Yawp WWI three
Summary
TLDRThe video script discusses the aftermath of World War I, focusing on President Wilson's peace negotiations and the Treaty of Versailles. It highlights Wilson's 14 Points for a new world order, the challenges of repatriating soldiers, and the economic struggles post-war. It also addresses the Red Summer of 1919, race riots, the Red Scare, and the overlooked Spanish flu pandemic, which had a higher death toll than the war itself.
Takeaways
- 🕍 The Treaty of Versailles was a complex agreement filled with compromises, reflecting the varying interests of the involved parties.
- 🌍 Post-WWI, there was a significant reorganization of territories, especially in the Middle East and Africa, with new nations emerging and old empires collapsing.
- 🏛️ President Wilson's 14 Points outlined a vision for a new world order, emphasizing self-determination, reduced armaments, and the creation of the League of Nations.
- 💵 Germany was burdened with heavy reparations after the war, which had profound economic implications and set the stage for future conflicts.
- 🛑 The United States Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles, including the League of Nations, due to concerns over American sovereignty and international entanglements.
- 🏥 The 'Red Summer' of 1919 saw a surge in race riots across America, reflecting heightened tensions and social unrest following the return of black soldiers from WWI.
- 🚨 The 'Red Scare' post-WWI was marked by a widespread fear of communism and a crackdown on leftist and labor organizations by the U.S. government.
- 🤒 The 1918 flu pandemic, often referred to as the Spanish flu, resulted in a higher death toll than the war itself, highlighting the devastating impact of global health crises.
- 🛂 The flu pandemic underscored the importance of public health measures, as cities that enforced strict controls like mask-wearing fared better.
- 🏙️ Post-war economic challenges included high unemployment and inflation, as millions of soldiers returned home and the economy struggled to adjust.
Q & A
What significant event occurred in November 1918 that is mentioned in the script?
-The significant event that occurred in November 1918 was the end of World War I.
Why was President Wilson's visit to Europe after WWI notable?
-President Wilson's visit to Europe was notable because he was the first American President to go abroad in such a manner, reflecting a shift from the previous isolationist stance of the United States.
How was President Wilson received by the European public when he arrived in Europe after WWI?
-President Wilson was given a hero's welcome by the European public, who saw him as an American savior that could remake the world order.
What was the Treaty of Versailles, and why was it significant?
-The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty that ended World War I, and it was significant because it established the terms for peace and included compromises that affected the world order post-war.
What were some of the key outcomes of the Treaty of Versailles?
-Key outcomes included the demilitarization of Germany, reparations to be paid by Germany, the establishment of new nations in Europe, and the division of territories in the Middle East and Africa among European powers.
What were President Wilson's '14 Points' and how did they differ from the Treaty of Versailles?
-Wilson's '14 Points' were a set of principles for peace that included ideas such as self-determination, disarmament, and the creation of the League of Nations. They differed from the Treaty of Versailles in that they were more idealistic and less punitive towards Germany.
Why did the United States Senate reject the Treaty of Versailles?
-The Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles because they believed it gave away too much American power and sovereignty, and they were concerned about the implications for American autonomy in international affairs.
What was the economic impact of the end of WWI on the United States?
-The end of WWI led to high unemployment and inflation in the United States as millions of soldiers returned home, creating a sudden influx of workers into a job market that could not absorb them all.
What was the 'Red Summer' of 1919, and how was it related to returning black soldiers?
-The 'Red Summer' of 1919 was a period of racial violence and race riots across America. It was related to returning black soldiers because they had served their country but returned to find that little had changed in terms of racial equality, leading to increased tensions and militancy.
What was the 'Red Scare' after WWI, and how did it affect the United States?
-The 'Red Scare' was a widespread fear of communism and radical leftist ideologies, spurred by the Russian Revolution and a series of anarchist bombings. It led to the arrest and jailing of people with leftist political beliefs, including labor organizers and immigrants.
How did the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 compare to the impact of WWI in terms of deaths?
-The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 resulted in more deaths than the battlefield, with estimates suggesting that over 116,000 Americans died from the flu compared to 53,000 who died in battle.
Outlines
🌍 Post-WWI Negotiations and Wilson's Vision
The paragraph discusses the aftermath of World War I, focusing on President Wilson's role in negotiating peace. It highlights his controversial legacy, with contemporary views tending to criticize his racist ideas rather than his contributions to the war's end. Wilson's journey to Europe, where he received a hero's welcome, is contrasted with the cynicism of European statesmen who were more focused on their own interests post-war. The Treaty of Versailles is described as a compromise, with Wilson not getting everything he wanted, including the establishment of colonies and the division of territories in the Middle East and Africa. The paragraph also touches on the creation of new nations in Europe, Germany's reparations, and the demilitarization of the country. Wilson's 14 Points are mentioned as a blueprint for a new world order, emphasizing his optimism and the contrast with the angry and vengeful sentiments of the Allies.
🗽 Wilson's 14 Points and the Senate Rejection
This section delves into Wilson's 14 Points, a set of principles for a lasting peace after World War I. It contrasts the optimism of these points with the harsh realities of the Treaty of Versailles, which included reparations that Wilson did not endorse. Despite Wilson's efforts, the Treaty was not well-received by the U.S. Senate, which rejected it due to concerns over American sovereignty and the influence of the proposed League of Nations. Wilson's disappointment is palpable as he had hoped this would be his legacy. The paragraph also covers the economic challenges faced by the U.S. after the war, including high unemployment and inflation, as well as the social issues faced by returning black soldiers who did not find the changes they had hoped for upon their return.
🔥 The Red Summer of 1919 and the Red Scare
The third paragraph covers the social unrest and racial tensions in the U.S. following World War I, known as the Red Summer of 1919. It discusses the Great Migration of African Americans from the South to the North, increased competition for jobs and housing, and the rise in militancy among returning soldiers who felt disrespected. The Chicago Riot is highlighted as a significant event, sparked by the death of a black man at the hands of a white man, which led to widespread rioting and property destruction. The Red Scare is also mentioned, reflecting a broader fear of communism and radicalism, leading to the arrest and imprisonment of individuals based on their political beliefs. This period was marked by government actions against perceived threats, including a series of anarchist bombings.
😷 The Spanish Flu Pandemic
The final paragraph addresses the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, drawing parallels to more recent global health crises. It discusses the flu's impact, which was more deadly than the war itself, with a higher death toll particularly among young and healthy individuals. The pandemic is noted for its two waves, with the second wave being particularly lethal. The term 'Spanish flu' is explained as a result of Spain's openness about the outbreak during wartime censorship. The paragraph concludes with a historical photograph of soldiers wearing masks, emphasizing the cyclical nature of pandemics and societal responses.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Armistice
💡President Wilson
💡Isolationism
💡Treaty of Versailles
💡Colonies
💡Reparations
💡Demilitarization
💡League of Nations
💡Red Summer
💡Red Scare
💡Spanish Flu
Highlights
The war ended in November 1918, leading to negotiations for peace and a new world order.
President Wilson was the first American president to visit Europe, reflecting a shift from American isolationism.
Wilson is a controversial figure, criticized for his racist ideas and his actions during and after WWI.
In 1919, Wilson was welcomed as a hero in Europe, seen as a savior who could remake the world order.
European statesmen were more cynical about Wilson's idealistic views on a new world order.
The Treaty of Versailles was a compromise, with no country getting everything they wanted.
The Ottoman Empire's collapse led to new territories being claimed by European powers.
New nations were created in Europe, particularly for countries seeking autonomy from the Austrian-Hungarian empire.
Germany had to pay reparations for the war, affecting its post-war economy.
Germany was also forced to demilitarize, losing its powerful standing army.
Wilson's 14 Points outlined a vision for a new world order with less armament and the creation of the League of Nations.
The Treaty of Versailles was rejected by the US Senate, crushing Wilson's dream of a League of Nations.
The return of troops post-war led to economic challenges, including high unemployment and inflation.
Black soldiers returning from WWI faced continued discrimination and were not treated as heroes.
The 'Red Summer' of 1919 saw 25 race riots across America due to tensions over jobs and housing.
The Red Scare post-WWI was marked by a fear of communism and government crackdown on radical groups.
The flu epidemic of 1918, known as the Spanish flu, killed more people than the war itself.
The Spanish flu was named so because Spain was the only country to admit to the epidemic during WWI.
Cities that implemented strict measures like masks and social distancing fared better during the flu epidemic.
Transcripts
so the war ends of in November of
1918 now it's time to negotiate the
peace and to see what happens next what
will the world look like now that this
global conflict is is
over at the end of the war President
Wilson went to Europe he was the first
American President to go abroad in this
way I guess that shows how isolationist
we were that American president stayed
in America so he was the first one to go
to
Europe he's a controversial figure today
I may post some articles for you to
write essays on I think today he is not
much respected uh that he's viewed more
for his racist ideas than for what he
did during and after World War I uh I
I'll give you the opportunity to think
about what his legacy
is but back we'll put ourselves back in
the shoes of people in 1919
Wilson goes to Europe and he gets a
hero's welcome that those crowds that
weren't there for his first
inauguration they are there in Europe to
welcome him when he arrives young people
average people in Europe they see him as
an American savior that he's going to
remake the world order and he has ideas
for a lasting peace people are very
excited to see
him European
Statesmen are not as
excited they're more cynical and jaded
and they have a set of interests what
they want in this treaty now that the
war is over they're angry the war was
fought on their so on their soil the war
consumed their young men and they don't
have this
idealistic detached version of what a
new world order should look like so what
was in the Treaty of vers I'll just give
you a few highlights the first thing
I'll tell you is that it was full of
compromises that Wilson didn't get
everything he wanted no one country got
everything they wanted so we had to
figure out how to hammer hammer out a
compromise the second thing I'll tell
you is there were still colonies but the
colonies were different than they had
been that the Ottoman Empire collapsed
and so there was territory in the Middle
East and in Africa that now wasn't under
anyone's control that it was territory
and so it was free for the new European
Victorious European powers to claim and
they quick did claim territories
particularly in the Middle East and
divided it up in ways that made sense to
them the Europeans but didn't often
reflect what people look like who live
there that different ethnic groups and
cultural group groups were split up as
uh areas were divided between the French
and the British after the
war there were new nations after the war
you'll get a glimpse of that in a moment
when we show the slide about Wilson's 14
points particularly there were new
nations in Europe and countries that had
wanted autonomy and didn't want to be
part of the Austrian Hungarian empire
were were given their own Nations
sometimes borders were just adjusted but
sometimes new nations were created
partic particularly in
Europe Germany had to pay reparations
keep this in mind this is going to come
back to haunt us later Germany didn't
have to put just its own country back
together after the war and deal with the
economic dislocation of the war but it
had to pay damages for what happened
during the war particularly to France
and Belgium where the war was fought not
much of the war was fought on Germany in
fact the Germans were surprised to learn
they'd lost the war because the
reporting they were getting back in the
newspapers sounded good and the war
wasn't fought in Germany so there wasn't
a lot there weren't a lot of firsthand
accounts of what was happening so
Germany had to pay reparations
think of the effect that's going to have
on the German
economy and finally something that I
think makes sense is that Germany had to
demilitarize that they'd had this
powerful Army they'd had a huge standing
army Before the War part of what made
them so brave about invading other
countries they weren't going to have
that anymore they were
demilitarized I want to give you a
chance to look at Wilson's 14 Points
I'll post this in the module too so you
can read it more at your leisure but to
give you an idea of what he wanted the
optimism that he had after the war that
while the Allies who were writing the
Treaty of Versa were angry and they
wanted revenge on Germany they wanted
Germany to take responsibility for
starting the war and say that they were
guilty and at fault Wilson's ideas are
different some of them are very concrete
you can see that they they restore
territory that was conquered to its
original sovereign
uh you see that the new nations are
carved out in Europe so there are more
new independent
countries you don't see this anger and
this demand for reparations but you do
see a desire for a new world order that
he calls for fewer armaments from all
countries like arms control something
we're going to hear about again later in
the 20th century and he calls for this
create the creation of this new body
called the League of Nations and through
this League of Nations conflict is
supposed to be settled peacefully so
there's not another
War you look at the optimism in the 14
points Wilson returns to the US
physically exhausted from the effort of
fighting and trying to
negotiate probably from the trip itself
as well and he presents this Treaty of
Versa to the Senate it's it's not
exactly what he wanted those reparations
have been put in and the Europeans have
forced him to accept some compromises
but it's a treaty and the war is over
and he did manage to preserve this idea
of a League of Nations that he's very
proud of and he wants the United States
to adopt he takes it to the
Senate and the Senate rejects it you may
recall that the Senate has to approve
treaties that the president can't go
around the world willy-nilly signing
treaties and entering into agreements
with other countries he can propose them
he can write them but then he has to
bring them home for Senate approval so
he brings this one home and it's a
dud the
problem Senators think it gives away too
much American power too much American
sovereignty they argue what if we the
United States get in some sort of a
conflict and we can't just decide it
ourselves I mean we're a powerful Nation
now we're going to have to go to this
League of Nations and they're going to
figure out what's right what if
something happens in Latin America
America this zone of
Interest we can't just decide it
ourselves we're going to have to take
this to the Europeans and let them have
a word the Senate rejected
it Wilson was crushed he couldn't
believe that this dream that this idea
this plan that he thought would be his
great legacy wasn't approved he tried to
go directly to the American people and
sell it to us and got on a train and
traveled around the country and and
tried to drum up
support this was too much for him he was
not in great health and he suffered a
stroke um the treaty never passed the
United States never joined the League of
Nations the first priority of ordinary
people getting the troops home the
troops wanted to come home their
families wanted them to come home and
people wanted to get on with their lives
they came home all at once there wasn't
a lot of preparation for what would
happen on their return and uh the
economy suffered this huge influx of of
men who had been away or men whose job
had been the Army came home and remember
it was like four million men who served
in the Army another 800,000 in other
branches of the service they came home
they wanted jobs and there weren't
enough jobs unemployment
skyrocketed inflation also increased
again the economy had been revved up we
we're producing not just the consumer
goods we need but we were producing
battleships and uh Munitions and so it
had been artif artificially um
hyperactivated and so prices were high
during the war itself Wilson had managed
to get unions and manufacturers to agree
to hold prices down for example unions
not to go on strike during the war so
when the war was over those artificial
controls I guess you could can think of
is that self-control was over and so
unemployment went up and inflation went
up the economy was in terrible situation
immediately after the
war and those black soldiers who had
volunteered who' gone to serve their
country often ending up in menial jobs
some people able to go abroad and serve
in France they came home and nothing had
changed nothing had changed for them
they weren't treated like soldiers they
weren't treated as
Patriots they were treated just as they
had been
before another consequence of black
soldiers returning home was something
called the red summer of 1919 I
shouldn't say it's a consequence of that
these were tensions that had been
building but came to a head that summer
after the
war there were 25 race riots Across
America that
summer the reasons behind it well some
of it was as I've listed The Great
Migration there had been a steady move
from black people to the from the south
to the North in order to get jobs and in
order to be treated more civil to be
treated more like
equals after the war there there was
greater competition for jobs there was
greater competition for housing there
weren't enough jobs and there wasn't
enough housing for these incoming troops
uh which made tensions greater and
certainly The Men Who came home after
serving had a greater sense of militancy
that they felt like they had done their
Duty and now they weren't being treated
with respect so small small and large
events quickly turned into riots the
Paradigm I'll say was the Chicago Riot
that took place that summer a young
black man was swimming in Lake Michigan
and he drifted from what was considered
to be the white part of the lake in
which you could swim or from the black
part of the lake in which you could swim
he drifted over into the white part
when that happened a white man who was
watching stoned him to death and he
drowned black people who saw it happen
were angry and they went to the police
and said look what that man did he
killed this boy who was swimming and the
police did
nothing that's what sparked black anger
in this incident and there was rioting
in the end a thousand black people were
left homeless as Apartments were burned
down and 38 people were dead eventually
the city had to call in the state
militia in order to quiet the riot which
lasted for 13
days there was a Red Scare after the end
of World War I what do I mean by Red
Scare I mean a fear of communism a fear
that there were that there had been a
Revolution in Russia and now this
Revolution was going to spread across
the world including in the United States
part of what uh led to the scare was a
series of anarchist bombings that took
place including one bomb that was sent
by mail to who was then the Attorney
General of the United States Mitchell
Palmer uh Palmer escaped unscathed but
he was angry and he wanted to Target the
radical groups who had set these bombs
sent one to his house and set one in
other places I think primarily in New
York City uh so they began to arrest
people who were not just the bombers who
had taken some action that violated the
law but to arrest people who were in
leftist or labor organizations just for
the act of being in the
organization uh so it was a period when
America was afraid of Communism and the
government was actively arresting and U
jailing people who held political
beliefs with which we didn't
agree there were also some spontaneous
uh outbursts against immigrants and
against labor organizers not by the
government but by communities because
this fear this fear of a coming
Revolution was so
widespread there was another event that
took place during this time period one
that for a long time histories of World
War I overlooked and that was the flu
epidemic that took place it's often
called the Spanish flu or the the flu of
1918 I think this is something we're
particularly interested in since we've
just lived through a global pandemic so
it this story is being told again and we
as people who've experienced a pandemic
are more interested in
it this flu killed more people than the
battlefield did remember I gave you
numbers for how many Americans died in
battle and I think it was 53,000 but
then the total number of deaths I think
was something like
116,000 those other deaths which was a
higher number than during battle that
was from the flu it was an extremely
deadly wave of flu it came in two waves
the first wave one author has documented
started at an army training camp in
Kansas and behaved like a particularly
virulent version of regular flu that it
mostly struck the elderly and children
uh the death rate wasn't unusually high
and then it moved on but then there was
a second wave of that flu and this one
seemed to Target young people soldiers
people in the prime of life and in good
health and it killed them with extreme
rapidity and it spread extremely quickly
this second wave of flu had the much
higher death toll this this flu was
called the Spanish Flu not because it
originated in Spain everybody wants to
think that but because the only country
that would admit that there was a flu
epidemic was Spain
that this flu was spreading during World
War I there were controls over what the
media could report and no country wanted
to admit that there was flu killing
young people running rampant in the
country so it got named the Spanish flu
because Spain was the only country that
would admit that there was a flu
epidemic cities that cracked down
quickly that made people wear masks that
made them stay home that made them stop
spitting as you see in the poster they
did better
cities that didn't do anything or that
were caught unaware suffered massive
losses and I leave you with this picture
it looks like it's from Spring of 2020
but really it's from 1918 and you see
soldiers wearing masks trying to prevent
from getting the flu
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