Mysteries of the Church: Christian Denominations

Summary

This episode of 'Mysteries of the Church' explores the historical divisions within Christianity, from early New Testament disputes to the Great Schism of 1054 and the Protestant Reformation. It discusses how cultural, political, and theological differences led to the formation of various denominations, including Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant churches. The program also touches on the impact of the Crusades, the rise of nationalism, and the Council of Trent. It emphasizes the ongoing need for dialogue and unity among Christians despite their differences.

Takeaways

• 📖 Christianity was meant to be unified, but throughout history, divisions have led to different branches of the faith.
• 📝 The early church fathers envisioned a unified Christian community, but even in the New Testament, divisions were beginning to emerge.
• ✝️ Three main branches of Christianity emerged: Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant, each with their own beliefs and structures.
• 🔍 The issue of authority, particularly the role of the Pope, remains a major point of division within Christianity.
• 📜 The Great Schism of 1054 between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches was rooted in political, cultural, and theological differences.
• ⚔️ The Crusades exacerbated the division between the Eastern and Western churches, particularly after the attack on Constantinople.
• 📅 The Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, led by figures like Martin Luther, further splintered Western Christianity, challenging Catholic authority and practices.
• 🏛️ Nationalism and political independence contributed to the rise of Protestantism, with many regions breaking away from the control of the papacy.
• 💔 Protestantism continued to splinter into various denominations, often driven by differences in biblical interpretation and authority.
• 🕊️ Despite historical divisions, there is hope for greater unity among Christians, though significant theological and structural challenges remain.

Q & A

What is the main reason for the division among Christians according to the script?

The main reason for the division among Christians is disagreement over the interpretation of the Bible and the nature of the scriptures, which has led to endless division and confusion among Jesus's followers.

What is the significance of the year 1054 in the history of the Christian Church?

The year 1054 is significant because it marks the Great Schism, which was a severe split between the Eastern (Greek Orthodox) and Western (Roman Catholic) branches of the church, largely due to political and cultural differences.

How did the Crusades contribute to the division within Christianity?

The Crusades added a complicating factor to the division within Christianity, especially when they attacked Constantinople, which created a barrier that was very difficult to overcome.

What is the role of the Pope in the Catholic Church according to the script?

The Pope, as the bishop of Rome, is seen as having a unifying authority with special judicial authority to decide questions that are conflicted at other levels of the church.

What was Martin Luther's stance on the Eucharist?

Martin Luther changed the celebration of the Eucharist to the vernacular language and began to turn the altar around to face the people, indicating a shift from the traditional Catholic practice.

How did King Henry VIII's marital situation lead to the Church of England's separation from the Pope?

King Henry VIII's marital situation led to the Church of England's separation from the Pope as he asserted the independence of England from the papacy and set himself up as the Supreme head of the Church of England.

What is meant by the term 'Protestant Reformation'?

The Protestant Reformation refers to the 16th-century movement initiated by figures like Martin Luther, which challenged the authority of the Pope and led to the establishment of Protestant denominations.

What is the significance of the Council of Trent in the context of the Protestant Reformation?

The Council of Trent was called by the Pope and bishops to address issues raised by Protestantism. It was an attempt by the Catholic Church to respond to the challenges posed by the Reformation.

How did the Peace of Westphalia affect the religious landscape in Europe?

The Peace of Westphalia established a new political order in Europe, leading to the creation of large sovereign nation-states that imposed a certain tolerance within their borders, reducing religious conflicts.

What is the current state of relations between different Christian denominations as described in the script?

The current state of relations between different Christian denominations is characterized by mutual tolerance, with ongoing dialogue and efforts towards unity, although full communion has not yet been established due to historical, theological, and structural differences.

Outlines

00:00

🔍 Origins of Christian Division

The paragraph discusses the historical fragmentation of the Christian church due to differing interpretations of the Bible and Jesus Christ's teachings. It highlights the early church fathers' vision of a unified Christian community and how disagreement over scripture led to division. The script mentions the existence of three main branches of Christianity: Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant. It also touches on the historical roots of these divisions, dating back to the New Testament era, and the ongoing debate over authority within the church, particularly the role of the Pope in the Catholic Church.

05:01

🌐 The Great Schism of 1054

This section delves into the factors that led to the Great Schism of 1054, which divided the Christian Church into Eastern (Greek Orthodox) and Western (Roman Catholic) branches. It emphasizes the role of political disintegration, cultural and linguistic differences, and the theological dispute over the procession of the Holy Spirit. The script also discusses how the Crusades, particularly the sack of Constantinople, exacerbated the divide. The paragraph highlights the Eastern Church's mystical approach to God versus the Western Church's rational and legalistic approach, and the ongoing debate over the Pope's authority.

10:01

🏰 The Western Schism and Protestant Reformation

The paragraph explores the further division within Western Christianity, focusing on the Protestant Reformation initiated by Martin Luther. It discusses the roots of the Reformation, including corruption within the Church and the rise of nationalism. The script details how figures like Luther and Henry VIII challenged the authority of the Pope, leading to the establishment of new denominations and the English Reformation. It also touches on the Thirty Years' War and the Peace of Westphalia's impact on religious tolerance.

15:02

📜 The Ongoing Debate Over Scripture Interpretation

This section addresses the ongoing debate among Protestant denominations over the interpretation of scripture. It discusses the rise of subjectivism and how it led to the formation of numerous Protestant sects. The paragraph highlights the historical context of these divisions, including the Anabaptists' break from Lutheranism, and the broader trend of splintering within Protestantism. It also reflects on the current state of denominational relations, emphasizing the need for dialogue and mutual respect.

20:23

🕍 The Quest for Christian Unity

The final paragraph discusses the efforts towards Christian unity, particularly in the context of the Second Vatican Council. It acknowledges the historical, theological, and psychological barriers that prevent full communion among different Christian denominations. The script emphasizes the importance of respecting differing views and the need for tolerance and love, even among those with whom there is disagreement. It concludes with a call for Christians to strive for unity, recognizing the diversity within the global Christian community.

Keywords

💡Christianity

Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. In the video, Christianity is discussed as a religion that was intended to be unified, but has experienced various divisions and interpretations over time. The script mentions the ideal of Christianity as 'one body in Christ,' illustrating the theme of unity and the reality of fragmentation.

💡Bible

The Bible is the sacred text of Christianity, containing the Old and New Testaments. It plays a central role in the video's discussion of how different interpretations of the Bible have led to the formation of numerous Christian denominations. The script highlights the disagreements over the nature of the scriptures as a cause of division.

💡Denominations

Denominations refer to distinct religious bodies within Christianity, each identified by its own unique beliefs, practices, and organizational structures. The video explores how various interpretations of the Bible have resulted in the existence of dozens of Christian denominations, such as Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant churches.

💡Catholic Church

The Catholic Church is one of the major branches of Christianity, emphasizing the Pope's authority and the tradition of the church. The video discusses the Catholic Church's claim to universality and its historical role in maintaining unity, contrasting it with the divisions that arose with the Orthodox and Protestant churches.

💡Orthodox Churches

Orthodox Churches are Eastern Christian traditions that developed distinct practices and theology from the Western Church. The script mentions the Great Schism of 1054, which resulted in a split between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Western Catholic Church, reflecting cultural and theological differences.

💡Protestant Churches

Protestant Churches emerged from the Reformation, a movement that sought to reform the Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of new Christian traditions. The video describes the Protestant Reformation as a response to perceived corruption and a call for religious independence, leading to further subdivisions within Christianity.

💡Reformation

The Reformation refers to the 16th-century religious movement that led to the establishment of Protestantism. The video highlights key figures like Martin Luther and the impact of the Reformation on the fragmentation of the church, emphasizing the shift from a unified Christian body to multiple, competing denominations.

💡Schism

A schism is a division within a religious body, often caused by disagreements over doctrine or authority. The video uses the term to describe the historical separations within Christianity, such as the Great Schism of 1054 and the Protestant Reformation, which led to lasting divisions among Christians.

💡Doctrine

Doctrine refers to a set of beliefs or teachings held by a religious group. The video discusses how disagreements over doctrine, such as the nature of the Holy Spirit, have contributed to the formation of different Christian denominations and the ongoing lack of unity within the faith.

💡Unity

Unity in the context of the video refers to the ideal of all Christians being part of one body in Christ, as opposed to the reality of many divided denominations. The script emphasizes the ongoing efforts and the need for dialogue and understanding among different Christian groups to achieve greater unity.

💡Tolerance

Tolerance is the acceptance of differing beliefs and practices. The video concludes with a call for tolerance among Christians with differing views, suggesting that true adherence to Christian values includes the ability to accept and love those with whom one disagrees.

Highlights

Christianity's core belief in one God and one message of salvation through Jesus Christ.

Centuries of Bible interpretation leading to division and confusion among Christians.

The early church fathers' vision of a unified Christian group with shared beliefs.

Divisions in Christianity stemming from human conflict and misunderstanding.

Divisions evident in the New Testament, such as disputes recorded in John's letters.

Three main manifestations of Christianity: Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant churches.

Protestant denominations are as diverse as the people, with many branches.

The Catholic Church's claim of the Pope's unifying authority, not fully accepted by all Christians.

The New Testament's depiction of the early church as universal and unified.

Early church unity maintained through persecution, authority of councils, and central authority of Rome.

The Great Schism of 1054 as an expression of political and cultural differences.

The Crusades' impact on the division between Eastern and Western churches.

Theological differences between the Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic churches.

The nature of the Pope's authority and the Eastern Church's resistance to it.

Divisions in Christianity as a human issue, with conflict and disagreement inevitable.

The Protestant Reformation's start with Martin Luther and its challenges to the Catholic Church's authority.

The 30 Years War as a manifestation of religious and political conflict in Europe.

The Peace of Westphalia establishing a new political order and reducing religious violence.

The ongoing splintering of Protestant denominations due to subjectivism and individual interpretations.

Mutual tolerance among denominations today, but significant theological differences remain.

The importance of dialogue and respect among Christians to achieve unity.

The work of unity as a divine task, requiring God's grace to achieve full communion.

Transcripts

no Christian would argue with the fact

that there is only one God and one

message of Salvation given to us by

Jesus Christ but over the centuries both

the Bible and Christ's message have been

interpreted in many different ways and

disagreement over the nature of the

scriptures has led to endless Division

and confusion among Jesus's followers

the early church fathers saw Christians

as a tight-knit group with a unified set

of beliefs so at what point did the

church begin to fragment and how did

various interpretations of the Bible

lead to the dozens of Christian

denominations which exist today I'm

Carolyn Morrison welcome to another

episode of mysteries of the church

Christianity is really intended to be a

whole we're meant to be one body one

body in Christ and yet sadly throughout

the history of the world uh Christianity

has been split into several different

branches I think we have to remember

that that there's always been division

where you have human beings you're going

to have conflict you're going to have

misunderstanding you're going to have

division so already even in the New

Testament for example in the in the

letters of John we we see him

complaining about those who have not

accepted the full faith in Christ and

have departed from from the from the

community from the from the larger

community so and that continued through

the centuries yeah I think it would be

accurate to say that uh there are these

three manifestations you might say of

Christianity that that we have the uh

the Catholic church then we have the the

Orthodox churches and then the

Protestant churches that would be an

accurate uh description there's as many

Protestant sects as they are people

there are so many different branches of

Protestants they're what we would

traditionally call the mainstream

traditional Protestants like Lutheran

anglicans episcopalians in the United

States um Presbyterians methodists

Baptists evangelicals but it goes on and

on and on so

sadly this division among Christianity

seems to be a wound on the body of

Christ and so today the Christian church

is really divided on the issue of

authority who's in charge now the

Catholic Church

affirms the

unifying authority of the Pope the

bishop of Rome as as having a special

judical authority to decide questions

that are conflicted at other levels of

church um and um that Authority is not

fully accepted obviously by many

Christians we see the establishment of a

church Church by Christ within the New

Testament and we can read The Acts of

the Apostles and we see that it's called

the Catholic church because it's

Universal to look at the divisions in

Christianity one would really have to

divide up the divisions in terms of the

understanding there were possibilities

of subdivision from the very first time

of the church uh there were dissensions

that we read about in the New Testament

where you had factions already

developing at a very early early time um

those

factions by and large didn't take hold

uh for the first three centuries of the

church when it was a persecuted sect uh

persecution has a way of creating a lot

of

unity and so you had the authority of

the council and the central authority of

Rome that were the forces of unity in

the church that kept the church together

for another 7 or 800 years um it isn't

that there wasn't this sectarian

tendency that I talked about people who

wanted to reject the church because it

wasn't pure enough that was always there

but the church was able to Define

itself uh as as a to draw a line draw a

circle around its boundaries such that

those who rejected those Central tenants

of the faith were seen as outside the

church the many diver paths towards

Christ which people follow today did not

come about quickly or easily in the

centuries following the establishment of

the church unforeseen problems would

arise that would tear at the fabric of

the church again and again when we come

back we will examine how these problems

arose and find out how effectively they

were dealt with

the first great tear in the fabric of

the Christian Church developed slowly

over time as a result of many factors

vast distances and cultural and

linguistic differences all played their

part but deep down at the root of the

problem problem lay political

disintegration that had nothing to do

with the church no matter what the root

cause once the process of Separation

began it proved far more difficult to

repair the damage than to Simply allow

the problems to deepen and

fester the great schism of 1054 was

really an expression of political and

cultural differences as much as probably

more than

the theological differences of the time

the Eastern

Church spoke Greek the western church

spoke

Latin and um the Eastern

church had a different kind of relation

between the emperor and the church than

in the western church the uh Eastern

church had a tendency towards a mystical

intuitive understanding of God the

western church had a tendency toward a

more rational legalistic understanding

of

God but as the years went by it got it

got worse and worse especially because

of the Crusades the Crusades then added

a complicating fact especially when they

actually attacked Constantinople itself

and that then really brought about a u

defeat for the byzantines uh the Greek

Orthodox but also then a uh a barrier

that was very difficult to overcome and

there's always this element of politics

that goes in who's in charge ultimately

is it the Holy Roman

Emperor is it the pope is it the Emperor

of Constantinople all these different

things and the idea of the Pope being

simply the Latin patriarch being um the

patriarch of of the West really was not

quite what we felt very comfortable with

and it certainly wasn't really as we

would interpret Matthew 16 what we would

say was the intention of the

Lord I think that one of the issues that

also developed was the the nature of the

ministry of the pope of the bishop of

Rome the petrine ministry and what was

the authority of of the bishop of

Rome so for the Greek orthod o the uh

the pope could not do anything by

himself could not do anything without a

councel or a CED and therefore they felt

that some of the Pope's actions were

might say monarchical he was he was

doing things on his own they felt that

the pope was exceeding his authority and

in that sense and that still is an issue

today when it came to the point that

these two different cultures had to try

to agree on uh some point points of

understanding and Doctrine

um the Eastern Church was not willing to

accept the resolution of that

agreement that was put forth by the

western church on the basis of the

authority of the bishop of Rome you

might say it's the human side of the

church we can't avoid being human and

and and therefore we can't avoid uh

being in Conflict at times but perhaps

the the most severe break took place in

1054 the split between uh the church uh

in Rome and the church in Constantinople

banum the the uh Byzantine Church Greek

Orthodox church and that was a severe

split that actually was building for a

number of years um had to do among other

things with a doctrinal issue regarding

the relationship of the Holy Spirit to

the father and the

son again we're dealing with situations

of very human people and when Rome in

1054 releases a statement that they are

the center of of

Christianity well the East kind of says

well what about us what about all the

things that we wanted uh to do all the

things that we have been doing in fact

aren't we really the Cradle of uh of

Christianity you know Schism means

not that the other person is a heretic

or doesn't have proper

beliefs but it means that the other

person doesn't accept the proper

Authority and it goes back and forth and

things like exom Communications are are

issued and threatened back and forth

because people believe that they're

right and they feel passionate about It

ultimately during this time period there

hadn't been any official documents

saying okay guys were back together much

more of a dayon a theological cultural

dayon between the Eastern Church and the

western church again United against the

threat of Islam I think that there is

there's the very serious hope of of

reconciliation and what's called Full

communion uh obviously they will retain

their uh Traditions but they would also

recognize the authority of the Pope and

uh how that would actually play itself

out out in detail that's something that

I think they're actually begin to talk

about more and more what would a what

would the reestablishment of full

communion look like in terms of the

structures of the churches the great

schism between the eastern and western

churches left deep emotional and

political scars on the heart of

Christianity but in the coming Centuries

new problems would arise for the

Catholic church that would change

forever the nature of Western

Christianity don't go away way we'll be

right

back the split between the eastern and

western branches of the church was a

tragic blow to all Christendom the

cohesive Church in visioned by the

apostles had been shattered for all time

as had the relationship between the

Roman and Orthodox faiths but in the

coming centuries further problems would

Ren the church again and again breaking

it into even smaller less unified groups

whose only common feature was the

steadfast insistence that they alone

knew the proper way to interpret the

scriptures now later on in the west

there's a further subdivision and that

subdivision occurs uh for many many

different reasons um and the split

really began with people like Yan hus

and John whitecliffe and then later on

especially through Martin

Luther some of the things that W Cliffe

some of the things that um Yan hus had

seen they began to question for instance

the real presence of Christ in the

Eucharist is it simply a symbolic

presence they begin into question the

interpretation of sacred

scripture in Europe in the uh 16th

century there there was a lot of

turbulence in the church a lot of uh

there was um unfortunately there was a

lot of of corruption and uh and just

weakness in terms of the life of the

church and so when uh someone like

Martin Luther comes along who wants to

reform the

Church he is seen as a threat to the

status

quo the Protestant Reformation of course

began in the 16th century when Martin

Luther Nails the 95 thesis to the door

of Wittenberg Cathedral uh and thereby

challenges the authority of the Holy

Father and of Rome to dictate belief to

his area that is to the German um area

in which he lived Luther one of the very

first things he does he changes the

celebration of the Eucharist to the

vernacular language at the time it was

in Latin now now he's celebrating

Eucharist in German he begins to turn

the altar around and Face the People

Luther ultimately has um you know only

two sacraments from the seven of the

traditional catholic church which of

course would be in his mind Baptist ISM

and Eucharist each of these little

things that Luther does it's kind of

backed up by these German princes who

see this as an opportunity to really

break away from the papacy to break away

from um for the Holy Roman Emperor and

so the Protestant

Reformation was u a movement of

Independence religious Independence and

there are a lot of cause for that um one

was the rise of political Independence

the medieval synthesis the remnants of

the Holy Roman Empire were breaking down

and so the unifying force social force

that we call

Christendom uh was no longer strong

enough to hold the separating forces of

nationalism um together um and so in

many ways uh it was a nationalistic

Revolt now there's there's no question

that that some of Luthers and John

Calvin from from Switzerland that some

of their theology was beginning to

filter into England as well but Henry

VII was at first uh a severe critic of

Luther and Calvin but then uh because as

we all know his marital situation uh got

in the way uh he then asserted the

independence of of England from the

pope King Henry VII decides to make the

Catholic church in England without the

pope Henry sets himself up as the

Supreme head of the Church of England

coerces all of the

Bishops uh to take an oath uh of falty

to him the oath of Supremacy uh those

Bishops who don't he be

I believe that the Catholic Church

excommunicated pretty much the entire

island of

England the central elements of Catholic

belief and

worship um didn't change a whole lot in

England um the only thing that changed

at least for most people was who was in

charge at the top uh and so once again

we had this issue of authority so the

Reformation in England um famous ly it's

been said uh was a process for the

church in England becoming the Church of

England so we begin to see gradually

more and more and more a furthering

splintering further splintered more and

more and more that occurs within the um

within Western Christianity as well

there's a war in Europe um for 30 years

uh 1618 to 1648 the 30 Years War plays

out these

conflicts in bloody violence that

decimates Europe pretty

much uh and it was not only about

religion but it was a large part about

religion and about conflicts of beliefs

that were

irreconcilable uh if you have a direct

line to God and I have a direct line to

God how do we settle it when we disagree

there's only one way and that's for me

to get rid of you or for you to get rid

of me and so it leads to Violent

conflict it wasn't as though during this

time period the church just said no

you're wrong we excommunicate you and

haha and went away one of the things

that occurs during the time of the rise

of the major figures of the Protestant

Reformation is that the Council of Trent

is called by Bishops of the Pope and the

Bishops of the world and they try their

best to address some of these issues of

protestantism following the 30 Years War

um we have the Peace of West philia

which establishes a new political order

in Europe no longer do we have a

multiplicity of small kingdoms that are

able to go to war with one another

easily we now have large Sovereign

Nation States that

impose uh a certain tolerance within

their borders um so we have Nations that

are identified with particular religions

and that exist in this uneasy balance of

power but at least we're not continually

killing one another the centuries

following the Protestant Reformation

proved to be a time of both religious

and sectarian violence in the name of

the Prince of Peace Protestants and

Catholics had battled each other and

sometimes themselves for the hearts and

minds of Europe's Believers when we come

back we will find out if these various

denominations finally made peace with

each other themselves and God's

word the history of schisms Divisions

and reformations within the Christian

church was a sad Litany of

misunderstanding hatred and suspicion

made even worse by the sectarian

violence that often accompanied it by

1700 the centuries of violence had

largely disappeared but disagreement

over the interpretation of scripture

continued unabated particularly among

the numerous Protestant

denominations too often disagreements

within a particular denomination were

solved by yet another split rather than

working together to resolve the

conflict one of the reasons why there

are so many different Protestant sects

really comes down to the idea of

subjectivism we went from a concept of

everything philosophically being

objective this is the way it is this is

the church established by Christ and now

and I can't emphasize enough how

important that turn to the subject that

me ality and and the enlightenment in

the Renaissance period of of every man

being in charge of his own destiny if

you have an idea and you

disagree with an established church an

established ecclesial

communion you could begin your own I

think that that people

in uh in you might say in breaking away

from other churches uh other eclesial

communities establishing their own uh

they are trying to achieve what they

would consider a pure reform of Faith or

faith that is closer to the gospel as

they see

it but I think once you admit of the

possibility of Separation then you it

just multiplies you know that that if a

community has separated from the

Catholic Church there's nothing to

prevent some group within within that

Community to separate from from that

Community the problem is that that

process doesn't start with stop with the

new and separate group and so you have

the lutherans who are formed in Germany

and a generation after that you have the

anabaptists who say well now the

lutherans are getting too compromising

uh they haven't gone far enough in in

following the implications of the gospel

and so then they start another new group

and that goes on and on it is a social

process that probably can't be stopped

once it's started which is why

protestantism has continued to Splinter

into smaller and smaller groups and we

begin to see that this is all up to the

individual it's much more suited to an

individual's personal tastes and

personal

style then even sometimes um dare I say

it a substantial theological reason

today we have um in general uh a a

um situation of mutual tolerance among

the

denominations

um at at the center of protestant

Christianity we have the uh Mainline

protestantism which is characterized by

a lot of

accommodation with um the surrounding

culture we do have also um the

Evangelical or fundamentalist branches

of pro protestantism that are more

exclusivistic

uh but they exist in some level of

tension with one another uh and with

religion generally the Catholic church

is the largest religious denomination in

the United States but very few Catholics

feel that we are dominant in the culture

of the United States um we have a kind

of tolerated minority position that is

not terribly unique to Catholicism

that's pretty much the position of every

every religious group in in America and

it's so important that we recognize the

fact that there are substantial

theological differences between the

various denominations of Christianity

between the Catholic Church the Orthodox

church and all the other ecclesial uh

communions we need to try our best by

being open attentive reasonable loving

and honest answering the questions that

need to be answered dialoguing where

dialogue is needed we need to see that

all must reflect ultimately what the

very nature of Christianity is one Holy

Catholic and Apostolic that's the church

that Christ

founded I think that today as a result

of the second Vatican

Council there is a much more positive

relationship between Catholics and

Orthodox and Protestants yet at the same

time we're not close to the real

establishment of full communion because

of historical differences theological

differences structural differences even

psychological differences so there's a

lot more that that needs to be done and

you know I think that uh ultimately the

work of unity is the work of God and so

we do what we can but ultimately it's

God's grace that will bring about full

Unity of the six billion people in the

world today more than onethird count

themselves among the followers of Christ

with more than two billion Christians

scattered across different lands and

cultures it is only natural that

differences exist in how we understand

and worship God but as Christians it is

our duty to respect the views of others

and be tolerant of those whose views

differ from our own loving those with

whom we agree is easy but it is our

ability to accept and love those with

whom we disagree that measures how

closely we are truly following in the

path of Christ I'm Carolyn Morrison and

thank you for joining us we hope to see

you next time on the next episode of

mysteries of the church