El nacimiento del Estado Moderno en 15 minutos
Summary
TLDREl texto describe el nacimiento del Estado Moderno entre los siglos XV y XVI, marcado por la concentración del poder en manos de los reyes europeos a través de la centralización de la autoridad territorial. Este proceso se vio favorecido por la crisis feudal y el surgimiento de la burguesía, que buscaba terminar su vasallaje feudal. Los reyes, como Luis XI y Francisco I de Francia, Carlos V y Felipe II de España, Enrique VII y Enrique VIII de Inglaterra, entre otros, fueron artífices de los primeros estados modernos y establecieron el Régimen Ancien, caracterizado por un sistema autoritario que perduró tres siglos. El texto también abarca el contexto de la crisis de la Edad Media, la recuperación económica, la llegada de la Renaissance y la Revolución Científica, y cómo la imprenta de Gutenberg y la Reforma Protestante influyeron en la transformación de la sociedad y la cultura europea. Finalmente, se mencionan los cambios económicos y la expansión europea que llevaron al capitalismo y la aparición de los primeros mercados de valores, así como la Reforma Protestante y su impacto en la Iglesia Católica y la sociedad europea.
Takeaways
- 🏰 El Estado Moderno surgió entre los siglos XV y XVI, marcado por la concentración del poder real a través de la centralización de la autoridad sobre las tierras.
- ⛓ La crisis feudal permitió a los reyes de Europa fortalecer su poder, ya sea mediante acuerdos con los señores feudales o la conquista de territorios.
- 👑 Los reyes obtuvieron el apoyo de la burguesía emergente, que buscaba terminar su vasallaje y superar a los señores feudales.
- 🌍 El mapa político de Europa experimentó cambios significativos, con una reducción en el número de reinos independientes y la consolidación de límites.
- 👑 Los monarcas con conciencia nacional, como Luis XI y Francisco I de Francia, Carlos V y Felipe II de España, entre otros, fueron artífices del primer Estado moderno.
- 🕊️ La crisis de la Edad Media en Europa dio paso a una recuperación económica y cultural, con el descubrimiento de Constantinopla y la llegada de eruditos griegos a Europa.
- 📚 La imprenta de Gutenberg fue crucial para la difusión del conocimiento y la propagación de las ideas del Renacimiento y la Revolución Científica.
- 🌟 El Renacimiento representó un cambio de mentalidad, poniendo al hombre en el centro del universo y valorando las alegrías terrenales.
- 🔬 La Revolución Científica transformó la visión medieval de la naturaleza y estableció las bases de la ciencia moderna, con figuras como Copérnico, Kepler y Newton.
- 🌐 El descubrimiento de América por Cristóbal Colón en 1492 y las expediciones posteriores de conquista y colonización cambiaron el curso de la historia mundial.
- 💰 La expansión europea y el mercantilismo fortalecieron a la burguesía comercial y financiera, dando lugar a la transición del feudalismo al capitalismo.
- ⛪ La Reforma Protestante, liderada por figuras como Lutero y Calvino, provocó un cisma en Europa y desencadenó guerras religiosas, al mismo tiempo que transformó la espiritualidad y la moral de la sociedad.
Q & A
¿Cuándo surgió el Estado Moderno en Europa?
-El Estado Moderno surgió entre los siglos XV y XVI, cuando los reyes de Europa aprovecharon la crisis feudal para centralizar su poder sobre sus tierras.
¿Cómo apoyaron los burgueses a los reyes en la formación del Estado Moderno?
-Los burgueses apoyaron a los reyes para deshacerse de los señores feudales con el fin de poner fin a su vasallaje y favorecer el comercio y el crecimiento económico.
¿Qué evento marcó el inicio de la Edad Moderna?
-La conquista de Constantinopla por los turcos, que significó el fin del Imperio Romano de Oriente, es uno de los eventos que los historiadores utilizan para determinar el comienzo de la Edad Moderna.
¿Cómo contribuyó la llegada de eruditos griegos a Europa después de la caída de Constantinopla al renacimiento de la filosofía clásica?
-Los eruditos griegos que huyeron a Europa, principalmente a Florencia, trajeron consigo su conocimiento grecolatino, lo que llevó a la rediscubrimiento de filósofos clásicos y a un cambio radical en la mentalidad europea.
¿Cómo se describe la actitud del hombre en la Edad Media frente a la vida terrenal y la vida eterna?
-En la Edad Media, los europeos estaban excesivamente preocupados por el más allá, convencidos de que la vida terrenal era un proceso para ganar acceso a la vida eterna, y vivían en el miedo a Dios.
¿Qué cambio significativo ocurrió en la visión científica del mundo con la teoría heliocéntrica de Copérnico?
-La teoría heliocéntrica, que sostiene que la Tierra y los planetas giran alrededor del Sol, significó una revolución auténtica que sacudió los cimientos sobre los que descansaba todo el conocimiento, reemplazando el modelo geocéntrico que había sido aceptado durante casi cinco milenios.
¿Cómo impactó la invención de la imprenta de Gutenberg en la difusión del conocimiento?
-La invención de la imprenta por Johannes Gutenberg en el siglo XV resultó en la diseminación masiva de todos los campos del conocimiento, siendo crucial para la propagación del conocimiento y un segundo instrumento clave de cambio en la historia humana.
¿Quiénes fueron algunos de los reyes que contribuyeron a la aparición de los primeros estados modernos?
-Entre los reyes que contribuyeron a la aparición de los primeros estados modernos se encuentran Luis XI y Francisco I de Francia, los Reyes Católicos en España, el Emperador Carlos V y su hijo Felipe II, Enrique VII y Enrique VIII en Inglaterra, Christian I de Dinamarca, Casimir IV de Polonia, Mateo Corvino de Hungría e Ivan III de Rusia.
¿Cómo describirían las relaciones de clases en el Régimen Ancien?
-Bajo el Régimen Ancien, la población pertenecía a la clase privilegiada, que incluía a la clerecía y la nobleza, o a las clases no privilegiadas, que consistían en la burguesía y el pueblo común.
¿Cómo transformaron los descubrimientos y la expansión europea la economía y las costumbres europeas?
-La conquista de América y la introducción de新产品如番茄、玉米、土豆、可可和烟草, junto con la fiebre de la plata y el oro, dieron un gran impulso a la economía europea y cambiaron sus costumbres. Además, la apertura del mundo a los europeos con la Era de los Descubrimientos llevó a la primera economía mundial y el surgimiento de los primeros mercados de valores, como los de Ámsterdam y Londres.
¿Cómo se describe la influencia de la Reforma Protestante en la creación de nuevas denominaciones religiosas y la división del poder de la Iglesia?
-La Reforma Protestante, liderada por figuras como Lutero y Calvino, provocó una transformación religiosa radical en Europa y la división del poder de la Iglesia entre diferentes denominaciones protestantes. Esto incluyó la creación de un nuevo cuerpo de sacerdotes que servían al señor del territorio y no a un Papa o Emperador extranjero.
Outlines
🏰 Nacimiento del Estado Moderno
El Estado Moderno surgió entre los siglos XV y XVI cuando los reyes de Europa aprovecharon la crisis feudal para centralizar su poder. Este proceso se logró a través de acuerdos con los señores feudales o mediante la conquista de territorios. Los reyes contaron con el apoyo de la burguesía, que buscaba terminar con la vassalidad de los señores feudales. La consolidación de los límites de los reinos y la aparición de monarcas con conciencia nacional llevaron a la formación de los primeros estados modernos bajo un sistema autoritario conocido como el Ancien Régime.
🌟 Renacimiento y Revolución Científica
La crisis de finales de la Edad Media en Europa dio paso a un período de recuperación y al Renacimiento, que se caracterizó por un reencuentro con la filosofía clásica y una valoración de las placeres terrenales. La humanística surgió como reacción al escolasticismo aristotélico y promovió un enfoque antropocéntrico. La llegada de ideas renacentistas a Europa, el avance en diversas disciplinas científicas y la invención de la imprenta por Gutenberg contribuyeron a la propagación del conocimiento y a la transformación de la visión medieval de la naturaleza, culminando con la teoría heliocéntrica de Copérnico y las Leyes de Kepler.
🌐 Descubrimiento de América y Transformación Económica
El descubrimiento de América en 1492 por Cristóbal Colón representó un punto de inflexión, ya que marcó el inicio de una era de conquistas y el encuentro de dos mundos que habían evolucionado en aislamiento. La llegada de las enfermedades europeas, como la viruela, tuvo un impacto devastador en las poblaciones indígenas. La competencia por las riquezas americanas entre las naciones europeas y el auge del mercantilismo dieron lugar a una transición del feudalismo al capitalismo, con el surgimiento de los primeros mercados de valores en Ámsterdam y Londres.
⛪ Reforma Protestante y Schisma Religioso
La Reforma Protestante, liderada por figuras como Martín Lutero y Juan Calvino, provocó un schisma en la Iglesia Católica y dio lugar a una transformación religiosa en Europa. Lutero, al publicar sus tesis en contra de la indulgencia, desencadenó un debate que sacudió a la cristiandad. La Reforma también llevó a la creación de nuevas denominaciones protestantes, como la Iglesia Anglicana, fundada por Enrique VIII de Inglaterra. La influencia de Calvinismo en la ética laboral y el ahorro contribuyó al prosperamiento de países protestantes. La Contrarreforma católica, impulsada por el Concilio de Trento, buscó abordar las crisis y reformas internas de la Iglesia y utilizar el arte barroco como herramienta de propaganda y control ideológico.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Estado Moderno
💡Burguesía
💡Renascimiento
💡Imprenta
💡Revolución Científica
💡Descubrimiento de América
💡Reforma Protestante
💡Contrarreforma
💡Ancien Régime
💡Capitalismo
💡Humanismo
Highlights
El Estado Moderno surgió entre los siglos XV y XVI, cuando los reyes de Europa aprovecharon la crisis feudal para centralizar el poder.
Los reyes obtuvieron el apoyo de la burguesía nacida, que buscaba terminar su vasallaje feudal.
La consolidación de límites y reducción de reinos independientes marca la ascensión de monarcas con conciencia nacional.
Los reyes gobernaron buscando mantener la corona, y se produjo una selección natural que dejó a las monarquías más fuertes.
El surgimiento del Ancien Régime, un sistema autoritario que definió la política europea por tres siglos.
La crisis de finales de la Edad Media incluyó hambrunas, la peste negra y desequilibrios económicos.
La conquista de Constantinopla por los turcos y la llegada de eruditos griegos a Europa marcan el inicio de la Edad Moderna.
El Renacimiento nace en Italia como una ruptura con la mentalidad medieval y un regreso a los valores de la Cultura Clásica.
La imprenta de Gutenberg en el siglo XV fue crucial para la difusión del conocimiento y la Revolución Científica.
La teoría heliocéntrica de Copérnico y el trabajo de Kepler desafiaron la visión geocéntrica y cambiaron la base del conocimiento.
Galileo fue investigado por la Inquisición por defender las ideas de Copérnico, lo que casi le costó la vida.
Isaac Newton publicó en 1687 los Principios Matemáticos de la Filosofía Natural, presentando la teoría de la gravedad.
La descubrimiento de América en 1492 por Cristóbal Colón representó el encuentro de dos mundos y el inicio de una era de conquistas.
La llegada de las enfermedades europeas, como la viruela, fue un factor clave en la conquista de América.
La expansión europea y el mercantilismo fortalecieron a la burguesía comercial y financiera, dando paso al capitalismo.
La Reforma Protestante liderada por Lutero desencadenó un gran debate y una transformación religiosa en Europa.
La imprenta fue clave para el éxito del protestantismo y la difusión de las ideas reformistas.
La Contrarreforma católica fue una respuesta a la Reforma Protestante, con el Concilio de Trento que reformó la iglesia y utilizó el arte barroco como propaganda.
El Estado Moderno se caracteriza por su autoritarismo, centralización y reconocimiento político, lo que favoreció el progreso económico.
Transcripts
The Modern State arose between the 15th and 16th centuries
when the kings of Europe took advantage of the feudal crisis to
concentrate their power by centralizing the power over their lands.
This process was achieved by agreeing with the feudal lords to receive
their lands in exchange for some privilege or by conquering the territories
through bloody wars.
The kings received the support of the recently created bourgeoisie that wanted to get rid of
the feudal lords in order to terminate their vassalage.
The European political map that had once resembled a multicolour political
mosaic with unstable edges, was about to experience changes.
The number of independent kingdoms began to shrink
and the limits began to consolidate.
This result was a consequence of the ascension of a series of monarchs
with a certain national conscience, who understood their rule
differently than their predecessors.
Louis XI and Francis I in France, the Catholic kings in Spain
and later Emperor Charles V and his son Philip II,
Henry VII and Henry VIII in England, Christian I of Denmark,
Casimir IV of Poland, Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, Ivan III of Russia.
They were the artifices of the appearance of the first modern states.
These kings governed as best as they could in order to keep the crown,
there was a kind of natural selection that affected
the final result.
The weakest monarchies disappeared.
Those that were able to survive inaugurated a new system of rule that would distinguish
the European political landscape for the next three centuries.
An authoritarian system that the historians call
the Ancien Régime.
The population belonged either to the privileged class, clergy and nobility,
or to the unprivileged estates, the bourgeoisie and the common people.
What was the background for the appearance of the Modern State?
At the end of the Middle Ages, there was an enormous crisis in Europe
with great famines.
The black plague had drastically reduced the population,
the economic imbalances affected all the sectors,
the vassal-lord bonds destabilized.
But beginning in 15th Century, the effects of the crisis began to diminish.
Europe began to experience a kind of recovery.
The conquest of Constantinople by the Turks meant the end of the
Eastern Roman Empire and is one of the dates that historians use
to determine the beginning of the Modern Age.
In Constantinople, the classics were well-known: Plato, Seneca,
Herodotus, Horace, etc.
While during the Middle Ages in Europe, they predominantly knew
Aristotle and, in addition, that was through Arabic translation.
When the learned of Constantinople who spoke Greek took refuge
in Europe, many of them in Florence, after the fall of the city,
and brought with them all their Graeco-Latin knowledge.
In Europe, they rediscovered the classical philosophers.
This would radically change the European mentality.
In the Middle Ages, the Europeans had been overly concerned with the great beyond,
convinced that earthly life was a process for gaining access to eternal life.
They lived in fear of God.
Man was freeing himself from these bonds throughout the Modern Age,
and began to value earthly pleasures.
Boccaccio’s Decameron became a paradigm
of the sexual freedom of the age.
Medieval theocentrism was replaced by anthropocentrism:
Man as centre of the universe.
Humanism arose as a reaction to the Aristotelian Scholasticism
of the Middle Ages.
Some humanists began to refer to their own age as a period of light
that ended the long night of the past.
Boccaccio and Petrarch were two prophets of what was to come.
Under the rule of the Medici, Florence became the cradle of the Renaissance.
A new Athens.
Florence saw visits from the architect Brunelleschi,
the architect and treatise writer Alberti, the sculptor Donatello,
the painter Rafael, and two absolute geniuses: Miguel Angel Buonarroti,
who mastered sculpure, painting and architecture
Leonardo da Vinci, painter, architect, scientist, inventor, musician and much more.
The Renaissance arose in Italy and meant a rupture with the medieval
mentality and a return to the values of the Classical Culture.
A zest for life, for the beauty of the human body.
The Renaissance man freed himself and turned his view toward the Classical Age,
to Greece and to Rome.
From Italy, the ideas of the Renaissance quickly reached the rest of Europe,
producing an aesthetic of rebirth. This new outlook was reflected
in the arts, but also in all fields of knowledge:
science, philosophy, politics.
The invention of the printing press in the 15th century by Johannes Gutenberg
resulted in widespread dissemination of all the branches of knowledge.
This invention was crucial to the propagation of knowledge.
Without a doubt, we are before a second key tool of change
in human history.
Advances in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy,
chemistry and medicine transformed medieval visions about
nature and laid the foundations of modern science.
A scientific Revolution occurred that began with Nicholas Copernicus
and his heliocentric theory.
Later, an enthusiast of the ideas of Copernicus, Johannes Kepler,
defined the elliptical orbits that the planets followed
around the Sun.
For nearly five millennia the geocentric model of the Earth
as centre of the universe was accepted by practically the entire world.
The heliocentric model, which states that the Earth and the planets move
around the Sun, meant an authentic revolution and shook the foundations
upon which all knowledge rested.
The bold heliocentric hypothesis clashed
with the Holy Scriptures.
The Court of the Holy Inquisition investigated Galileo for defending
the claims of Copernicus and it nearly cost him his life.
The scientific Revolution culminated with Isaac Newton.
In 1687, he published his most important work:
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
In this work, he presented the theory of gravity,
inspired by an event that occurred years before while he was meditating
under the shade of an apple tree when a fruit fell from the tree.
Humanism and the invention of the printing press were the first two tools
of change, activated by the Modern Age, and they brought with them
the Renaissance and a scientific Revolution.
The third tool was the discovery of America in 1492.
Christopher Columbus, in his desire to find a new route
. to the Indies, ran into a new continent, unknown
to the eyes of Europe: America.
This event entailed the encounter of two worlds that had evolved
in isolation.
An era of conquests began in the name of the Catholic faith.
A small group of Spaniards put the Aztec Empire in check
with Hernán Cortés at the front. The Spaniards allied themselves
with the local tribes that the great Moctezuma had subjugated.
Cortés brought horses and vastly superior weapons, but the most powerful
weapon that his men brought with them was invisible to the human eye:
smallpox and other illnesses.
The Europeans were already immune to these pathogenic agents;
however, the indigenous people were not.
When Pizarro arrived to Peru, the illnesses had already arrived
to the region and had decimated the population.
Smallpox really was the biological weapon that conquered America.
To begin with, the Spaniards and Portuguese portioned out
the New World in the Treaty of Tordesillas.
But the remaining European nations wanted a piece of that pie
and later also took to the conquest.
Gold and silver fever hit.
All of Europe grew enormously, thanks to the riches of America. In addition
to gold and silver, the conquest gave rise to the importation of new
agricultural products unknown in Europe, such as the tomato, maize,
the potato, cacao and tabacco, which had a great impact
upon the economy and European habits.
The commercial and financial bourgeoisie benefitted from mercantilism
and the European expansion subsequent to the Age of Discovery.
During the Modern Age, this would result in
a transition from feudalism to capitalism.
The opening of the world to the Europeans with the Era of Discovery
brought with it the first world economy.
The first Stock Markets appear such as those in Amsterdam and London.
The Amsterdam Stock Market was founded in 1602 by
the Dutch East India Company
and operated with stocks and bonds, and published a weekly bulletin
that was used as a reference when executing
purchase orders.
The privileged companies took monopolistic control of routes
and products, and the commercial and financial classes were strengthened
with the birth of the Modern State.
mainly in those with a protestant mentality, as we’ll see later.
The fourth tool of change that enormously affected the course
of events and the advances of the age was the Protestant Reformation
initiated by Luther. During the final years of the Medieval Age,
a great crisis had emerged in the Catholic Church
due to numerous accusations of ecclesiastical corruption
and a lack of religious piety.
To finance the construction of the Basilica of Saint Peter in Rome
the sale of indulgences took off. Indulgences didn’t pardon sin
but they reduced the years that the sinners had to spend in purgatory
before entering the Kingdom of Heaven.
The Catholic Church began to traffic with the sentiments of the faithful.
In 1517, a German monk, Martin Luther, hung a document on the door of
Wittenberg Palace Church, in which he presented theses against the Catholic
doctrine of the indulgences. Although such a heroic act is not so clear.
The result was a debate that turned Christianity on its ear.
The reaction from Rome was swift; the Pope firmly condemned Luther's
theses with a counterproductive effect that only resulted in
. more publicity for the German. He clashed not only with the Pope,
but also with the recently crowned Emperor. Charles V also wanted to put affairs in order
with Luther. The Emperor demanded that Luther
retract his doctrines, but Luther only acknowledged the word of the
Holy Scriptures. He made the Bible the only
criterion for determining any matter related to faith.
The clerical caste thus lost its role as intermediary between
God and man. Luther was a heretic, and as such,
was declared an outcast. The printing press was the secret to the success
of Protestantism. In Europe, millions of copies of
the reformists ideas were produced annually.
Luther was the most prolific author, but there were more Protestant writers.
Europe would suffer a radical religious transformation and the power of the Church
would be divided among different Protestant denominations.
The evidence demonstrates that Luther did not destroy the Church, but rather
created another. Luther neither stopped being a cleric, nor reduced their numbers,
he simply created a new priestly body, except now
that body of pastors only served the lord of the territory,
who gave them food, and not to a foreign Pope or to an Emperor
with similar interests. The new modern states demanded
more independence from the Roman Catholic Church.
The king of England, Henry VIII, also severed his ties with Rome
and founded the Anglican Church. The reason was that the king wanted to annul
his marriage to Catalina of Argon, daughter of the Catholic kings
and aunt to Charles V. The Pope of Rome, Clemente VII, opposed
the annulment of their marriage. The monarch’s response was
to break with Catholicism and establish himself as supreme leader of a new church.
The Church of England.
The Anglican Church shares many similarities with the Catholic Church,
but it does not depend on Rome.
After the death of Luther, the thought of John Calvin gained momentum and
became predominant among reformists. Calvin was a follower of the ideas
of Luther and converted the city of Geneva
into a theocratic and totalitarian state.
The pastors became the morality police and the travellers were
amazed to find that the city had no theft, nor prostitutes,
nor murders, nor luxuries, nor alcohol, nor dances, nor vices of any kind.
It’s necessary to remember at this point that the Catholic Church strongly
condemned the charging of interests, censuring this practice with the name
of usury. In Catholic Spain, in fact, manual
labour was something dishonourable, for lesser folk, the men of honour
only bloodied their hands in the war. For that reason, many noblemen preferred poverty
over having to work.
However, in the countries of northern Europe, where
Calvinist morality extended to, work dignified man.
And merchant or lender ended up being an honourable occupation,
a morality consecrated to the capital. Thus, these countries prospered
and became rich. And it’s not unreasonable to say that
for this reason, the Protestant countries are more hard-working, more austere
and thriftier than the Catholic countries.
Calvinism extended not only throughout Europe, but migratory
movements also took Calvinism to North America.
The English puritans who travelled on the Mayflower,
the French Huguenots, the Dutch colonists of New Amsterdam,
later called New York, and the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians
from the Appalachian mountains. The Calvinist colonists were also
the first Europeans that colonized South Africa, later
known as Boers or Afrikaners.
The Protestant Reformation led by Lutherans, Calvinists and Anglicans
had unleashed a European schism that translated into bloody religious wars
In France, Calvinists Huguenots were persecuted.
On the night of Saint Bartholomew, in Paris, the French king had more than
3,000 Huguenots executed. The killings spread throughout the country
In a few days, the Catholic Church had claimed more victims than were claimed by
the Court of the Holy Inquisition in its entire history.
Tensions between Catholics and Lutherans also unleashed
the Thirty Years' War, which in principle had a religious
trigger and ended up becoming a European war in which
. the great powers tried to find their hegemony.
The European Catholic congregation had been drastically reduced.
The damage caused by the Reformation was enormous. The Catholic Church needed
a Counter-Reformation that would bring order and put a stop to the coming calamities
committing for some time and that would provide an answer to the Protestant Reformation.
In the city of Trent, a Council was held that implied a kind of catharsis
for the church. The clergy was put to rights,
. some abuses were eliminated and the administration was reformed.
In addition, forms of propaganda were devised to attract the faithful and propagate the faith.
Art was used as a vehicle of expression for the greater glory of God
and of the church. Baroque art was born. A twisted, dramatic, exaggerated art
that abuses ornament. Baroque art triumphed throughout Europe, even in the
Protestant area, and proved to be an attractive mechanism of propaganda
and ideological control.
We have clearly seen that the Modern State had identity, it was organized,
structured and authoritarian. The power was centralized and was politically
recognized. Authoritarianism put an end to the civil wars, guaranteeing
an internal peace that favoured economic progress, with the
expansion of new markets and commercial routes that opened
after the encounter with the new continent. A new mentality also flourished,
a more open, and definitely more modern concept,
that would culminate in the 18th Century with the Illustration.
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