Inilah asal-usul Lempeng Tektonik, dan iniah alasan Indonesia sering terjadi Gempa Bumi?

Summary

Indonesia, situated in the Ring of Fire, experiences frequent seismic and volcanic activities due to its location at the intersection of four tectonic plates: the Indo-Australian, Eurasian, Pacific, and Philippine Sea plates. These plates, formed by the movement of the Earth's lithosphere, are responsible for the creation of geological features like the Himalayas and the East African Rift. The interaction of these plates not only causes natural disasters but also shapes Indonesia's diverse and complex landscape, making it the world's largest archipelago with unique geological formations.

Takeaways

• 🌋 Indonesia is situated in the Ring of Fire, an area around the Pacific Ocean known for frequent seismic and volcanic activities.
• 🌏 The Ring of Fire forms a large circle around the Pacific Ocean due to the meeting of tectonic plates.
• 🔍 The movement of tectonic plates can cause natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis.
• 🌐 The Earth's lithosphere, consisting of the crust and the upper mantle, is divided into tectonic plates that move due to asthenosphere convection.
• 📚 The theory of plate tectonics, developed from the 1950s to 1970s, updated the earlier concept of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912.
• 🏔 The Himalayan mountains and the East African Rift are examples of geological formations caused by tectonic plate interactions.
• 🌳 Indonesia is surrounded by four major tectonic plates: Indo-Australian, Eurasian, Pacific, and Philippine Sea plates.
• 🌊 The Indo-Australian plate, formed by the fusion of the Australian and Indian plates, is located in eastern Indonesia.
• 🌍 The Eurasian plate, the third largest, encompasses most of Europe and Asia and is geologically very active, affecting areas like Indonesia.
• 🏞️ The Pacific plate, the largest, is primarily under the Pacific Ocean and influences the formation of islands like Hawaii.
• 🌿 The Philippine Sea Plate is a smaller micro plate in northern Indonesia, interacting with the other three major plates.

Q & A

What is the Ring of Fire?

The Ring of Fire is a group of areas around the Pacific Ocean that frequently experience earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, forming a large circle or ring that encircles the Pacific Ocean.

Why is the Ring of Fire prone to seismic and volcanic activity?

The Ring of Fire is located at the meeting of tectonic plates which move together along this ring, causing earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and even tsunamis when these plates interact.

What is the significance of tectonic plates in the formation of continents and oceans?

Tectonic plates are the background for the formation of various continents and oceans as we know them today, as their movement and interaction have shaped the Earth's surface over geological time.

What is the lithosphere and how is it related to tectonic plates?

The lithosphere is the Earth's rigid outer layer, consisting of the crust and the top part of the mantle, which is divided into tectonic plates that move relative to each other.

How do tectonic plates move and what causes their movement?

Tectonic plates move due to convection in the asthenosphere, which is solid but can flow like a liquid over very long geological timescales, causing the plates to move at different speeds.

What is the theory of plate tectonics and how was it developed?

The theory of plate tectonics explains the movement of the Earth's lithosphere and was developed from the 1950s to the 1970s, updating the earlier idea of continental drift.

How does the theory of plate tectonics relate to the formation of the Himalayan mountains?

The Himalayan mountains were formed due to the collision of the Eurasian plate and the Indo-Australian plate, which is an example of how tectonic plate interactions can create geological formations.

Which tectonic plates surround Indonesia?

Indonesia is surrounded by four tectonic plates: the Indo-Australian plate, the Eurasian plate, the Pacific plate, and the Philippine Sea Plate.

What is the size and significance of the Indo-Australian plate?

The Indo-Australian plate has an area of approximately 58.9 million km² and was formed from the fusion of the Australian plate and the Indian plate. It is significant for its role in the formation of the Himalayan mountains.

How does the movement of the Pacific plate affect the geological activity in Indonesia?

The Pacific plate, being the largest plate and located under the Pacific Ocean, influences the geological activity in Indonesia, especially along the areas where it interacts with other plates, contributing to the formation of volcanoes and the Ring of Fire.

Why is Indonesia prone to earthquakes and volcanic activity?

Indonesia is prone to earthquakes and volcanic activity due to its location at the convergence of four tectonic plates, which cause significant geological movements and interactions.

Outlines

00:00

🌋 Understanding the Ring of Fire and Tectonic Plates

The script discusses Indonesia's geographical location within the Ring of Fire, an area around the Pacific Ocean known for frequent seismic and volcanic activities. The term 'Ring of Fire' is derived from the circular pattern these areas form around the ocean. The region's high tectonic activity is attributed to the interaction of tectonic plates. The script introduces the theory of plate tectonics, explaining the Earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere, and how the movement of tectonic plates on the asthenosphere leads to geological formations and natural disasters. It also touches on the historical development of plate tectonics theory, from Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis to its acceptance following the validation of seafloor spreading.

05:03

🌍 Tectonic Plates Surrounding Indonesia

The second paragraph delves into the specific tectonic plates surrounding Indonesia and their characteristics. It identifies four major plates: the Indo-Australian Plate, formed by the fusion of the Australian and Indian plates, which is responsible for the formation of the Himalayas; the Eurasian Plate, the world's third-largest plate encompassing most of Europe and Asia and known for its geological activity; the Pacific Plate, the largest plate that underlies the Pacific Ocean and influences areas like California and New Zealand; and the Philippine Sea Plate, a smaller micro plate in comparison. The paragraph also discusses the movements of these plates and their impacts on the geological features of Indonesia, such as the formation of the Hawaiian Islands and the Ring of Fire.

10:05

🏞️ Indonesia's Unique Geological Landscape

The final paragraph focuses on the unique geological landscape of Indonesia, shaped by the movements of the tectonic plates. It highlights how the interaction of these plates results in a complex and diverse topography, including beaches, sea trenches, active mountains, and faults. The paragraph emphasizes the ongoing impact of plate movements, which not only create a rich variety of geological features but also make Indonesia prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The script concludes by summarizing the importance of understanding these tectonic activities for the safety and awareness of local communities.

Keywords

💡Ring of Fire

The 'Ring of Fire' refers to a region around the Pacific Ocean where many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur. It is named for its circular shape that encircles the Pacific. This area is highly seismically active due to the meeting of tectonic plates, which is the main theme of the video. The Ring of Fire is mentioned as the geographical location of Indonesia, emphasizing its vulnerability to natural disasters like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

💡Tectonic Plates

Tectonic plates are the large, rigid pieces that fit together to form the Earth's lithosphere. They are constantly moving and interact with one another, causing geological activities. In the video, tectonic plates are discussed as the reason behind the formation of various geographical features and the occurrence of natural disasters in Indonesia.

💡Lithosphere

The lithosphere is the rigid outer layer of the Earth, comprising the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. It is mentioned in the video as the layer that includes tectonic plates, which are responsible for the Earth's geological activity. The thickness of the lithosphere is approximately 100 km, and it plays a crucial role in the theory of plate tectonics.

💡Asthenosphere

The asthenosphere is a part of the Earth's mantle that lies below the lithosphere and is solid but can flow like a liquid over very long periods due to its low viscosity and shear strength. It is mentioned as the layer on which tectonic plates 'ride' and move due to convection currents, contributing to the geological formations and activities.

💡Plate Tectonics

Plate tectonics is the theory that explains the movement of Earth's lithosphere and the resulting geological phenomena. The video discusses this theory as the foundation for understanding how the Earth's continents and oceans were formed and how they continue to change. It is also used to explain the geological activity in Indonesia.

💡Continental Drift

Continental drift is an older theory that proposed the Earth's continents moved across the planet's surface over time. It is mentioned in the video as a precursor to the theory of plate tectonics. The concept is used to explain how the supercontinent Pangea broke apart into the continents we know today.

💡Pangea

Pangea refers to the supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras before the current continents split apart. The video mentions Pangea in the context of continental drift, illustrating how the continents were once a single landmass that later fragmented into the continents we have today.

💡Indo-Australian Plate

The Indo-Australian Plate is one of the tectonic plates that surround Indonesia, as mentioned in the video. It is formed from the fusion of the Australian and Indian plates and is involved in the formation of the Himalayan mountains. This plate is significant for understanding the geological activity in the region, including volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.

💡Eurasian Plate

The Eurasian Plate is another tectonic plate discussed in the video, which is the third largest and includes most of the European and Asian continents. It is noted for its geological activity, such as the formation of the Himalayan mountains and the Caspian Sea. The plate's movement and interaction with other plates contribute to the seismic activity in Indonesia.

💡Pacific Plate

The Pacific Plate is the largest tectonic plate, mostly under the Pacific Ocean, as discussed in the video. It is involved in the formation of the Hawaiian Islands and the Ring of Fire. The movement of the Pacific Plate contributes to the seismic and volcanic activity in Indonesia, particularly around the islands of Papua and Halmahera.

💡Philippine Sea Plate

The Philippine Sea Plate is a smaller tectonic plate located in the northern region of Indonesia, as mentioned in the video. It is in direct contact with three larger plates: the Eurasian, Indo-Australian, and Pacific plates. The interactions among these plates, especially the Philippine Sea Plate, contribute to the geological activity in Indonesia.

Highlights

Indonesia is located in the Ring of Fire, an area with frequent seismic and volcanic activity.

The Ring of Fire forms a large circle around the Pacific Ocean where tectonic plates meet.

Tectonic plate interactions can cause natural disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis.

Tectonic plates are responsible for the formation of continents and oceans.

The Earth's lithosphere is a rigid outer layer consisting of the crust and the upper mantle.

The asthenosphere is solid but flows very slowly over geological timescales.

There are 7 main tectonic plates on Earth, which move due to asthenosphere convection.

The theory of plate tectonics updated the earlier concept of continental drift.

Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift in 1912.

The continents were once a single unit known as Pangea.

Tectonic plates are likened to floating ice, moving over the Earth's surface.

Indonesia is surrounded by four tectonic plates.

The Indo-Australian plate was formed from the fusion of the Australian and Indian plates.

The Eurasian plate is the third largest and includes most of Europe and Asia.

The Pacific plate is the largest and is primarily under the Pacific Ocean.

The Philippine Sea Plate is a micro marine plate located in the northern region of Indonesia.

Each plate in Indonesia moves differently, influencing the geological activity.

Indonesia's complex geological activity results in a unique and diverse landscape.

Indonesia's location in the Ring of Fire makes it prone to tectonic earthquakes.

Transcripts

In several previous videos,

we mentioned that our country, Indonesia,

is geographically located in an area

known as the Ring of Fire.

The Ring of Fire

is a group of areas around the Pacific Ocean

which frequently experience earthquakes

and volcanic eruptions.

This area is called the Ring. fire

because this area

forms a

large circle or ring that encircles the Pacific Ocean.

This area

has a lot of seismic and volcanic activity

because it is located

at

the meeting of tectonic plates which move together

along this ring

. The earth's plates meet

, move and collide with each other.

The negative effect is

when the plates these interact,

they can cause natural disasters

such as earthquakes,

volcanic eruptions

and even tsunamis,

however,

these plates

are the background for the formation of various continents

and oceans

as we

know

them today

.

the place where 4

tectonic plates meet

, three of which are the

main plates

. Before discussing further,

it would be good if we first know

what tectonic plates are.

If we talk about tectonic plates

, it cannot be separated from the theory of

plate tectonics or the formation of the earth

, where the earth was formed due to

movement. below the earth's surface

according to this theory

the earth has a rigid outer layer

called the lithosphere

which consists of the crust and the top part of the earth's mantle

whose contents are stiff and solid

which usually has a thickness of about 100 km

below the lithosphere layer

there is an asthenosphere which is solid

but can flow like a liquid

very slowly

and over a very long geological time scale

because of the low

viscosity and shear strength.

The deeper

part of the mantle below the asthenosphere

becomes stiffer,

the cause is not colder temperatures

but high pressure.

The lithosphere layer

is divided into tectonic plates

on earth there are 7 main plates

and many smaller plates

these lithospheric plates ride on

the asthenosphere

due to convection asthenosphere and lithosphere

these plates

move relative to each other

at different speeds

from 2-15 centimeters per year

the interaction of tectonic plates

is responsible for various geological formations

such as the Himalayan mountains in Asia,

the East African gap

and the San Andreas fault in California, the United States.

The theory of plate tectonics itself

was developed from the 1950s

to the 1970s.

The theory

of plate tectonics is a modern update to

Continental drift,

an idea first proposed

by scientist Alfred Wegener in 1912,

stated that the

Earth's continents had drifted

across the planet

over time.

This theory began to be accepted by geoscientists

after seafloor spreading was validated

in the mid to late 1960s.

Tectonics is used to explain

continental drift,

a phenomenon that occurred when

the continents were still a single unit

, called a super-large continent or supercontinent

or called Pangea

, until not long after that

the continent that emerged was divided into several parts.

Some parts of this divided continent

were called Gondwana and Laurasia

. some of these continents are characterized by movement

and are likened to floating pieces of ice

and move in

the ocean because this is

the theory of tectonic plates, also called the theory of

continental drift.

Based on the explanation of this theory,

it can be said

that tectonic plates are the uppermost part of the earth

with phenomena that arise as a result of the movement process

and influence the height and low of the earth

directly.

This movement process

makes a significant influence on the

geologically

dynamic appearance of the earth's surface.

Indonesia itself is surrounded by 4 tectonic plates

.

What tectonic plates surround Indonesia

? Quoted from gramedia.com,

here are the 4 tectonic plates that surround Indonesia.

The Indo-

Australian plate. The Indo-Australian plate

has an area of ​​approximately 58 .9 million km² then

the Indo Australian plate

was formed from the fusion of plates

between the Australian plate and the Indian plate

millions of years ago

and several years ago

or when the Eurasian plate

and the Indo Australian plate collided with each other

, the Himalayan mountains were formed.

Apart from that,

several researchers have researching the

Indo-Australian

plate believes that the Indian plate and the Australian plate

are two plates that separated from each other

several

millions of years ago.

In Indonesia,

the Indo-Australian plate

is located in eastern regions

such as Papua Island and also East Nusa Tenggara Island

, which are then connected to each other. with the Eurasian plate

to the west

and to the north there is the Pacific plate,

the Eurasian plate

, the next plate in Indonesia is the Eurasian plate,

this plate

is estimated to have an area of

​​approximately 67.8 million km²

because this plate is quite large

, this plate

is included in the plate. 3rd largest in the world

, in fact almost all areas of

the European and Asian continents are on this plate.

Apart from that, there are many

geological schemes that occur on the Eurasian plate

, even some of the geological schemes that occur are quite large

, one of which

is the formation of the Himalayan mountains

and also the formation of the Caspian Sea lake,

this lake has become the largest lake in the world

to date,

the Eurasian plate

can be said to be the most geologically active plate,

therefore

in the areas passed by this plate

volcanic events

and earthquakes usually occur

in the Indonesian

region . which this plate passes through

are large islands

such as Sumatra Island,

Java Island, Sulawesi Island

and Kalimantan Island

, therefore it

can be said that the Eurasian plate

is the base of Indonesia, currently

the Pacific plate

, the third plate that surrounds Indonesia ,

is the Pacific plate, this

Pacific plate.

It is estimated that it has an area of

​​approximately 103.3 million km²,

therefore

this plate is the largest plate

in the world today.

Apart from that,

this plate is located under the Pacific Ocean

starting from the northern part of Papua Island,

Indonesia

. In general,

the Pacific plate can be said to be crust from

the ocean, except in areas around California

and New Zealand,

even this plate

played quite a role in the formation of the Hawaiian Islands.

Initially,

the Hawaiian Islands were volcanoes that

were under the sea

, then pushed upwards

to form land that

existed millions of years ago.

then the formation of this volcano

occurs through several points on the Pacific plate

and then at each outer boundary of the plate

This Pacific Ocean

forms a ring of fire at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean

, where the ring

of fire

causes volcanoes in several areas

of the Philippine Sea Plate

. The 4th plate that surrounds Indonesia

is then the Philippine Sea Plate.

If the previous three plates

are included in the macro category

, then the Philippine Sea Plate

This is a micro marine plate,

this is because this plate has an area of

​​approximately 5.5 million km²,

the Philippine Sea Plate

is located in the northern region of Halmahera Waigeo Island,

Papua Island

, apart from that, it is also

located in the outermost part of the Sangihe Talaud Islands,

this Philippine Sea Plate

is in direct contact

with three macro plates

in Indonesia

, namely the Eurasian plate,

the Indo-Australian plate

and the Pacific plate,

each plate

in Indonesia

has different movements,

such as the Indo-Australian plate which

moves to the northeast

at a speed of 7.7 cm

per year,

the Pacific plate is moving to the northwest

at a speed of 10.2 cm per year,

meanwhile

the Eurasian plate is relatively stationary

in Indonesia itself . Collision

movements

can cause volcanoes

starting from the northern tip of Sumatra Island

to Java Island

, Bali Island, East Nusa Tenggara.

continues until it heads east, turning towards Maluku.

Therefore, there

is evidence that

the impact movement is still ongoing.

As

a result of this movement

, in Indonesia , tectonic

earthquakes often occur

which can then be dangerous for the surrounding community.

The impact

also makes Indonesia a

country. with the largest archipelago in the world

which is very complex and unique,

therefore

we often

encounter various forms of beaches,

sea trenches ,

active mountains

and faults, making them prone to tectonic earthquakes

. That's a video about the tectonic plates

that surround Indonesia

. Hopefully

this video can add a little insight

and knowledge to Thank

you all for watching

and wait for our next video