La Sinistra Storica, In 6 Minuti (Storia d'Italia)
Summary
TLDRThe 'Historical Left' era in Italy spanned from 1876 to the late 19th century, marked by significant political, social, and economic reforms. Agostino Depretis' government, supported by a segment of the historical Right, implemented transformative policies like the Coppino Law making elementary education free and compulsory, and the Zanardelli electoral reform expanding the electorate. Socially, the era introduced worker protections and investigated rural living conditions, revealing widespread malnutrition and poverty. Economically, it focused on tax relief, industrial development, and protectionist tariffs. Internationally, it shifted alliances towards the Triple Alliance and pursued colonial ambitions, notably the failed Adwa campaign of 1896, which led to the downfall of Francesco Crispi and the end of the Historical Left period.
Takeaways
- 😀 The historical left era in Italy spanned from 1876 to approximately 1896, marking a significant period in Italian political history.
- 🏛️ The term 'historical left' was used to distinguish this period from the mass parties and movements that emerged in the 20th century.
- 👑 After the resignation of the right-wing government in 1876, King Victor Emmanuel II tasked Agostino Depretis to form a new government, which included support from some right-wing factions.
- 📚 The Coppino Law of 1877 made elementary education free and compulsory for three years, significantly increasing school attendance.
- 🗳️ The Zanardelli electoral reform of 1882 expanded the electorate by lowering the voting age and introducing literacy as a voting criterion, thus including a part of the working class.
- 🏭 The historical left introduced social measures to protect workers and initiated studies to examine living conditions in rural areas, revealing widespread malnutrition and poverty.
- 🌾 Economically, the historical left abolished unpopular taxes, sought fiscal reliefs, and invested in industrial development, also implementing protectionist policies to shield domestic industries.
- 🛃 In 1878, under industrial pressure, the government introduced tariff protections for the textile and steel industries, later extending these to agriculture to counter cheap grain imports from the USA.
- 🌍 In foreign policy, the historical left shifted from an alliance with France to joining the Triple Alliance with the Central European empires, and initiated Italian colonialism with the occupation of Massawa in Eritrea.
- 🔄 After Depretis, Francesco Crispi became a key figure in Italian politics, characterized by both authoritarian measures and progressive reforms such as reducing the workday and approving social assistance laws.
- 🏰 Crispi's foreign policy included fostering friendship with Germany and antagonism towards France, culminating in the disastrous defeat at Adwa in 1896, which led to his resignation and marked the end of the historical left era.
Q & A
What is the historical period referred to as 'sinistra storica'?
-The 'sinistra storica' refers to the period in Italian history from 1876, following the fall of the historical right, until around 1896 when the end-of-century crisis began, leading to the Giolittian era.
Why was the term 'sinistra storica' used to distinguish political movements?
-The term 'sinistra storica' was used to distinguish the political parties and movements of that time from those that would emerge later in the 20th century, which were also referred to as 'sinistra' or left-wing.
What significant event marked the beginning of the 'sinistra storica' period?
-The beginning of the 'sinistra storica' period is marked by the resignation of the historical right's last government, led by Minghetti, in March 1876, leading to King Victor Emmanuel II appointing Agostino Depretis to form a new government.
What was the transformative political strategy known as 'trasformismo'?
-The strategy of 'trasformismo' involved Agostino Depretis' government seeking broad convergences with opposition sectors on specific issues, thus creating a new political alignment that included elements from both the historical right and left.
What was the Coppino Law and what did it achieve?
-The Coppino Law, approved on July 15, 1877, made elementary school free and extended the school term to five years, while also increasing the compulsory schooling to three years, significantly increasing literacy rates.
How did the Zanardelli electoral reform of 1882 change the Italian electorate?
-The Zanardelli electoral reform lowered the voting age to 21 and reduced the tax payment requirement for voting, thus expanding the electorate to 6.9% of the Italian population, up from 2.2% in 1880, and granting a significant portion of the working class the right to vote.
What were the social measures introduced by the 'sinistra storica'?
-The 'sinistra storica' introduced the first measures to protect workers and initiated studies to examine the living conditions of the rural population, such as the 'inchiesta gli acini' which revealed widespread malnutrition, high infant mortality, and poor hygiene.
What economic reforms did the 'sinistra storica' implement to support Italian industry?
-The 'sinistra storica' pursued a policy of tax relief and investment in industrial development, and to protect domestic industries from foreign competition, they introduced protective tariffs, first for the textile and steel industries in 1878, and later for agriculture in 1887.
How did the foreign policy of the 'sinistra storica' under Depretis differ from previous Italian alliances?
-Depretis shifted from the traditional alliance with France and joined the Triple Alliance with the Central European empires of Austria-Hungary and Germany, also promoting Italian colonialism with the occupation of Massawa in Eritrea in 1884.
What were the key characteristics of Francesco Crispi's domestic and foreign policies?
-Domestically, Crispi's policies included some authoritarian measures such as suppressing the Sicilian Fasci revolt and dissolving the Italian Socialist Party, but also progressive reforms like reducing the workday, social assistance laws, and the abolition of the death penalty. In foreign policy, he cultivated friendships with Germany and increased hostility towards France, leading to an unsuccessful attempt to provoke a war in 1888.
What was the outcome of the Italian colonial campaign in Adwa in 1896, and what were the consequences for Crispi?
-The Italian colonial campaign in Adwa in 1896 ended in a disastrous defeat with over 6,000 Italian soldiers dead. Crispi was accused of recklessness and misjudging the situation, leading to his resignation and marking the end of the 'sinistra storica' era.
Outlines
📜 The Historical Left Era in Italy (1876-1896)
The 'historical left' period in Italy spanned from 1876, following the fall of the historical right, to around 1896, marking the onset of the late-century crisis that preceded the Giolittian era. This era is distinguished from later left-wing movements that emerged in the 20th century. In March 1876, after the resignation of the Minghetti government, Victor Emmanuel II appointed Agostino Depretis to form a new government. Depretis' government initially relied on support from a segment of the right and later sought broader consensus with opposition groups on specific issues, a phenomenon known as 'transformism'. A significant legislative achievement was the 'Coppino Law' of July 15, 1877, which made elementary education free and compulsory for three years, extending the school term to five years. In 1882, the Zanardelli electoral reform granted voting rights to all men who had reached 21 years of age, previously 25, and had paid taxes of at least 19.8 lire, down from the previous 40, or had completed elementary education. This increased the electorate to 6.9% of the Italian population, compared to 2.2% in 1880. The reform favored urban areas and the north over the south, as a significant portion of the working class gained voting rights, though the illiterate masses were still excluded. The historical left also introduced the first labor protection measures and initiated studies to examine rural living conditions, most notably the 'Gli Acqui' inquiry, which revealed widespread malnutrition, high infant mortality, extreme poverty, and poor hygiene. Economically, the historical left abolished the unpopular milling tax from January 1884 and pursued a policy of tax relief and investment in industrial development, protecting domestic industries from foreign competition through protective tariffs. In 1887, tariffs were extended to protect the cereal sector from cheap grain imports, particularly from the United States. In foreign policy, the historical left under Depretis abandoned the traditional alliance with France and joined the Triple Alliance with the Central European empires of Austria-Hungary and Germany, also initiating Italian colonialism with the occupation of Massawa in Eritrea in 1884.
🔍 Crispi's Era and the End of the Historical Left
Francesco Crispi became the central figure in Italian politics from 1887 to 1896. His tenure was marked by authoritarian measures such as the suppression of the Sicilian workers' revolt and the dissolution of the Italian Socialist Party. However, he also implemented progressive reforms, including reducing the working day, approving social assistance legislation, and the Zanardelli Code, which abolished the death penalty and introduced the right to strike. In foreign policy, Crispi cultivated friendly relations with Germany and was part of the Triple Alliance with Italy, Austria, and Germany since 1882. He pursued an ambitious colonial policy, which, after some initial successes, led to the disastrous defeat at Adwa in 1896, resulting in over 6,000 Italian casualties. Crispi was accused of recklessness and misjudging the situation, leading to the unnecessary slaughter of Italian soldiers. This wave of criticism forced him to resign, marking the end of his political career and the historical left era. The video concludes with an invitation for viewers to share their thoughts in the comments and a thank you for their attention.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Sinistra Storica
💡Depretis
💡Leggenda Coppino
💡Legge Zanardelli
💡Trasformismo
💡Inchiesta Giai-Acini
💡Protezionismo
💡Triplice Alleanza
💡Colonialismo Italiano
💡Crispi
💡Disfatta di Adua
Highlights
The historical period of the Italian Left, known as 'sinistra storica', spans from 1876 to around 1896.
The term 'sinistra storica' is used to distinguish it from the mass parties and movements of the 20th century.
After the resignation of the Minghetti government in 1876, King Victor Emmanuel II appointed Agostino Depretis to form a new government.
The Depretis government sought convergence with opposition sectors, leading to the phenomenon of 'trasformismo'.
In 1877, the Coppino Law was approved, making elementary education free and extending the school term to five years.
The Zanardelli electoral reform of 1882 granted voting rights to all men who had reached 21 years of age.
The electoral reform significantly increased the electorate to 6.9% of the Italian population.
The new electoral law generally favored cities over rural areas and the North over the South of Italy.
The 'sinistra storica' introduced the first labor protection measures and initiated studies on rural living conditions.
The 'Inchiesta gli acini' revealed widespread malnutrition, high infant mortality, extreme poverty, and poor hygiene.
The study also highlighted the significant phenomenon of emigration.
Economically, the 'sinistra storica' abolished the unpopular tax on milled grain in 1884.
The Left sought to implement fiscal relief and invest in industrial development, protecting it with protectionist measures.
In 1878, under pressure from industrial groups, the government introduced tariff protection for the textile and steel industries.
In 1887, tariffs were extended to protect the cereal sector from cheap grain imports, especially from the United States.
Depretis abandoned the traditional alliance with France and joined the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany.
The Italian colonialism was initiated with the occupation of Massawa in Eritrea in 1884.
From 1887 to 1896, Francesco Crispi became a key figure in Italian politics, supporting the expedition of the 'Mille'.
Crispi's government was characterized by authoritarian measures, such as the repression of the Sicilian Fasci revolt.
Progressive measures under Crispi included reducing the working day, approving social assistance laws, and the Zanardelli Code.
Crispi cultivated friendly relations with Germany and increased hostility towards France, attempting to provoke a war in 1888.
The Crispi government pursued an expensive colonial policy, which led to the disastrous defeat at Adwa in 1896.
Crispi was accused of recklessness and misjudging the situation, leading to his resignation and the end of the 'sinistra storica' era.
Transcripts
l'epoca della sinistra storica va dal
1876 anno della caduta della destra
storica fino al
1896 circa quando si apre la crisi di
fine secolo che precede l'era
giolittiana viene chiamata a sinistra
storica per distinguerla dai partiti e
movimenti di massa qualificati come di
sinistra che si sarebbero affermati nel
corso del ventesimo secolo nel marzo del
1876 a seguito delle dimissioni del
governo minghetti l'ultimo della destra
storica re vittorio emanuele primo
dall'incarico al leader dell'opposizione
agostino depretis di formare un nuovo
governo
il governo de pretis può contare
sull'appoggio di una parte della destra
e successivamente cercherà ampie
convergenze con settori dell'opposizione
su singoli temi dando vita così al
fenomeno del trasformismo il 15 luglio
del 1877 viene approvata la legge
coppino che rende gratuita la scuola
elementare ne porta le classi a 5 e
soprattutto porta l'obbligo scolastico a
tre anni nel 1882 viene approvata la
riforma elettorale conosciuta come legge
zanardelli che concede il diritto di
voto a tutti i maschi che abbiano
compiuto 21 anni mentre prima l'età
minima era 25 anni che abbiano pagato
tasse per almeno 19,8 lire invece delle
precedenti 40 o in alternativa che
abbiano conseguito
l'istruzione elementare appena allargata
era comunque sufficiente dimostrare di
saper leggere e scrivere
grazie a questa riforma il corpo
elettorale sale al 6,9 per cento della
popolazione italiana rispetto al 2,2 per
cento del 1880 una parte notevole della
classe operaia ottiene così il diritto
di voto ma escludendo le masse degli
analfabeti la nuova legge elettorale
favorisce in linea generale le città
rispetto alle campagne e il set in
trione rispetto al mezzogiorno d'italia
in campo sociale la sinistra storica
introduce le prime misure a difesa dei
lavoratori e avvia numerosi studi per
esaminare le condizioni di vita della
popolazione rurale
il più noto è senz'altro l'inchiesta gli
acini che rivela una diffusa
malnutrizione con un gran numero di
individui affetti da pellagra un'alta
mortalità infantile
situazioni di estrema povertà e scarse
condizioni igieniche lo studio rileva
inoltre una grande diffusione del
fenomeno dell'emigrazione
sul versante economico
una grande vittoria della sinistra
storica e l'abolizione a decorrere dal
primo gennaio del 1884
dell'impopolare tassa sul macinato
più in generale la sinistra storica
cerca di attuare una politica di sgravi
fiscali e di investimenti nello sviluppo
del sistema industriale del paese
salvaguardandolo dalla concorrenza
estera tramite norme protezionistiche
nel 1878 su pressione di gruppi
industriali del nord italia il governo
approva l'introduzione di tariffe
doganali a protezione delle aziende
tessili e siderurgiche nel 1887 le
tariffe doganali vengono estese a
protezione della cerealicoltura
settore che stava assumendo la
concorrenza del grano che arrivava a
basso prezzo dagli stati uniti in
politica estera la sinistra storica di
de pretis abbandona la tradizionale
alleanza con la francia ed entra
nell'orbita della triplice alleanza a
fianco degli imperi centrali di austria
ungheria e germania
inoltre dà vita al colonialismo italiano
con l'occupazione di massaua in eritrea
nel 1884
dopo de pretis la figura cardine della
politica italiana nel decennio che va
dal 1887 al 1896 diventa quella di
francesco crispi
ideatore e massimo sostenitore della
spedizione dei mille alla quale aveva
anche partecipato in politica interna se
da un lato i governi crispi si
caratterizzano per alcuni provvedimenti
autoritari quali la repressione nel
sangue della rivolta dei fasci operai in
sicilia e lo scioglimento del partito
socialista italiano
dall'altro mettono in atto misure
progressiste come la riduzione della
giornata lavorativa
l'approvazione di una legge
sull'assistenza sociale el approvazione
del codice zanardelli
che abolisce la pena di morte e
introduce il diritto di sciopero in
politica estera crispi coltiva i
rapporti di amicizia con la germania di
bismarck che come abbiamo già accennato
dal 1882 faceva parte con l'italia e
l'austria della triplice alleanza
cresce invece l'ostilità verso la
francia contro la quale crispin del 1888
cerca di scatenare una guerra
coinvolgendo gli alleati dell'italia non
riuscendo però nell'intento sempre in
politica estera il governo crispi
sostiene una dispendiosa politica
coloniale che dopo qualche sporadico
successo porta alla disastrosa disfatta
di adua del 1896 in cui si contano oltre
6.000 morti tra le truppe italiane
crispi viene così accusato di eccessiva
spregiudicatezza e di non aver saputo
valutare correttamente la situazione
mandando inutilmente al massacro i
soldati italiani
questa ondata di critiche lo costringe
alle dimissioni
atto che segna la fine sia della sua
carriera politica sia dell'epoca della
sinistra storica
bene questo video termina qui spero
davvero vi sia utile se volete fatemi
sapere cosa ne pensate nei commenti
un sincero grazie per l'attenzione alla
prossima
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