Biological Influences On Visual Perception
Summary
TLDRThe video discusses how people perceive colors differently due to biological, psychological, and social factors. Using examples like the viral debates over 'the dress' and the 'gray or pink shoe,' it explains how our visual perception is influenced by various conditions like presbyopia, cataracts, glaucoma, and color vision deficiency. The video emphasizes the complexity of the visual system, the impact of genetic and congenital visual disorders, and highlights the importance of being grateful for healthy vision.
Takeaways
- 👀 Visual perception varies significantly between people due to biological, psychological, and social influences.
- 👟 People saw a shoe as either gray and teal or pink and white, and a dress as either black and blue or white and gold, showing how perception differs.
- 🧠 Biological factors like the structure and condition of the visual system play a major role in how people see.
- 👴 As people age, conditions like presbyopia, cataracts, and floaters can affect vision.
- 🧬 Genetic factors contribute to many vision issues, such as myopia, hyperopia, strabismus, and amblyopia.
- 🎨 Color vision deficiency, often referred to as color blindness, is a genetically inherited disorder that affects how people perceive colors.
- 👓 Achromatopsia is a condition where a person lacks the ability to see colors at all, often due to damage to the visual system.
- 🌒 Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic disorder where protein growth causes rods and cones in the retina to die, leading to night blindness and loss of peripheral vision.
- 🔍 The Ishihara test is commonly used to detect color vision deficiencies.
- 🙏 Despite various visual disorders, many people can still appreciate the complex and incredible sense of sight.
Q & A
What are the three main categories of factors that affect how we perceive vision?
-The three main categories of factors that affect how we perceive vision are biological influences, psychological influences, and social influences.
What is chromatopsia and how does it differ from colorblindness?
-Chromatopsia is a condition where one might have partial or total absence of color vision, which is different from colorblindness where people have difficulty distinguishing between colors.
How does the eye's complexity contribute to potential vision problems?
-The eye's complexity means that any part of it can be affected, thus impacting vision. Conditions such as presbyopia, floaters, cataracts, AMD, and glaucoma can all affect different parts of the eye.
What is presbyopia and why does it become common in old age?
-Presbyopia is a condition where the lens of the eye loses elasticity and can't bend light as effectively, causing difficulty in focusing on near objects. It becomes common in old age due to the natural aging process of the eye.
What is floaters and how does it affect vision?
-Floaters are clumps of matter that appear as specks or spots in vision, caused by the deterioration of the vitreous humor in the eye. They affect vision by creating the appearance of moving spots or floaters in the field of vision.
Can you explain cataracts and how they impact vision?
-Cataracts are a condition where proteins in the lens break down, causing a cloudy spot in the lens and leading to blurred vision. They are common with aging, and can also be influenced by factors like smoking and poor diet.
What is AMD and how does it affect vision?
-AMD, or age-related macular degeneration, is a condition where grainy deposits form in the center of the retina, causing deterioration of central vision. People with AMD have a blurry spot in the middle of their vision, and it's one of the leading causes of vision loss.
What is glaucoma and why is it significant?
-Glaucoma is a condition that affects the optic nerve's ability to transmit visual information to the brain. It can lead to blindness if not addressed, and it's significant because it affects a large number of elderly people, including over 150,000 in Australia.
How do genetic factors influence inherited visual disorders?
-Genetic factors can lead to inherited visual disorders such as myopia, hyperopia, strabismus, amblyopia, glaucoma, and AMD. These conditions are passed down due to genetic factors.
What is color vision deficiency and why is it more common in men?
-Color vision deficiency is a genetically inherited disorder that affects how people perceive color. It is more common in men because it is caused by a mutation of a gene located on the X chromosome, and males have only one X chromosome, unlike females who have two.
What is the Ishihara test and how is it used?
-The Ishihara test is a famous type of color blindness test that uses a series of plates with colored dots to detect color vision deficiencies. People with normal color vision can discern numbers within the plates, while those with deficiencies may not see them or see them incorrectly.
What is retinitis pigmentosa and how does it affect vision?
-Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic visual disorder that affects the retina, causing the rods and eventually cones to die, leading to night blindness and loss of peripheral vision.
Outlines
👀 Perception and Biological Influences on Vision
The paragraph discusses how the perception of color can vary greatly among individuals due to biological, psychological, and social factors. It introduces the concept of color vision deficiency, which is different from colorblindness, and can occur due to trauma or genetic factors. The script then delves into the complexity of the eye and how age-related conditions such as presbyopia, floaters, cataracts, AMD, and glaucoma can affect vision. It also touches on the genetic predisposition to visual disorders and the difference between inherited and congenital conditions. The paragraph concludes with a discussion on color vision deficiency, explaining how it affects the perception of color and the genetic basis for this condition.
🌈 Genetic Visual Disorders and Appreciating Vision
This paragraph continues the discussion on genetic visual disorders, focusing on the severity of color vision deficiencies ranging from trichromacy to monochromacy. It uses the Ishihara test as an example to illustrate how color blindness can be detected. The paragraph also introduces retinitis pigmentosa, a condition affecting the retina that leads to night blindness and peripheral vision loss. The speaker encourages gratitude for good vision, emphasizing the importance of this sense and the need to appreciate it.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Biological influences
💡Achromatopsia
💡Color vision deficiency
💡Presbyopia
💡Cataracts
💡Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
💡Genetic visual disorders
💡Retinitis pigmentosa
💡Optic nerve
💡Ishihara test
Highlights
The viral debate over the color of the shoe (gray and teal vs. pink and white) and the dress (black and blue vs. gold and white) illustrates how people can perceive the same object differently.
Vision is influenced by three main categories: biological, psychological, and social factors.
A condition called achromatopsia can cause partial or total absence of color vision, distinct from colorblindness, which involves difficulty distinguishing colors.
Presbyopia, common in the elderly, is caused by the lens losing elasticity, making it difficult to focus on near objects. It's easily treated with glasses.
Floaters occur when the vitreous humor in the eye starts to crystallize, creating specks or spots in the field of vision, a common condition in old age.
Cataracts develop due to protein breakdown in the lens, resulting in cloudy or blurred vision. This often occurs with aging but can be influenced by smoking and poor diet.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causes blurry spots in the central field of vision due to deposits in the retina. It is a leading cause of vision loss without a known cure.
Glaucoma, affecting the optic nerve, can lead to blindness. It's often undiagnosed in elderly people, particularly in Australia where more than 150,000 elderly individuals are believed to have it.
Myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), strabismus (cross-eye), and amblyopia (lazy eye) are examples of genetic visual disorders passed down through inherited genes.
Congenital visual disorders like cataracts, glaucoma, and achromatopsia can be present at birth, with color vision deficiency being a common inherited condition.
Color vision deficiency, often called colorblindness, occurs when one or more of the cones responsible for detecting red, green, or blue light are affected, impacting color perception.
Trichromacy, dichromacy, and monochromacy describe different levels of color vision impairment, with monochromacy being the most severe, where no color is perceived.
The Ishihara test is a widely used method to diagnose color vision deficiency, featuring colored dots that form numbers visible to those without color blindness.
Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic disorder affecting the retina, leading to the deterioration of rods and cones, causing night blindness and eventual loss of peripheral vision.
Vision is an incredible sense, and those with functioning eyes should be grateful, as highlighted by the instructor at the conclusion of the lecture.
Transcripts
so a few years ago now there were a
couple of pictures that went around the
interwebs that got a lot of people
talking and of course I'm referring to
these two the question was very simple
what color are these items personally I
see the shoe as gray and teal and the
dress as black and blue but other people
swore that they saw a pink and a white
shoe I don't even know which bit they
were referring to and a gold and white
dress was seeing the same thing but
we're not actually seeing the same thing
I mean this whole thing is even assuming
that you can see the full range of
colors in the first place or that you
don't have vision impairment or that
you're from a culture where you even
recognize that this is a shoe and that
this is a dress we're all looking at the
same objects but how we interpret it
depends on so many things three main
categories of factors that affect how we
perceive vision are biological
influences psychological influences and
social influences we're gonna spend a
lesson on each of these things starting
with biological influences let's have a
look at how physiological makeup effects
fission
well since the thing that helps us see
is our visual system if any part of it
is damaged or deteriorates vision will
be compromised one example is a chroma
top sia a condition in which you might
have partial or a total absence of color
vision now this is different from
colorblindness which is where people
have difficulty distinguishing between
color but more on that soon a chroma top
Syria can occur because of trauma to
specific areas of the cortex or to the
neural pathways between the eye and the
brain speaking of the eye let's have a
quick look at it again even if just to
remind ourselves of how complex this
organ is pretty much any part of the eye
can be affected thus affecting vision as
well as well soon see one common example
of effective vision is with the elderly
many of you will know all the folk who
need reading glasses or who might
perhaps have had surgery for cataracts
with all age comes wisdom but
unfortunately a lot of other conditions
as well one reason why reading glasses
become so common in old age is because
of a condition called presbyopia which
is what happens when the lens starts to
lose elasticity and isn't able to bend
light as effectively anymore resulting
in the person having difficulty focusing
on near objects although this condition
is irreversible it's easily treated with
glasses or contact lenses having
floaters is another condition that
comes with old age which is winning a
clumps of matter that sort of a PS like
little specks or spots in your vision
and this happens when the vitreous humor
that's central sort of liquidy part of
the eye deteriorates starts to
crystallize cataracts is something else
that you may have heard of before this
is when you literally see like this
cloudy spot in the lens
this happens when proteins break down in
the lens and it causes vision to become
blurred and actually occurs with aging
although I'm pretty sure that's smoking
and having a poor diet are also factors
AMD or age-related macular degeneration
it's another condition in which you get
grainy deposits in the center of the
retina which causes a deterioration of
central vision
so people with AMD sort of have this
like blurry spot right in the middle of
their vision this is one of the leading
causes of vision loss in the world and
unfortunately at the moment has no known
cure and the last example is a condition
that actually affects the ability of the
optic nerve to transmit visual
information to the brain
it's called Gao coma and in Australia
more than 150,000 elderly people I
believe to have it often people don't
think too much of this which means it
doesn't get addressed and unfortunately
can lead to blindness all right the next
biological factor is a genetic so
obviously this is gonna include
inherited visual disorders which means
Commission's to get they get passed down
because of genetic factors it's a whole
bunch of examples here including myopia
or shortsightedness hyperopia or
farsightedness strabismus or cross eye
and amblyopia or lazy eye glaucoma and
AMD can also be partly genetic if you're
interested in how these conditions
affect the eye here's a little summary
but for our senior psychology syllabus
we don't exactly need to know how this
works now as well as inherited visual
disorders you can also have congenital
visual disorders that is something
that's present at birth so a few of the
things mentioned before a cataracts
glaucoma achromatopsia these can be
congenital as well including one of the
most possibly famous visual conditions
of all which is what happens when you
see this top image like that this
condition is known as color vision
deficiency which is a genetically
inherited disorder that affects how
people perceive color it's also known as
color blindness but that's not really
the correct term for it color vision
deficiency is much more common
men because this disorder is caused by a
mutation of a gene located on the X
chromosome because females have two X
chromosomes that's sort of a built-in
protective factor there whereas males
don't have that now this condition
occurs when one or more of the types of
cones in the retina are affected their
actually three types of cones that we
have in our eyes that sort of specialize
in detecting the three main colors of
light red green and blue and depending
on which type is effected that
determines what a color deficiency you
have and so if only one type of cone is
affected then we'll say that that person
has trichromacy that person would have
died chrome received who are affected
and if all three are affected this is
the most severe type then we would say
that's then we would say the person has
monochromacy then we would say that
person has monochromacy by the way if
you're wondering what's in this image
here it's actually nothing yeah just
that I put it there to scare you these
next four are not nothing however they
all contain a numbers which hopefully
most of you are able to see if you're
not it could be something in chat to a
doctor or optometrist about but over
here is the number six the number 12 in
this one twenty nine and seventy four
this is a very famous type of color
blindness test it's often called but
it's more accurately known as the
Ishihara test and the final example of a
genetic visual disorder is retinitis
pigmentosa as the name suggests this is
something that affects the retina and
occurs when protein growth causes rods
and eventually cones to start to die
this will obviously lead to a night
blindness because of the rods and
eventually loss of peripheral vision so
there was a summary of a whole bunch of
biological reasons why people might have
their vision affected but as I and I too
want to say that if your eyes are
working you know moderately well I think
we have so much to be thankful for
vision is such an incredible sense and I
know that I for one don't spend enough
time being thankful what I have
so yeah let's be thankful for our eyes
you
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