The Race to Harness Quantum Computing's Mind-Bending Power | The Future With Hannah Fry

Summary

This video explores IBM's research into quantum computing, a technology promising breakthroughs in various fields but also posing a threat to internet security. It discusses the current quantum arms race between the US and China, the potential for quantum computers to decrypt internet communications, and the race to develop unhackable quantum networks. The video also highlights the challenges of maintaining a global lead in quantum technology amidst geopolitical tensions.

Takeaways

• 🧠 IBM's research facility is pioneering the development of quantum computers, which have the potential to revolutionize fields like material science, medicine, and fundamental physics.
• 🔒 Quantum computers could decrypt all internet communication due to their ability to solve complex calculations much faster than traditional supercomputers.
• 🏆 There is a global Quantum arms race, particularly between the United States and China, each vying for dominance in quantum technology for economic and national security reasons.
• 🌐 Quantum technology could allow for simulations at the atomic level, enabling precise design of drugs, materials, and batteries.
• 🚀 Quantum computers work differently from classical computers, using quantum bits (qubits) that can exist in multiple states simultaneously, allowing for parallel processing of vast amounts of data.
• 💰 The development of quantum technology is extremely expensive, with IBM investing billions of dollars annually into research and development.
• 🔬 Maintaining the delicate quantum state of qubits requires extreme cold, with IBM's quantum computer chip being kept just above absolute zero.
• 🌌 China has made significant investments in quantum technology, investing over $15 billion and holding more than half of all quantum technology patents.
• 🏦 The banking industry is particularly concerned about the potential for quantum computers to break encryption, leading to massive data breaches and loss of customer trust.
• 🔐 Quantum key distribution is being developed as a solution to secure data against quantum computer attacks, utilizing the principles of quantum physics to create unhackable communication.

Q & A

What is the significance of IBM's research facility in the context of the script?

IBM's research facility is significant because it is a place where major breakthroughs in computer science have occurred and is currently involved in building quantum computers, which have the potential to revolutionize various fields such as material science, medicine, and fundamental physics.

What is a quantum computer and how does it differ from a traditional supercomputer?

A quantum computer uses quantum bits or qubits that can exist in a state of superposition, being both 'on' and 'off' simultaneously, allowing it to perform many calculations at once. This is different from a traditional supercomputer, which uses bits that are either 'on' or 'off' and processes calculations sequentially.

What potential applications are mentioned in the script for quantum computers?

Quantum computers have the potential to bring breakthroughs in material science, medicine, fundamental physics, and more. They can simulate molecular and atomic interactions, design drugs and materials at the atomic level, and solve complex computations much faster than traditional computers.

What is the 'dark side' of quantum computing as mentioned in the script?

The 'dark side' refers to the potential of quantum computers to decrypt all internet communication, posing a threat to cybersecurity and national security, which could lead to a quantum arms race between major economic powers like the United States and China.

Why is quantum computing considered a game-changer for science?

Quantum computing is considered a game-changer because it allows for simulations at the atomic level, which can lead to the design of drugs and materials with precision never before possible. It also has the potential to understand nature's evolution in time, as nature follows quantum mechanics.

What challenges are there in developing quantum computers according to the script?

Developing quantum computers is challenging because maintaining the delicate quantum state of qubits requires extreme conditions such as extremely low temperatures. Any outside energy, including heat, can disrupt the qubits and lead to incorrect computations.

What is the current state of competition in quantum computing between the United States and China?

The script indicates that there is a quantum arms race between the United States and China. While the US currently leads in the development of quantum computers, China is investing heavily and is fast catching up, with significant investments and a large number of research institutes dedicated to quantum technology.

How does quantum computing pose a threat to current encryption methods?

Quantum computers can potentially crack encryption methods that rely on the difficulty of factoring large numbers, such as RSA encryption, which would take conventional computers trillions of years. Quantum computers, with their ability to run numerous calculations simultaneously, could reduce this to a matter of minutes.

What is Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and how does it provide security against quantum computer attacks?

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) uses the principles of quantum mechanics to transmit encryption keys securely. It involves sending single photons through an optical fiber to form encryption keys. Any attempt to intercept the key changes the quantum state of the photon, rendering the key unusable and alerting the parties to the security breach.

What is the role of international collaboration in the development of quantum technology as discussed in the script?

The script suggests that while there is awareness of geopolitical tensions and potential export controls, international collaboration was initially open and is still seen as important for the development of quantum technology. However, the current geopolitical situation may affect the extent of this collaboration.

What is the potential impact of quantum computing on global power dynamics according to the script?

The script implies that the development of quantum computing could significantly impact global power dynamics, with the potential to disrupt economic growth, national security, and international relations. However, it also suggests that the benefits of quantum technology, such as understanding the universe at an atomic level, could be a boon for all of humanity.

Outlines

00:00

🧠 Introduction to Quantum Computing

The script introduces IBM's research facility, known for its groundbreaking work in quantum computing. Quantum computers are highlighted for their potential to revolutionize fields such as material science, medicine, and fundamental physics. However, there's a noted concern about their ability to decrypt all internet communication, sparking a 'Quantum arms race' between the United States and China. The narrator, Professor Hannah Fry, expresses her interest in understanding the future impact of quantum technology on international security.

05:01

🌐 Inside IBM's Quantum Lab

The script takes viewers inside IBM's research headquarters, where quantum computers are being developed. It explains the basic workings of quantum computers, contrasting them with classical computers. Quantum computers use 'qubits' that can exist in a superposition of states, allowing them to process a multitude of calculations simultaneously. This capability could solve complex problems much faster than traditional supercomputers. The script also touches on the practical difficulties of maintaining qubits and the significant investment required in quantum research.

10:02

💸 Geopolitical Implications of Quantum Technology

The script discusses the geopolitical and economic implications of quantum technology, with a focus on the competition between the US and China. It outlines the substantial investments made by both nations in quantum research and development. The US is concerned about maintaining its lead in quantum computing to protect national security and economic interests. The script also raises the issue of the potential for quantum computers to break current encryption methods, which could compromise internet security.

15:03

🛡️ Securing Data in the Quantum Era

This section of the script addresses the concerns of the banking industry regarding the security of encrypted data in the face of quantum computing advancements. It explains how current encryption methods rely on the difficulty of factoring large numbers, a task that quantum computers could potentially perform quickly. The script introduces the concept of 'quantum key distribution' as a potential solution to secure data against quantum attacks. It also discusses the efforts of companies like HSBC to test and implement quantum-resistant encryption methods.

20:07

🚀 The Future of Quantum Communications

The final paragraph discusses the potential for quantum technology to enable unhackable global communications. It describes experiments with quantum key distribution via satellites and the ambition to create a global quantum network. The script highlights the work of scientists in Singapore who are developing nano-satellites for this purpose. The potential benefits of quantum technology for scientific discovery, banking, and government are emphasized, along with the hope that the technology will benefit all of humanity rather than being a point of conflict between nations.

Keywords

💡Quantum Computers

Quantum computers are advanced computational devices that utilize the principles of quantum mechanics to process information. Unlike classical computers that use bits, quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits which can exist in multiple states simultaneously, allowing them to perform complex calculations much faster. In the video, IBM's research facility is highlighted as a place where quantum computers are being developed, indicating their potential to revolutionize fields like material science, medicine, and fundamental physics.

💡Quantum Physics

Quantum physics is a branch of physics that deals with the behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic level. It is characterized by phenomena such as superposition and entanglement, which are essential for the operation of quantum computers. The video script mentions that quantum computers harness the 'mysterious effects of quantum physics' to perform computations, emphasizing the fundamental role that quantum physics plays in enabling these advanced computational capabilities.

💡Superposition

In quantum physics, superposition refers to the ability of quantum systems to be in multiple states at the same time until they are measured. The script explains that quantum bits, or qubits, can be both 'on' and 'off' at the same time due to superposition, which is a key feature that allows quantum computers to consider all possible routes to a solution simultaneously, vastly outperforming classical computers for certain tasks.

💡Quantum Arms Race

The term 'quantum arms race' is used in the script to describe the competitive development of quantum technology between nations, particularly the United States and China. It implies a strategic rivalry akin to the Cold War-era arms race but focused on quantum technology, which could have significant implications for cybersecurity and national security.

💡Cryptography

Cryptography is the practice and study of secure communication in the presence of third parties. The script discusses how quantum computers could potentially decrypt all internet communication by breaking current encryption methods, which rely on the difficulty of factoring large numbers into primes—a task that quantum computers could accomplish much faster than classical computers.

💡Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)

Quantum Key Distribution is a method of secure communication that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to generate and distribute encryption keys. The script describes a device that uses QKD to send data in a way that is claimed to be unhackable, as any attempt at eavesdropping would be detected due to the fundamental properties of quantum mechanics.

💡Encryption

Encryption is the process of encoding information in such a way that only authorized parties can access it. The video script mentions encryption as a current method of securing internet communication, which could be compromised by the advent of quantum computers capable of breaking encryption codes much faster than classical computers.

💡Quantum Supremacy

Quantum Supremacy is the point at which a quantum computer can perform a calculation or solve a problem significantly faster than the most powerful classical computers. The script implies that achieving quantum supremacy is a goal of the quantum arms race and would have profound implications for various fields, including cryptography and material science.

💡IBM

IBM is a multinational technology company that has been at the forefront of developing quantum computers. The script positions IBM as a key player in the advancement of quantum technology, with its research facility being a place where significant breakthroughs in computer science have occurred and where quantum computers are currently being developed.

💡China

China is highlighted in the script as a major competitor in the development of quantum technology. It is investing heavily in quantum research and has made strides in building a quantum network, which positions it as a formidable player in the global quantum technology landscape.

💡HSBC

HSBC is mentioned in the context of the banking industry's response to the potential threat posed by quantum computers to current encryption methods. The script discusses how HSBC is testing quantum key distribution to secure its data against future quantum computer attacks, illustrating the proactive measures being taken by industries reliant on secure communications.

Highlights

IBM's research facility is developing quantum computers with vast potential in various fields.

Quantum computers can solve complex problems much faster than traditional supercomputers.

Quantum bits, or qubits, allow quantum computers to perform multiple calculations simultaneously.

Quantum computing could revolutionize material science, medicine, and fundamental physics.

There is a quantum arms race between the United States and China, with significant economic and security implications.

IBM's Quantum system one is a significant breakthrough in quantum computing technology.

Quantum computers operate based on the principles of quantum physics, which differ from classical physics.

The development of quantum computers is compared to the invention of the telescope, offering new insights into the world.

Maintaining the delicate quantum state of qubits requires extremely low temperatures.

IBM plans to unlock the full potential of quantum computing by 2033.

Quantum computers could decrypt all internet communication, posing a threat to cybersecurity.

The banking industry is particularly concerned about the potential for quantum computers to breach encryption.

Quantum key distribution is a method being developed to secure data against quantum computer attacks.

China has made significant investments in quantum technology, outpacing other countries.

The US is taking steps to ensure its technological supremacy in the face of competition from China.

Singapore is working on quantum technology to build an unhackable global network.

The future of quantum technology is not just about winning a race but about benefiting all of humanity.

Transcripts

hidden amongst these snow covered Hills

is a secretive

institution home to a revolutionary

machine that can harness physics so

strange it sounds like

magic this is IBM's research facility

it's where some of the biggest

breakthroughs in the history of computer

science have happened and probably going

to be home to a few more because this is

where they build quantum

computers their potential is huge

promising breakthroughs in Material

Science medicine fundamental physics and

more but there is a dark side because

they will come with the ability to

decrypt all internet

communication experts say there is now a

Quantum arms race between the United

States and its biggest economic

rival

China I'm Professor Hannah fry

mathematician and writer I want to know

where Quantum technology will take us

and with International Security under

threat who will come out on top

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this is the research headquarters for

one of the oldest companies in Tech

IBM they've been inventing new Computing

technology here since the

1960s it's like the Jetson meets The

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Flintstones Quantum scientist Olivia

Lanes is showing me IBM's newest

experimental machine this big shiny

Behemoth is IBM Quantum system

2 sounds like it's on what is the big

deal there I mean why not just build an

ordinary supercomputer it's a totally

different avenue it's not just

supercomputers but better or AI but more

powerful it's entirely different way of

computing the big difference is the

computer's ability to harness the

mysterious ious effects of quantum

physics standard computers they

calculate by using billions of tiny

little on andof switches known as bits

now these things they're very reliable

they're very accurate and they work

together in sequence so if you ask a

standard computer to solve a maze it

will do so by checking through every

possible path one by one until it finds

a solution now depending on the size of

the maze that could take seconds or

minutes or potentially for a really big

maze even years a quantum computer on

the other hand Works a little bit

differently there the bits are known as

Quantum bits or qits and rather than

just being on or off a cubit can be held

in something called a super position

where it can be both on and off at the

same time now okay I know that that

doesn't really make a lot of sense but

unfortunately that is just how physics

Works down at the atomic level so go

with me this bizarre ability of a cubit

to be in two states at once means that a

series of cubits can solve lots of

calculations

simultaneously and so if you ask a

quantum computer to solve a maze it

means it can consider all possible routs

at once giving you the answer in an

instant it could allow a quantum

computer to complete in minutes

computation so complex that it would

take today's

supercomputers millions of years but

that's not the only reason they're a

GameChanger for science I think what it

really comes down to is that nature is

quantum mechanical when you get down to

molecular and atomic interactions nature

does not obey classical physics it's

just a very crude approximation and if

we really want to understand how nature

evolves in time we have to have a system

that obeys quantum physics so I guess

this finally gives us the opportunity to

do simulations down at the level of

atoms and when you have that I mean you

can design drugs at the level of atoms

that's right and design materials

batteries and we haven't had this before

we've never had

that I think when Quantum Computing

comes up in conversation people are

excited about it but they're excited

about the the amount of power it gives

you about how quickly you can do

computations because okay sure all of

that stuff might be true but we should

be thinking of this as though someone

has just invented the telescope and all

of a sudden we can see and understand

things at a scale that we just did not

have access to

before that's the ambition at least

quantum computers cannot yet perform

useful calculations better than a

supercomputer because in practice

getting even a handful of cubits to give

you a reliable answer is phenomenally

difficult now you got oh my

God

whoa this is IBM's lab where they test

out new hardware a place where we can

see the guts of the machine oh that

is

extraordinary this is what system to

looks like inside yeah what are we

looking at then I think a lot of of

people have a slight misconception and

they see you know this whole gold shiny

thing they think this is a quantum

computer that's actually not true this

is the quantum computer so this tiny

little thing right this is the Heron

chip this is the 133 cubits that I am

holding in the palm of my hand how much

is that worth a lot don't drop it I'm

going to try not

to the chip contains the cubits that

carry out the computation and it's fair

to say they're a little fussy we're

trying to change the energy state of the

Cubit between zero and one in a very

controlled way so any type of outside

energy that might change it slightly in

a way except for what we're trying to do

will break your algorithm and give you

the wrong

answer outside energy includes any heat

to preserve the delicate Quantum state

of the Cubit the chip must be kept

extremely cold this tangle of goldplated

pipes and wires is in fact a cooling

system that chills the chip to just

above absolute zero for comparison the

cosmic microwave background in space is

way warmer that's orders of magnitude

warmer oh my goodness so it is the

coldest thing in the known universe

which is incomprehensibly C but these

these guys like it they like it focus on

your work stop paying attention to any

of the energy around you that's right

IBM say they'll unlock quantum's full

potential by

2033 as you can imagine it's been an

expensive Endeavor do you have any idea

how much IBM will have spent on this

Quantum program uh we haven't broken out

but I think it's fair to say it's like

obviously many billions of dollars of

investment you know our company spends

close to $7 billion a year in R&D right

and today in our world of technology if

you're not investing at that scale is

very hard to be a global leader but you

do have competition right how much are

you looking over your shoulder at what

everyone else is doing oh we pay Keen

attention right to the entire ecosystem

but look we take the perspective because

we've been sort of leaders and Pioneers

of these field is that we want an

industry like we don't want to be you

know alone on this how much do you

collaborate with with other companies

though like Google and Microsoft who are

also in this space we collaborate a lot

uh externally for us collaborating on is

is like at the heart of making an

ecosystem it's back to the idea of

creating an industry do you collaborate

with Chinese companies as well no we do

not oh go on well I think we we

acknowledge the fact that in this

technology uh in Quantum right but we're

seeing it happen by the way in other

areas like semiconductors and so on

there is not only a big economic uh

Dimension but there's a big National

Security implication as well Quantum

Falls squarely Within the category of

like sensitive Technologies from from

that perspective how important is it for

the US to be the the leaders in this

it's critically important I I but and I

think that that is recognized in a

bipartisan manner one of the things

we're witnessing is that we've seen the

elevation of technology to the same

level of geostrategic importance as

trade or military alliances Quantum

Computing is without a doubt one of the

top technologies that the United States

needs to

lead for now the United States maintains

Supremacy in the development of quantum

computers but its biggest rival is fast

catching

up China are betting big they've

invested over $15 billion more than

three times any other country they have

dozens of new research institutes

committed to Quantum and hold more than

half of all patents in Quantum

technology hey hi there how you doing

security expert Anna Pugi has been

advising the US government on how not to

fall behind China really does view

Science and Technology as a National

Asset it talks about not leading not

just leading but dominating in these key

areas does the US not see science as a

National Asset as well I don't think we

have the same kind of comprehensive

strategic plan that brings together all

facets of society and really has that

longer term investment what we are

facing is it's not an even and Level

Playing Field our researchers are

essentially up against the funding of a

nation state what are we talking about

here in terms of the magnitude of

difference of funding some examples that

folks have given me is okay I have a lab

I have five to six maybe four to six

graduate students in my lab at any given

time there the equivalent Labs have you

know 50 100 graduate students or

postdocs the US is hitting back I've

made sure that the most advanced

American Technologies can't be used in

China and thanks to our chips and

science act the United States is

investing more in research and

development than ever before

whoever is the first to realize the

potential of quantum computers will

wield incredible power but it's a

double-edged sword because a world with

quantum computers could be a world

without

Secrets pretty much all internet

communication is based on scrambling it

using a secret code otherwise known as

encryption and a lot of it uses a very

clever mathematical trick involving in

prime numbers what we do you take two

prime numbers let's say 17 and 31 and

then you multiply them together to give

you a code in this case

527 now that bit is very straight

forward very easy for computers to do

that multiply numbers together what is

much harder is if you only have the long

number working out what those two secret

primes

were the only way that you can do with

classical computers is by checking

through all the prime numbers just to

see if they work one after the other

after the

other a common type of encryption RSA

uses prime numbers that are hundreds of

digits long to crack those codes it

would take a conventional computer

trillions of

years that's really the Obstacle of

encryption it's not it's impossible just

takes a really really long time this is

where Quantum Computing comes in because

quantum computers using superposition

can simultaneously run numerous

calculations at the same time and can

take something like this down to being

crackable within just a few

minutes it means that encrypted data

could be hacked in no time few are more

afraid of a mass global data breach than

the banking

industry Dr Philip inura is head of

quantum technology at

HSBC we process3 3.5 trillion pounds

worth of payments every year so

cryptography is a big deal for us how

much of a catastrophe would this be if

if people just sat back and did nothing

Well ultimately you're going to have

customers accounts being breached which

means things like identity theft and

forgent transactions being stolen money

being stolen um that's then going to

roll into Financial losses customers

will lose money the banks will lose

money but I think ultimately the biggest

risk of all is the the element of trust

if customers can't trust their Bank to

keep their um accounts and their money

secure as well as their data then it's

kind of an existential risk yeah I mean

that is a fundamental part of banking

can you be absolutely sure that this

hasn't happened already I mean okay if I

had a quantum computer I could read

everything I'm not sure I would tell

people about it no you probably wouldn't

I think it's very unlikely that anyone's

got a quantum computer powerful enough

right now to do this but there may be

something called a store now decrypt

later or harvest now decrypt later type

of attack and and this is kind of the

idea that um State actors or malicious

entities right now can start

intercepting our data and storing it and

just keeping it ready um for the time

the point in time when a

cryptographically relevant quantum

computer arrives are we talking about

National Security consent here is that

is that that ultimately where the big

worry is that's probably the the number

one area um that we should be concerned

about because um you know State actors

are most likely going to Target uh

National Security kind of infrastructure

to to scrape and the cipher information

State Secrets will be uncovered um

you'll know who all the spies are you'll

know who all the spies are if you

suddenly um lose that secrecy and that

security then it causes all sorts of

vulnerabilities on a person level on a

national level from a security

perspective from a commercial

perspective and so you know this is a

big big

deal HSBC say that doing nothing is

simply not an option the bank has been

testing a way to secure its data against

an attack from quantum

computers internet data today is sent by

laser pulses in an optical

fiber this is Dr Andrew Shields head of

quantum technology for toiba in general

fiber networks are very secure um but

they are vulnerable to um tapping if I

introduce a small band into the fiber

you can see some of the light is not

leaking out and actually a hacker can

use that they can introduce a small band

to tap out some of the light and measure

that to uh recover the data so that's

all you need then is just access to the

cable indeed it's very straightforward

Goodness Me

Andrew has built a device that utilizes

The Strange World of quantum physics to

send data in a way he claims can never

be

hacked it's called Quantum key

distribution this is it this is it yes

what this box is doing is it's sending

single photons through an optical fiber

into the BT Network and we use that to

form encryption keys and those

encryption keys are then been used to

secure data s between here and the data

center in

barkshire the device generates a secret

code using single particles of light

photons which are sent one at a time

down a fiber optic cable a fundamental

law of quantum physics is that if You

observe a photon you change its Quantum

State and that means that if an

eavesdropper tries to intercept the key

the code will be changed rendering it

unusable the device already uses Telecom

company BT's existing fiber Network to

send sensitive files across London to a

data center over 30 miles

away tell me about the information that

you're sending using this method at the

moment then so in the case of HSBC it's

financial data but we've done other

trials with hospitals for instance where

they've been sending medical scan data

um or with um governments where they've

been sending some government data do you

feel this sense of urgency from

companies then even though we're not

quite there yet with quantum computers

yes they absolutely are there's an

increasing um realization that the

quantum computer is coming how far away

do you reckon it is uh well now that's a

very difficult question um to answer if

I was a betting man maybe I would say um

5 to seven

years there are no May here it's not if

this is going to happen it's when it's

going to happen and it's the total

acceptance that when it happens our

existing communication systems are no

longer fit for purpose and that puts you

in a position where you have no

choice no choice but to find something

else that works and is

secure some have made more progress than

others in 2016 China shocked the World

by launching a satellite capable of

sending quantum Keys over far greater

distances than fiber

optics it's part of a wider quantum

network that China has built connecting

Banks government and Industry across the

country leaving other nations scrambling

to catch

up on the gleaming streets of Singapore

the quantum revolution has found fertile

ground scientists here want to build an

unhackable Network that can be

commercialized so anyone can use

it Professor Alexander Ling runs the

center for Quantum Technologies at the

National University of

Singapore a government funded group of

scientists working on all sorts of

quantum

technology they told me uh that I would

get to see some Nano satellites okay I

think this is even more Nano than I was

expecting this is over 200 times lighter

than China's Quantum satellite okay tell

me about the experiment then what's the

big aim the Big Goal over here is we

want to build a global network uh where

we can actually distribute Quantum

signals around the world we can

distribute Quantum signals using optical

fiber except that there's a distance

limit to it um we can't repeat those

Quantum signals so we we think that if

you have Satellites with optical fiber

networks uh you can actually you know

build a more comprehensive Network

around the world so then when you send

up a rocket you presumably have like a

number of days you sort of put them out

where you yes yes what we're doing in

Singapore is to test whether similar

technology can go on much smaller

satellites you can imagine that if it

works you can have a fleet of smaller

satellites that's more cost effective

and that makes the deployment of such a

system uh more likely his plan is to

fire single photons into space and Back

Again via a network of satellites and

telescopes these Quantum Keys would

provide unhackable Global

Communications so this is your fancy

Photon catcher that's right this is a

telescope that's going to receive the

signals from the

satellite long-distance communication is

just one part of Professor Ling's work

they also collaborate with us and

Chinese

companies Quantum technology was

developed in an era when international

relations was more relaxed and put it

that way you know it started in the you

know late 80s early '90s and everyone

was open to you know having an exchange

of people and ideas at that time has

that desire for collaboration continued

or has it been sort of shut down a bit

more because of the geopolitical

situation we find ourselves in I think

definitely everyone's aware that there's

tension geopolitical tensions and people

from time to time talk about export

controls and things like that everybody

you know seems to have high expectations

for when Quantum technology will deliver

you know those

benefits uh if you come in with controls

too early before a lot of the problems

are worked out you are probably going to

be pushing the know the date of

deployment the date when you see those

benefits much further into the future

I'm kind of squashing The Innovation as

it's happening that's

fine scientists understand how quantum

computers could supercharge their

discoveries Banks and governments see

the risks and the potential for economic

growth but will a high stakes duel for

Supremacy really Define the future of

global

power I think the rhetoric around this

is always framed as a Quant race right

between two giant superpowers who are

throwing everything they have at

it but I sort of don't think that this

is like races that we've had before I

don't think this is like the space race

or the nuclear arms race because I don't

think that we're in a situation where

you can only have one

winner the quantum future is about

building a scientific tool that allows

us to see and understand the

universe down at the level of atoms in a

way that we have just never had access

to

before and okay maybe I'm just being

optimistic but I think that that is

something that all of humanity will

stand to benefit from

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