusses how fear can be a driving force behind hysteria, as individuals, in an attempt to protect themselves, accuse others of wrongdoing. This is exemplified in the script where characters like Abigail and Betty Paris accuse others of witchcraft to divert blame from themselves, highlighting the contagious nature of fear.

💡Self-Preservation

Self-preservation is the instinct to protect oneself from harm. In the video, it is shown as a motive behind the characters' actions within the play 'The Crucible.' Characters like Abigail act out of self-preservation, accusing others of witchcraft to avoid punishment for their own actions, which ties into the theme of hysteria and fear.

💡Allegory

An allegory is a story with a symbolic meaning, often used to convey a moral or message. The video explains that Arthur Miller wrote 'The Crucible' as an allegory for the paranoia and fear during the McCarthyism era in 1950s America. The Salem witch trials serve as a metaphor for the mass paranoia and the corrupt justice system that prosecutes people without solid evidence.

💡Paranoia

Paranoia is a state of excessive suspicion and mistrust. The video connects the paranoia of the Salem villagers to the broader theme of political paranoia during the McCarthyism period. It is shown how paranoia can lead to false accusations and a breakdown of justice, as seen in the Salem witch trials and the Red Scare.

💡McCarthyism

McCarthyism refers to the period in the 1950s in the U.S. marked by extreme anti-communist sentiment, fueled by Senator Joseph McCarthy's accusations. The video uses this term to draw parallels between the fear and hysteria during the Salem witch trials and the fear of communism during the Red Scare, emphasizing how political climates can influence societal behavior.

💡Red Scare

The Red Scare refers to the fear of communism spreading that swept through the United States in the mid-20th century. In the video, it is mentioned as a historical context that influenced Miller's writing of 'The Crucible,' highlighting the similarities between the witch hunt in Salem and the hunt for communists during the Red Scare.

💡Puritanism

Puritanism is a strict form of Christianity that was prevalent among the early settlers in North America, including those in Salem. The video discusses how the Puritan beliefs of the villagers contributed to the hysteria, as their strict moral code and fear of the devil made them more susceptible to accusations of witchcraft and to the spread of fear.

💡Dramatic Irony

Dramatic irony occurs when the audience knows something that the characters on stage do not. In the video, it is used to describe the situation where the court believes the children's false accusations, thinking they are the voice of heaven, while the audience is aware that the authorities are deceived by lies, highlighting the absurdity of the situation.

💡Climax

The climax is the turning point or the highest point of tension in a narrative. The video describes the climax of 'The Crucible' as the moment where the action reaches its peak, and the consequences of the hysteria and fear become most evident, leading to the tragic downfall of characters like John Proctor.

💡Catharsis

Catharsis is the emotional release or purging of emotions experienced by the audience at the resolution of a dramatic piece. The video mentions catharsis in relation to the audience's reaction to John Proctor's death, suggesting that his downfall allows the audience to reflect on the impact of hysteria and fear on justice and rationality.

Highlights

The Crucible explores the theme of hysteria and fear within a community, drawing parallels to McCarthyism and the Red Scare of 1950s America.

Miller uses the Salem witch trials as an allegory for mass paranoia and the corrupt justice system that prosecutes without solid evidence.

The play's structure, though four acts, borrows elements from the classic five-act play structure, quickening the plot's pace and heightening the sense of hysteria.

The Crucible begins in medias res, starting the story in the middle of the action to build tension from the start.

Abigail's actions to escape blame for her sinful deeds introduce the key question of the source of hysteria and its relation to self-preservation.

Fear and hysteria are portrayed as contagious, with individuals seeking to pass on blame to others to feel safe.

The stage direction at the end of Act 1 uses the girls' ecstatic cries to build suspense and convey a sense of frenzy, foreshadowing the spreading hysteria.

The cyclical nature of fear and hysteria is shown through the rising action, where fear leads to accusations, generating more fear among the townsfolk.

Abigail's lies gain power as the townspeople, influenced by their Puritan beliefs, are more willing to believe her than listen to reason.

The motif of witchcraft as an invisible force heightens paranoia and fuels the hysteria in Salem.

The climax of the play reveals the dramatic irony of the court proceedings, where false accusations are treated as evidence.

Mary Warren's character arc illustrates the tragic consequences of mass hysteria on justice, as she succumbs to the pressure and participates in the lies.

Rebecca Nurse's tragic character arc represents the decay of justice in Salem, as a pious woman is accused and ultimately pays with her life.

Reverend Hale's statements highlight how blind fear can corrupt the justice system, leading to the acceptance of false allegations without evidence.

John Proctor's downfall as a round character with depth and complex emotions serves to encourage the audience to reflect on public hysteria.

The tearing of the paper by Proctor symbolizes the destruction of fair legal trials, suggesting that mass hysteria prevents justice from prevailing.

The play concludes with catharsis, providing the audience with an emotional release and an opportunity to reflect on the potential for hysteria in their own lives.

Miller's focus on hysteria may be a critique of the influence of ultra-religious sects on justice and a warning about the chaos that fear-driven political regimes can create.

Transcripts

in the crucible

neighbors suddenly turn on one another

and friends

accuse each other of practicing

witchcraft and demonic worship

the villagers of salem are willing to do

anything to shift the accusations of

witchcraft away from themselves

this all leads to you guessed it more

hysteria and fear

throughout the community

but salem isn't the only place where

people have experienced

hysteria and fear miller actually wrote

the crucible in response to the paranoia

of his own time

you might remember our lesson on context

where we discussed

mccarthyism and the red scare in 1950s

america

the political climate of america was

filled with suspicion and fear

people were being accused left right and

center of being communists

and they were even arrested without

solid evidence

miller therefore chose to use the salem

witch trials

as an allegory for the mass paranoia and

fear that accompany

a corrupt justice system that prosecutes

people without any solid evidence

remember an allegory is a story that

contains a moral teaching

or message

now let's take a moment to consider the

structure of the play

the crucible spans four acts but that

doesn't stop miller from borrowing

elements from

the classic five-act play structure

which is commonly found in shakespearean

dramas

a five-act play structure starts with an

exposition that sets the scene

moves on to the rising action and climax

then finishes with falling action and a

denumol

freitag's pyramid models this plot

development

and is a useful tool for analyzing

dramatic structure

you can find out more about the five-act

play structure

by viewing english essentials stage 4

destroying drama

lesson we'll also explain this in more

detail later

in the crucible miller squeezes these

elements

into four acts quickening the plot's

pace

and heightening the sense of hysteria

and fear

after an exposition in the overture

miller dives into the rising action

where the conflict develops he begins

the play

in medias rays this is a narrative

technique where

a story begins in the middle of the

action

in the crucible abigail and her friends

have already been caught dancing in the

forest

and betty paris is ill by building

tension from the start miller heightens

the emotional impact of the play on his

audience

here miller introduces a key question

where does hysteria come from what is

the source

of hysteria does it come from a selfish

instinct to protect ourselves

from judgment and harm

in act one abigail tries to cover up the

fact that she drank chicken blood

she was trying to place a curse on

elizabeth proctor

yuck to escape blame

for her own sinful actions her first

instinct

is to blame other women in the town in

the

dialogue abigail uses repeated

exclamations

in i saw sarah good with the devil

i saw goody osbourne with the devil i

saw bridget bishop with the devil

these exclamations add intensity

and a tone of desperation to the

dialogue

abigail will do just about anything to

escape being accused

of worshiping the devil through

abigail's predicament

miller introduces a key idea hysteria

and fear emerge

when people accuse others of crimes in

order to save themselves

from persecution

betty paris is also afraid of being

punished for dancing in the woods

her gestures or her physical movements

described in the stage directions

are wild and fearful she is

rising from the bed a fever in her eyes

but once she accuses martha bellows of

witchcraft

the stage directions reveal her sense of

great

relief by throwing others under the bus

betty feels less afraid even relieved

because she

is now safe from blame

as we can see miller highlights the

strong influence of fear on individuals

betty paradoxically feels less afraid

when she passes her fear onto others and

that

is what makes fear so contagious we want

to get rid of it

so we try to give it away to others

as we transition from act 1 to 2

a stage direction foregrounds the

contagious

and intense nature of hysteria and fear

as act 1 ends the stage direction states

on their ecstatic cries the curtain

falls

this stage direction cuts off the act at

a point of tension

building suspense for the audience and

leaving the echo of hysteria in their

minds

it also conveys the girl's crazed frenzy

and foreshadows the mass hysteria that

will spread

throughout the town

miller deliberately chooses to close the

act with a cliffhanger

instead of answering all our questions

he leaves the audience wanting more

again this heightens the audience's

anxiety in response

to the plays events

by the end of act one miller has an

insightful answer to his initial

question

what is the source of hysteria it seems

like it's fear and paranoia

along with a desire for

self-preservation

through the rising action the section of

the play where tensions start to boil

and conflicts are introduced miller

hints

at the cyclical nature of fear and

hysteria

people feel scared or paranoid so they

become hysterical and blame

others to defend themselves this

generates more fear

and then hysteria amongst the townsfolk

the people of salem

must pass on the blame or they'll be

next

as the rising action continues in act 2

miller suggests that hysterical

individuals often give power to the

wrong people

as fear spreads around salem the town's

people are far more willing to believe

abigail's lies

than listen to the voices of reason like

john proctor

in the courtroom elizabeth observes that

where abigail walks the crowd will part

like the sea

for israel this dialogue includes both a

biblical illusion

and a simile a biblical illusion is a

reference to the bible

while a simile is when something is

described as being

like something else

in this quote the biblical illusion

references a section of the old

testament

where the red sea of israel parts in

front of moses

by god's divine power miller

uses the biblical illusion and simile to

compare abigail

and moses he aligns abigail's lies with

a sense of

moral and religious righteousness it's

almost

as if god is assisting her just like god

assisted moses

hold on the villages of salem must be

crazy if they're treating abigail

like a prophet how could they give so

much power to a vengeful

teenage girl by exploiting the villagers

puritan beliefs abigail is able to

convince others of her lies

after all religious and ideological fear

can fuel mass hysteria

to recap everyone in salem was puritan

meaning they believed in a strict form

of christianity

puritans enter into a rigid relationship

with god

and maintain strong moral beliefs you

can find out more about

puritanism by viewing our lesson on the

theme of religion

this puritan ideology is very strict

reminding the villagers of the

ever-present threat of the devil

and witchcraft this is emphasized

in the motif of witchcraft as an

invisible force

a motif is an image or symbol that

appears throughout the text

as judge danforth reminds us in act 3

witchcraft is considered

an invisible crime later on

abigail accuses mary warren of summoning

an invisible

yellow bird that is stretching her claws

using this motif miller reveals that

since

supernatural forces are invisible it can

feel like witchcraft is

everywhere around you the puritan

townspeople

need to be on the lookout for these

invisible forces of evil

this makes them increasingly paranoid

fueling the hysteria

in salem

as we can see this fear drives us

towards the climax of the play

this is where the action reaches its

boiling point

the fear of communism acted similarly in

1950s america

mccarthyism fueled a strong

anti-communist sentiment

that led to the red scare the widespread

hysteria over the potential rise

of communism at the peak of mass

hysteria

people often lose their sense of reason

at the climax of the play in act 3 judge

danforth asks

do you know mr proctor that the entire

contention of the state in these trials

is that the voice of heaven is speaking

through the children

in this quote miller reveals the

dramatic irony

underlying all the court proceedings

dramatic irony arises when the audience

knows something that the characters on

stage

don't the audience sees how illogical it

is

to treat false accusations as real

evidence

we know that the authorities aren't

listening to the voice of heaven

they're actually listening to children's

lies

but many of the authority figures such

as

reverend hale and judge danforth are too

blinded by their own

rigid ideologies and fear to see things

rationally

it seems that hysteria surrounding the

threat of satan

combined with the threat of the death

penalty has

erased their sense of reason

another important example occurs during

act

3 when mary warren reveals that she

and the other girls were lying about the

existence of witches in salem

admitting that it were pretense sir

notice her tone of conviction and her

rational

understanding that she never saw no

spirits

but soon enough mary's fear of being

accused of witchcraft

overtakes her abigail and the other

girls

turn on her suddenly mary is accused of

sending out her spirit and

a wind a wind

deep down mary knows that abigail is

just acting

which we can see in the imperative or

command

abby don't do that she just wants

abigail

to stop the pretense even so

mary falls victim to the growing frenzy

the stage directions reveal that with a

hysterical cry

mary warren starts to run unfortunately

she can't outrun the mass hysteria

miller uses the stage direction mary

warren

utterly confounded and becoming

overwhelmed by abigail's

and the girl's utter conviction starts

to whimper

and all the girls begin whimpering

exactly as she does

eventually mary as though infected

opens her mouth and screams with them

these stage directions are symbolic of

the swift and contagious way that

hysteria spreads

as the paralyzing fear causes characters

like mary to become

sucked into the irrational frenzy

even though mary knows that abigail and

the others are lying

she eventually loses her wits under

pressure

and participates in the performance see

how miller is trying to say that

widespread hysteria destroys all reason

along with eroding reason mass hysteria

and fear

also erode justice in salem

we see that most poignantly in rebecca

nurse's character arc

which refers to her journey over the

course of the play

rebecca nurse is characterized or

depicted

as a devout christian who is revered in

salem

the general opinion of her character was

so high

that it would be ridiculous to accuse

her of witchcraft

as a static character a dramatic

character that does not change

throughout the course of the play she

represents absolute goodness

and purity however her character arc

is tragic as she is accused of

witchcraft

and ultimately pays with her life

as francis nurse reads that rebecca

has been charged for the marvellous and

supernatural murder of goody putnam's

babies

the stage directions highlight francis's

mocking

half-hearted laugh his reaction reflects

that of the audience because

the ridiculous charges against a pious

woman like rebecca

symbolize the decay of justice in salem

when authority figures like judge

hawthorne

and judge danforth fall victim to mass

hysteria and paranoia

they lose their reason and their ability

to tell the difference between right and

wrong

reverend hale emphasizes how blind fear

can completely corrupt

the justice system the accusers are

believed without any solid evidence or

proof

simply because everybody is so terrified

and paranoid this is shown in act

2 where hale states the devil is alive

in salem and we dare not quail to follow

wherever the accusing finger points

the accusing fingers are a metanym

for the accusers and their false

allegations

a metanym is a word or phrase that is

used as a substitute

for related things or ideas hail is

highlighting that the town is simply

heading

in whatever direction the accusers are

pointing towards

and not towards any real form of justice

it is corrupt justice that ultimately

leads to the demise of the protagonist

john proctor miller uses the

characterization of john proctor to show

that hysteria can lead to the tragic

downfall

of innocent individuals

john is a round character in other words

he's a well-developed character with

depth and complex emotions

think about it he's a respectable but

imperfect

christian he also has a family

and tries to be a good husband imploring

elizabeth to

look sometimes for the goodness in him

john is a character that the audience

can relate to

by establishing this connection miller

encourages his audience to reflect on

and criticize public hysteria in their

own lives

such as during the red scare in 1950s

america

that impacted innocent individuals

as we reach act four we arrive at the

falling action

and denim which is where most of the

action ends and the conflict starts to

resolve itself

after this roller coaster of emotions we

get to see the final outcome of all this

widespread hysteria and fear

john learns that the only way to save

himself from being hanged

is to publicly denounce his name and

confess that the devil is within him

on a sheet of paper

but john doesn't go down without a fight

miller enhances the emotional impact of

john's downfall

by giving him a moment of anagnorisis

which is when he realizes the true

nature of his situation

this is described in the stage

directions

hysterical at the lack of justice

proctor tears the paper

and crumples it weeping in fury

which inevitably leads to his hanging

in this way the tearing of the paper

becomes a symbol

for the destruction of fair legal trials

is miller suggesting that this mass

hysteria prevents justice from

prevailing

and ultimately is he asking the audience

who suffers as a consequence at this

point

the audience experiences catharsis which

is when they finally experience an

emotional release

often as a result of the main

character's death

once john dies miller gives the audience

time to reflect

how easily could they themselves become

victims of hysteria

after all john is just like them

ultimately mass hysteria and fear create

much of the tension and conflict

in the crucible along the way these

forces

cause chaos for any attempts at

rationality

and justice in salem

but why all this attention on hysteria

perhaps miller is referring to the ultra

religious sects of american life in the

1950s

and criticizing how a belief in the

supernatural

can come at the cost of human justice

perhaps he is simply showing us that

fear breeds fear

and that political regimes like

mccarthyism

which are premised on fear inevitably

descend into chaos

and the corruption of freedom and

justice

as you continue analyzing themes in this

course

try and pay attention to how a given

theme might

challenge or reflect the author's

context

and how this process of challenging or

reflecting values in the present day

might be a part of an author's or

playwright's

larger purpose

[Music]

we hope you enjoyed this schooling

online production

for more easy lessons on the crucible

check out our analysis of the theme of

religion