History of the Byzantine Empire
Summary
TLDREl Imperio Romano sufrió divisiones repetidas, llegando a tener hasta cuatro emperadores simultáneamente. En 395 d.C., el emperador Teodosio lo dividió entre sus hijos, pero en 408 d.C., el hijo de Arcadio, Teodosio II, se proclamó emperador en el este, llevando a la separación definitiva. Justiniano intentó restaurar el imperio, pero la plaga y conflictos internos llevaron al declive del Imperio Bizantino. Finalmente, en 1453, Constantinopla cayó ante los otomanos, marcando el fin del Imperio Bizantino y el surgimiento del Imperio Otomano.
Takeaways
- 🏛️ El Imperio Romano fue dividido repetidamente a lo largo de su historia, llegando a tener hasta cuatro emperadores simultáneamente.
- 👑 En 395 d.C., el emperador Teodosio dividió el imperio entre sus hijos, lo que no sorprendió a los romanos, quienes esperaban que las dos mitades se reunieran pronto.
- 👎 Arcadio se destacó como un emperador débil, permitiendo que los nobles de su entorno tomaran el control del poder.
- 🛡️ La construcción de las murallas Teodocianas alrededor de Constantinopla por Pulcheria, la hermana de Arcadio, se convirtieron en una de las estructuras defensivas más extensas del mundo en ese momento.
- 🚢 En el año 467 d.C., la derrota bizantina en la Batalla Naval de Cartago marcó el inicio de una larga serie de problemas internos para el Imperio en Italia.
- 👥 Los bárbaros germánicos derrocaron al último emperador del Oeste, Romulo Agusto, y enviaron los reliquias imperiales a Constantinopla.
- 📚 Justiniano, emperador talentoso, soñó con restaurar el Imperio Romano y logró conquistar territorios en África y Siria.
- 🤝 La lucha entre los iconoclastas y los iconodules causó conflictos internos y guerras civiles en Bizancio durante dos siglos.
- 🏰 La dinastía Macedoniana trajo éxitos militares a Bizancio, capturando Italia del sur y recuperando islas y territorios en el Mediterráneo.
- 🛡️ La creación de la Guardia Varangiana, compuesta por vikingos, se convirtió en una unidad destacada y el cuerpo de guardia personal del emperador.
- 🏰 En 1204, la Cuarta Cruzada resultó en el saqueo de Constantinopla por los cruzados, lo que llevó a la formación de varios estados en el lugar del Imperio Bizantino.
Q & A
¿Cuándo se dividió el Imperio Romano entre los hijos del emperador Teodosio I?
-El Imperio Romano se dividió entre los hijos del emperador Teodosio I en el año 395 d.C.
¿Qué emperador tomó decisiones débiles que afectaron al Imperio Oriental?
-El emperador Arcadio se destacó como un emperador de voluntad débil, dejando que los nobles de su corte tomaran decisiones en su lugar.
¿Qué logró Pulcheria, hermana y regente del emperador Teodosio II?
-Pulcheria, interesada más en asuntos religiosos que políticos, logró la construcción de las murallas conocidas como las murallas de Teodosio, que rodearon Constantinopla.
¿Qué sucedió en la Batalla de Cartago que afectó al Imperio Bizantino?
-En la Batalla de Cartago en el año 467 d.C., el Imperio Bizantino sufrió una derrota naval contra los vándalos, lo que llevó a un enfoque interno por medio siglo.
¿Cómo contribuyó Justiniano al esfuerzo de restaurar el Imperio Romano?
-Justiniano, emperador talentoso, envió a su general Belisario con un ejército de 30,000 hombres a África en 533 d.C. para derrotar a los vándalos y anexar sus tierras al Imperio.
¿Qué ocurrió en la Batalla de Nepal que involucró a Belisario y los ostrogodos?
-Belisario, con ayuda de romanos locales, logró derrotar a los ostrogodos en la Batalla de Nápoles, capturó Roma y resistió un sitio de 2 años.
¿Qué conflicto significativo ocurrió durante el reinado de Justiniano que afectó al ejército bizantino?
-Durante el reinado de Justiniano, el conflicto entre los iconoclastas y los iconodules se convirtió en la cuestión política principal del Imperio, lo que generó derramamiento de sangre y divisiones internas.
¿Cómo impactaron las invasiones árabes en el Imperio Bizantino?
-Las invasiones árabes, que comenzaron en el siglo VII, capturaron territorios clave como Siria y Palestina, y en 655 d.C., los árabes capturaron Rodas y pronto tuvieron acceso al Mar de Mármara, amenazando a Constantinopla.
¿Qué fue el 'fuego griego' y cómo ayudó al Imperio Bizantino a defenderse?
-El 'fuego griego' fue una mezcla secreta de aceite, azufre, cal y otros ingredientes que permitió a los bizantinos quemar las flotas enemigas, como la de los árabes en 678 d.C., recuperando el control del Mar de Mármara.
¿Cómo se desarrolló el conflicto entre el Imperio Bizantino y los búlgaros durante el siglo IX y X?
-El conflicto con los búlgaros se intensificó, con el Imperio Bizantino sufriendo derrotas y finalmente perdiendo el control de la península balcánica, incluso después de intentos de conquista y alianzas.
¿Cuál fue el resultado del cuarto crucado para el Imperio Bizantino?
-El cuarto crucado resultó en un desastre para el Imperio Bizantino, ya que Constantinopla fue saqueada por los cruzados en 1204, lo que llevó a la creación de varios estados latinos en el lugar del Imperio Bizantino.
Outlines
🏛️ División y Decadencia del Imperio Romano
El primer párrafo aborda la división repetida del Imperio Romano, donde a veces hasta cuatro emperadores gobernaban simultáneamente. En el año 395 d.C., el emperador Teodosio dividió el imperio entre sus hijos, lo que no sorprendió a los romanos. Se destaca la figura de Arcadio como un emperador débil y cómo su hermano, en lugar de unir el estado, proclamó a Teodosio II como emperador en el este. Pulcheria, su hermana, ejerció el poder en lugar de Teodosio II. Se menciona la construcción de las murallas teodocianas en Constantinopla y cómo el oeste se volvió un interés para Bizancio. También se describe la campaña contra los vándalos que terminó en derrota y cómo los bárbaros germánicos derrocaron al último emperador del oeste, Romulo Agustulo, enviando los reliquias imperiales a Constantinopla. Justiniano, un emperador talentoso, soñó con restaurar el Imperio Romano y envió a su general Belisario a África, donde logró derrotar a los vándalos. Posteriormente, Belisario enfrentó a los ostrogodos, pero finalmente fue retirado de Italia por Justiniano debido a intrigas políticas.
🛡️ Batallas y Conflictos del Imperio Bizantino
El segundo párrafo relata la continuación de los conflictos y batallas del Imperio Bizantino. Se menciona la rebelión de los ostrogodos liderados por Toilla, que recapturaron el norte de Italia. Belisario tuvo que volver a Italia para enfrentar a los ostrogodos, pero esta vez con Nares, un diplomático talentoso, a quien Justiniano retiró del mando militar en Italia. Nares logró derrotar a los ostrogodos en la Batalla de Tagina y rechazar la invasión de los francos a Italia. La narración también incluye la llegada de los lombardos a Italia y cómo estos establecieron su reino, lo que significó la pérdida de Italia para Bizancio. Se describe el declive del Imperio bajo Justino II debido a la plaga de Justiniano y conflictos políticos, y cómo el ejército se convirtió en mercenario y estaba compuesto principalmente por extranjeros. Además, se menciona la influencia de la cultura griega y cómo el griego se convirtió en el idioma oficial del imperio bajo Heraclio.
🏰 Victorias y Derrotas del Imperio Bizantino
El tercer párrafo cubre las victorias y derrotas del Imperio Bizantino. Se describe cómo los árabes capturaron Siria y Jerusalén, y cómo la capital, Constantinopla, fue asediada por los persas y árabes. La victoria de Bizancio en la Batalla de Nineveh y la posterior paz con los persas se destacan. La invasión árabe prosigue con la conquista del Levante y la invasión de Egipto. Se menciona el uso del fuego griego por parte de los bizantinos para defenderse de los árabes y cómo este les permitió recuperar el control del Mar de Mármara. También se habla de las guerras con los búlgaros y cómo estos se establecieron en el Danubio, lo que llevó a nuevas guerras con el califato. La defensa exitosa de Constantinopla y la influencia de la idea del Emperador León III de luchar contra los íconos provocó conflictos internos y guerras civiles.
🏺 Ascenso y Caída del Imperio Bizantino
El cuarto párrafo relata el ascenso y la caída del Imperio Bizantino. Se describe cómo la dinastía macedonia llegó al poder y cómo los bizantinos capturaron el sur de Italia y destruyeron la flota de los rusos meridionales. Se menciona la captura de Antioquía y Siria por Juan Zimiski, así como la muerte inesperada del emperador que impidió la captura de Jerusalén. La subyugación de los búlgaros por Basilio II se destaca, así como las alianzas que el imperio formó con los enemigos de sus enemigos. Se describe la creación de la guardia varegiana y cómo el imperio se enfrentó a nuevos enemigos como los turcos seljúvidas, que capturaron Asia Menor y dieron una derrota catastrófica a los bizantinos en la Batalla de Manzikert. La llamada del emperador a los cruzados para luchar contra los seljúvidas llevó a los cruzados a capturar Jerusalén y a establecer su propio reino en Palestina.
🏰 La Caída del Imperio Bizantino
El último párrafo describe la caída del Imperio Bizantino. Se menciona la rebelión de los búlgaros liderados por los hermanos Asén, que expulsaron a los griegos de los Balcanes. La continuación de las Cruzadas y la pérdida de Chipre por parte de Bizancio se destacan. La Cuarta Cruzada, que capturó y saqueó Constantinopla, y cómo varios estados emergieron tras la caída del Imperio Bizantino, se describen. La restauración del Imperio Bizantino por los Paleólogos y cómo la presencia de los mercenarios en el ejército bizantino no siempre fue exitosa se menciona. Se habla de la expansión del emirato otomano y cómo los otomanos conquistaron el oeste de Asia Menor y la costa oeste del Mar de Mármara. Finalmente, se describe la caída de Constantinopla en 1453 y cómo la historia del Imperio Bizantino generalmente se considera que termina aquí, mientras que los otomanos emergen como un nuevo estado poderoso.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Imperio Romano
💡División del Imperio
💡Arcadio
💡Teodosio II
💡Muros de Teodosio
💡Justiniano
💡Peste de Justiniano
💡Guerra con los árabes
💡Crusadas
💡Caída de Constantinopla
Highlights
The Roman Empire was repeatedly divided, with periods of multiple emperors ruling simultaneously.
In 395 AD, Emperor Theodosius divided the empire between his sons, leading to two separate states.
Arcadius, a weak-willed Emperor, allowed the Visigoths to use the Balkans as a base for raids on Rome.
Theodosius II, a minor, became emperor in the East with power held by his sister Pulcheria.
Pulcheria's main achievement was the construction of the Theodosian Walls around Constantinople.
The West became a matter of interest for Byzantine in 467 AD with a failed campaign against the Vandals.
Germanic tribes overthrew the last emperor of the West, Romulus Augustus, in 476 AD.
Justinian, in 527 AD, became Emperor with dreams of restoring the Roman Empire.
General Belisarius led a successful campaign against the Vandals, annexing their lands to Byzantium.
Belisarius began a campaign against the Ostrogoths, capturing Rome after a 2-year siege.
Internal conflicts and the Plague of Justinian contributed to the decline of the Byzantine Empire.
The Greek language and culture predominated in the Empire under Justinian.
Heraclius made Greek the state language, changing the self-designation of the inhabitants to Rhomaioi.
The Persians captured Jerusalem and plundered it in 611 AD.
Heraclius assembled a new army and defeated the Persians in the Battle of Nineveh.
The Arab invasions began, leading to the loss of Levant and Egypt for Byzantium.
The Byzantines developed Greek Fire, a secret weapon that helped them regain control of the Sea of Marmara.
The Byzantine Empire faced internal conflicts over the use of icons, leading to civil wars.
Basil II finally subdued the Bulgarians in 1018, dealing with them by blinding prisoners of war.
The Crusades began, and although Byzantium regained NAA, it did not reclaim most of the lands in Asia Minor.
The Fourth Crusade resulted in the sacking of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204.
The Byzantine Empire was restored in 1261, but it was much smaller and controlled by Venice and Genoa.
The Ottomans emerged as a new threat, eventually capturing Constantinople in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire.
Transcripts
the Roman Empire was repeatedly divided
throughout its history there were times
when two three or even four Emperors
ruled
simultaneously therefore when in 395 ad
the emperor theodosius divided the
empire between his sons it did not
surprise anyone Romans expected that
both halves of the state would soon
reunite arcadius distinguished himself
as a weak-willed Emperor instead of him
the Nobles from his un tourage ruled
they allowed alleri the king of the
Visigoths to use the Balkans as a base
for his raids on Rome recruited even
more Germanic mercenaries into the army
and abolished most of the customary
Roman positions thus Constantinople
drifted further away from the Empire it
had recently been a part of but the main
contribution to the division of the
Empire occurred in 408 ad upon the death
of arcadius everyone expected his
brother to unite the State under his
rule however instead of him arcadius son
theodosius II was proclaimed emperor in
the East he became emperor while still
being a minor and inherited his father's
lack of will instead power was held by
his sister pulcheria who was more
interested in religious matters than
politics Pia's main achievement was the
construction of two rows of walls around
Constantinople topped with 96 guard
towers
these were the most extensive defensive
structures in the world at the time
which entered history as the theodocian
walls named after the emperor they would
protect the Byzantine capital from its
enemies for centuries to come the West
became the matter of interest for
Byzantine in 467 ad at that time there
was a campaign against the vandals which
ended in the Byzantine defeat in the
naval Battle of Carthage and for half a
century the Empire had to focus on inter
problems in Italy Germanic tribes
overthrew the last emperor of the West
Romulus Augustus and sent the Imperial
relics to Constantinople in response
Byzantium had only to recognize the
authority of the Germans in Italy it
could not resist because constant
rebellions were occurring within the
Empire known in history as the plean
wars which ended only in 493 ad in 527
ad Justinian became the Emperor of
Byzantium a talented ruler who dreamed
of restoring the Roman Empire in 533 ad
he sent General belisarius with a 30,000
strong Army to Africa in two battles he
defeated the Vandal Army and then
ravaged the Kingdom's lands
Exterminating the vandals until in 2
years he virtually destroyed all the
vandals and annexed their lands to
Byzantium in 536 ad belisarius began
began a campaign against the ostrogoths
with the help of local Romans he
defeated the Germans in the Battle of
Naples and then captured Rome and
withstood a 2-year Siege there later
belisarius managed to take Rena without
a fight and deceitfully captured the
ostrogothic king vidus triumphantly
returning to
Constantinople however in 452 ad the
ostrogoths under the command of toilla
rebelled and using Guerilla tactics Rec
captured Northern Italy belisarius had
to return this time he had to lead the
troops jointly with naris a unic and
talented Diplomat they constantly
quarreled because belisarius did not
consider Nares his equal in response
Nares plotted intrigues against
belisarius eventually Nares persuaded
the emperor that belisarius planned to
seize the throne and then Justinian
decided to remove the popular General he
suspended the supply of the army to
Italy the situation became so
catastrophic that belisarius his wife
bought food for her husband's Army at
her own expense and Byzantine soldiers
in Italy resorted to robbery to feed
themselves as a result the war with the
ostrogoths dragged on in 549 ad toilla
briefly captured Rome the people of
Italy no longer understood who was
protecting them and who was conquering
them so they gladly supported the
ostrogoths and join joined their army
eventually using belisarius failures as
a pretext Justinian recalled his General
and stripped him of all his positions
later a legend emerged that he blinded
him mockingly Nares took over the
military command in Italy using
diplomacy and bribery he managed to
defeat the ostrogoths in the Battle of
tajan and later repelled the invasion of
the Franks into Italy who hoped to
easily capture the war weakened country
after that narcy settled in Naples
governed Italy and unsuccessfully tried
to defeat the remnants of the
ostrogothic Army in 568 ad Justinian's
nephew relieved Nares of all positions
according to Legend the emperor
mockingly offered him the position of
supervisor of
Weavers then narcy replied that he would
find a spindle that the emperor would
never be able to unravel and invited the
Lombards to Italy to help defeat the as
Goths the Lombards not only successfully
defeated their opponents but also
settled in the new lands and soon the
Lombard Kingdom arose here and Byzantium
lost Italy the years of Justinian rule
were the peak of the Empire's power
however under Justin II the Empire began
its long decline this was largely
contributed to by the epidemic of the
Justinian plague which claimed a quarter
of the state population with some
provinces being completely devastated
internal political conflicts also dealt
a significant blow it was during this
time that the four factions of the
Hippodrome finally formed which would
influence the emperor's policy for a
long time rebellion in Constantinople
became a common phenomenon the army
during these years became largely
mercenary and consisted mainly of
foreigners under belisarius a famous
band of Hun's mercenaries gained Renown
playing a key role in the defeat of the
vandals and nar's guard in Italy was
entirely composed of gepid mercenaries
in the East to combat Persia the
byzantines gladly hired contingents of
desert Nomads the Arabs Greek culture
predominated in the Empire already under
Justinian the the Greek language flooded
The Emperor's Palace and emperor
heraclius made Greek the state language
thus the emperor became a basileus the
prefectures became excits and the
legions became tagas and themes even the
self-designation of the inhabitants
changed they were now called Romeos as
the Greeks called the
Romans in 611 ad under the pretext of
not recognizing the new emperor
heraclius Persia declared Another War
using a more mobile Cavalry the Persians
quickly captured Syria and plundered it
from there they invaded Palestine where
after a brief Siege they captured
Jerusalem perpetrated a bloody massacre
and stole Christian relics after that
the Persians crossed all of Asia Minor
and captured Caledon later they also
looted Egypt the Empire's Grainery and
famine began in the capital it seemed
that the empire was on the brink of
collapse then heraclius assembled a new
Army the funds for which he took from
the sale of church relics in 622 ad he
set out with 50,000 soldiers to the
Caucasus where he persuaded the
Armenians to join his side and
recaptured Asia Minor in response the
Persians gathered new armies and
bypassing heraclius Army besieged
Constantinople meanwhile their allies
the avars approached from the West
joining the siege of the city the def of
the city was led by patriarch sergius he
repelled all attempts to storm and land
in the city from the sea and 2 months
later the opponents were forced to
retreat from the walls of
Constantinople the victory was dedicated
to the Virgin Mary whose icon the
patriarch placed on the walls where the
battles raged already the next year
heraclius defeated the Persian army in
the Battle of Nineveh and with his army
approached their Capital the Persians
asked for for peace and returned the
captured lands and stolen holy relics
and the emperor returned
triumphantly the following year the Arab
allies of Byzantium suffered their first
raid by Muslim Arabs the next year the
Muslim Arabs invaded Byzantine territory
and approached Gaza Byzantium eventually
intervened in these wars but the Army
sent by heraclius suffered defeat in the
battle on the yarmuk river by 640 ad the
Arab had conquered the Levant after
which they invaded Egypt where they
captured Alexandria in 641 ad within 4
years the byzantines managed to
recapture it but then fell into an
ambush by the Arabs and were defeated
near nikayas in 651 ad they tried again
to recapture Egypt from the Arabs but
suffered another defeat at Sea near
Alexandria instead the Arabs captured
Cyprus in 655 ad the Arabs defeated the
Greek Fleet near liia and soon captured
rhs and cicus giving them access to the
Sea of marmura from where they could
capture
Constantinople but the byzantines
already had a secret weapon ready a
mixture based on oil sulfur quick lime
and other additives the list and
proportions of which are still unknown
to us this entered history as Greek fire
with its help the byzantines burned the
Arab Fleet in 678 ad and regained
control of the Sea of marmura this
allowed for peace to be concluded at the
same time taking advantage of the fact
that the empire was preoccupied with war
with the Arabs the bulgarians settled on
the danu in 692 ad a new war with the
caliphate began for Byzantium its onset
was marked by a catastrophic defeat
30,000 mercen Aries including Slavs whom
the byzantines forcibly conscripted into
the army were bribed by the Arabs and
the Slavs switched sides in the midst of
the battle the following year Carthage
in Africa was besieged in 698 ad the
Arabs defeated the byzantines in the
Battle of UDA Africa was lost to
Byzantium forever that same year the
Georgian lazika in the caucuses seceded
from the Empire using the Empire's
weakening as an opportunity to gain
independence in 716 ad the Arabs
organized a new campaign against
Byzantium after passing through Asia
Minor they landed their troops in thce
the following year and besieged
Constantinople The Siege lasted for over
a year and famine began in the city then
the byzantines lured part of the Arab
Fleet into the Golden Horn Bay blocked
it with a massive chain and set it on
fire with Greek Fire soon after they
also burned the Arab reinforcements in
the sea of marmura simultaneously the
byzantines lured the enemy's Army into
an ambush near sofan which covered
supply routes now the Arabs found
themselves surrounded by winter their
Provisions ran out and due to hunger
they lost all their combat capability
eventually the byzantines hired the
Bulgarian Khan Turell to finish off the
AA Army for this he was given the title
of Caesar which the bulgarians soon
shortened to Zar and this became the
title of all subsequent Bulgarian rulers
the successful defense also raised the
authority of the new emperor Leo III The
isan Who himself was of Eastern origin
and his parents were among the refugees
fleeing from the lands captured by the
Arabs from such refugees from the East
he formed his own Army which held
Constantinople during the defense later
it became the basis of the Byzantine
Army along with this Leo III and his
army brought from the East the popular
idea the struggle against
icons this caused a series of internal
conflicts and even Civil Wars the
struggle between Icona clasts and Icona
files became the main political issue of
Byzantium for the next two centuries
each arrival of supporters of one idea
was accompanied by Bloodshed in the camp
of their opponents this conflict
prevented the byzantines from taking
advantage of the victory over the Arabs
which were soon led by the new Abbasid
Dynasty in 751 ad Venice taking
advantage of the conflict within
Byzantium declared its independence in
756 ad the byzantines tried to subdue
the bulgarians but their first campaign
ended in defeat then emperor Constantine
V caprus organized eight more campaigns
into Bulgaria and when civil Strife
began in Bulgaria one of the claimants
to the throne torig wrote a letter to
the emperor promising to be his ally he
asked to name all Byzantine agents to
appoint them the highest positions in
the Kingdom Constantine revealed the
names of all his agents among the
bulgarians and the News are quickly
executed them in 792 2 ad the bulgarians
finally defeated the byzantines in the
Battle of Mari the emperor fled from the
battlefield to retain power he brought
his mother The Talented politician Irene
of Athens back from the monastery she
soon blinded her son and proclaimed
herself Empress this step did not end
well for banum as her title was not
recognized in Europe and shortly
thereafter Charlemagne the king of the
Franks was crowned emperor of Rome there
Byzantium lost its Empire status in
Europe conflicts with the bulgarians did
not cease either even the baptism of the
bulgarians did not help reconcile them
with the Greeks on the contrary the
bulgarians now claimed leadership among
the Christians in the Balkans and
Byzantium only hindered them in this the
Arab threat revived thus in 824 ad the
Arabs captured creit and 3 years later
they invaded Sicily the conquest of
which lasted for a century and a half in
860 ad the Roose people who came from ke
looted the suburbs of
Constantinople in Asia Minor the Arabs
did not succeed their campaign in 863
suffered a defeat in the Battle of
porson because the byzantines had
already learned to successfully fight
against the Arabs the subsequent
successes of Byzantium were closely
linked to the Macedonian Dynasty which
rose to power due to recent victories in
880 the byzantines captured southern
Italy in 944 they destroyed the fleet of
Ken Rus at the mouth of the danu and in
961 they regained the islands of CIT and
Cyprus in 965 they recaptured cicia in
969 The Talented military leader of
Armenian descent John the simisky became
emperor in Bulgaria he defeated the army
of Ken Rus at Doran which was trying to
capture Bulgaria moreover he hired
turkic ogou mercenaries also known as
pachin EGS to defeat the retreating
Roose in 975 he captured Antioch and
regained Syria for Byzantium only the
Unexpected death of the emperor 976
prevented the Banes from capturing
Jerusalem in 1018 Emperor basil II
finally did what the byzantines had been
unable to do for over two centuries he
subdued the
bulgarians the emperor cruy dealt with
Bulgarian soldiers ordering all
prisoners of war in this war to be
blinded chroniclers called him bulgar
Slayer for this soon after basil II also
captured some territories of the
Georgian Kingdom in the western
caucuses Byzantium once again reached
the peak of it power its new policy was
to form alliances with the enemies of
its enemies and Achieve Victory through
joint efforts the Army grew in number
mainly due to mercenaries it was then
that the most famous unit in Byzantine
history emerged the varangian guard a
unit of Vikings who among other things
became the personal bodyguard of the
emperor however Byzantium soon faced new
enemies at the beginning of the 11th
century the migration of the seljuk
Turks from Central Asia to the Middle
East began being experienced horseback
Warriors they easily captured several
Persian Emirates where they adopted
Islam under Arab influence and soon the
seljuks extended their rule over the
Abbasid caliphate and used the new lands
as a base for attacks on Byzantium in
1071 the seljuks dealt a catastrophic
defeat to the byzantines in the Battle
of monaker and Byzantine Emperor Romanos
IV diogenes fell into captivity after
this a new state emerged in Asia Minor
the sultanate of room for a Time the
Turks even captured NAA which became the
capital of the sultanate to save
themselves from the seljuks the
Byzantine emperor called on the pope to
organize assistance from Europe This
provoked the Crusades providing them
with an official pretext and although
during the First Crusade Byzantium
regained NAA and the Crusaders captured
Jerusalem this adventure did not end
well for Byzantium they were unable to
reclaim most of the lands in Asia Minor
moreover because the byzantines did not
allow the Crusaders to plunder NAA and
did not come to their aid in the siege
of Damascus a rift occurred among the
Allies instead of reclaiming the Lost
lands for Byzantium the Crusaders
established their own kingdom of
Jerusalem in Palestine
in 1185 the bulgarians revolted they
were led by the aen brothers according
to Legend they initially tried to enlist
in the Byzantine Army but the emperor
only laughed at this and struck the
elder brother Theodore in the face the
aans returned to Bulgaria and Gathering
those dissatisfied with Byzantine rule
created their own Army which drove the
Greeks out of the Balkans the byzantines
organ organized three campaigns against
the rebellious bulgarians but all ended
in defeat the Bulgarian King at the time
koan called himself Roman Slayer
invoking the name of the Byzantine
emperor basil II the Crusades continued
in 1184 Cyprus declared itself
independent of Byzantium and in 1191 the
Crusaders captured and annexed it to
their possessions but far worse than
losing the island awaited Byzantium in
the near future in 1202 The Fourth
Crusade began to finance the war the
Crusaders looted the city of zodar and
afterwards they were hired by alexios
Angelos who claimed the Byzantine throne
with the help of 30,000 Crusaders he
captured Constantinople in 123 and
became emperor alexio IV his rule relied
entirely on the Crusaders
this was the reason for the coup the
following year neither alexio IV nor
alexio V fulfilled their Promises to the
Crusaders then the knights with the help
of the Venetian Fleet again captured and
looted
Constantinople the Byzantine emperor
tried to flee but fell into the hands of
the Crusaders and was killed by them in
place of the Byzantine Empire several
States emerged the Latin Empire created
and ruled by the Crusaders the Empire of
trebizond created by the younger branch
of the comminos Imperial family the
despotate of ayrus under the leadership
of the ducas family and the Empire of
NAA ruled by the lascaris family in 1259
the nans led by Michael VII poolos
captured the pelan and 2 years later
they recaptured Constantinople and
restored the Byzantine Empire the new
antium was much smaller moreover its
fleet was controlled by Venice and Genoa
when a war broke out between Italian
cities in 1294 it also affected
Byzantine lands the backbone of the
Byzantine Army as always consisted of
mercenaries now mainly Spanish and
Italian
condottieri the mercenary Army did not
always live up to expectations in 1302
The byzantines Hired Catalin for a war
against the Turks Instead The
Mercenaries plundered Byzantine lands
for 10 years eventually capturing Athens
where they established their own State
meanwhile the sultanate of room
collapsed and its various Emirates
competed for land the most successful
was the Ottoman Emirate by 1337 the
Ottomans had conquered the western part
of Asia Minor and in 1354 they landed on
the western coast of the Sea of marm
in 1361 the Ottomans defeated the
byzantines at adrianople which soon
became the Turkish city of adna
Byzantium found itself completely
surrounded by the Ottomans now they were
defended only by the strong walls of
Constantinople and they withstood The
Siege by the Turks in
1397 and then another one in
1423 in Byzantium itself the idea of an
alliance with the West against the Turks
spread but the residents of the capital
remembering 1204 threatened to Rebel
forcing the emperor to abandon this idea
1439 the slogan of the byzantines then
became the words of Lucas notaras one of
the ministers and advisers to the
emperor I would rather see the Turkish
turban in the city than the Latin miter
in 1446 Byzantium lost the peloponese
which was captured by the Ottomans
and in 1453 the Turks again besieged
Constantinople after a prolonged Siege
the city fell under numerous assaults
the presence of artillery a new
technology in Warfare played a
significant role in this no less
important was the military Talent of
Sultan mhamed II who used the fleet to
successfully transport troops to the
unprepared sides of the city historians
usually end the history of the Byzantine
Empire here although some of its
fragments existed until the end of the
15th century and on the fragments of the
once glorious Empire with its capital in
captured Constantinople a new state
emerged which soon would astonish the
world the Ottoman Empire
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