Impact of Materials on Society (IMOS) - Ceramics
Summary
TLDRThis script explores the evolution and versatility of ceramics, from ancient tools to modern high-tech applications. It highlights their unique properties, such as strength in compression and energy conversion, exemplified by Corning ware's resistance to breaking. The discussion delves into advanced materials like thermoelectrics, which convert temperature differences into electricity, and piezoelectrics, found in gas grills. The script also touches on biomedical applications, including magnetic nanoparticles for separating cancer cells and detecting biomarkers. The potential for future ceramics to transform society is vast, with applications ranging from energy storage in smart cards to harnessing waste heat in vehicles.
Takeaways
- 🏺 Ceramics have been integral to human society for at least 20,000 years, starting with the production of tools for food processing, storing, and serving.
- 🔬 The electrical, optical, and magnetic properties of ceramics have become increasingly important in our high-tech world, beyond their traditional uses.
- 💡 Ceramics can convert energy from one form to another, exemplified by Corning ware's design that utilizes the material's strength in compression to create durable cookware.
- 🧲 The unique property of ceramics to be strong in compression and weak in tension can be manipulated to create materials that are less prone to breaking under certain conditions.
- 🔋 Thermoelectric materials, a type of ceramic, can convert temperature differences into electrical energy, which has potential applications in various devices and systems.
- 🌐 The ability to tailor ceramics with specific properties, such as combining thermal, electrical, magnetic, and mechanical properties, opens up new possibilities for advanced materials.
- 🌐 Multiferroic materials, which are a class of ceramics, can have their electric properties controlled by a magnetic field, showcasing the versatility of ceramics in technology.
- 👟 Piezoelectric materials, which can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, have practical applications like ignition in gas grills and potential uses in energy-harvesting shoes.
- 🧬 In biomedical engineering, magnetic nanoparticles in ceramics are being used for innovative applications like separating circulating tumor cells and detecting biomarkers for diseases.
- 💳 Modern ceramics are used in smart cards for data storage, demonstrating the evolution from simple household items to sophisticated, multifunctional materials.
Q & A
What is the historical significance of ceramics in human society?
-Ceramics have played a huge role in society throughout history, dating back at least 20,000 years. They were used to create tools for processing, storing, and serving food, which were essential to the economic foundation of early civilizations.
How do ceramics exhibit strength in compression and tension?
-Ceramics can be very strong in compression but weak in tension. This property is utilized in the design of products like Corning ware plates, which are made to withstand compression forces, making them less likely to break when dropped.
What is the advantage of a Corning ware plate when it comes to durability?
-Corning ware plates are designed with a clay ceramic inner part that contracts a lot when cooled, and an outer glass layer with a lower thermal expansion coefficient. This creates a state of compression in the outer layer, making it very strong and less likely to break when dropped.
Why might a scratched Corning ware plate shatter when dropped?
-A scratched Corning ware plate can shatter because the scratch releases the stored mechanical stress energy within the plate, which is designed to withstand compression but not tension forces when intact.
How do magnetoelectrics and multiferroics materials differ from traditional ceramics?
-Magnetoelectrics and multiferroics materials are a new class of ceramics that can be tailored to have properties such as thermal, electrical, magnetic, and mechanical properties. They can also exhibit coupling between these properties, allowing for unique functionalities like controlling electric properties with a magnetic field.
What is a thermoelectric material and how does it work?
-A thermoelectric material is capable of converting a temperature difference into electrical energy. It works by generating an electrical current when there is a temperature gradient across the material, which can be used to power circuits or devices.
How are piezoelectric materials used in everyday life?
-Piezoelectric materials convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. An example of their use is in gas grills, where pressing a button generates a voltage that creates a spark to ignite the grill.
What is the concept of magnetic buoyancy and how can it be applied in biomedicine?
-Magnetic buoyancy is the principle where magnetic materials can cause objects to float in a magnetic field. In biomedicine, it can be used to separate circulating tumor cells from blood by applying magnetic nanoparticles and using a magnet to push the larger cells to a different exit.
How are magnetic nanoparticles used for detecting early-stage biomarkers for arthritis?
-Magnetic nanoparticles can be used in assays to detect and monitor the progression of diseases like arthritis by capturing biomarkers associated with the disease from a blood sample, allowing for early detection and monitoring of the condition.
What role do ceramics play in modern technology, such as smart cards?
-Modern ceramics, specifically ferroelectric ceramics, are used in smart cards to store information. They have the ability to maintain a polarization, which represents data like a one or a zero, and is crucial for the card's functionality.
What potential future applications are envisioned for ceramics?
-The future of ceramics is vast and includes multifunctional applications such as energy transduction, information storage, waste heat conversion to electricity, and biological applications like separating cancer cells or detecting disease biomarkers.
Outlines
🔬 The Evolution and Versatility of Ceramics
This paragraph delves into the historical significance and modern applications of ceramics. It traces the use of raw materials like clay, sand, and water to create ceramics, which have been integral to human society for at least 20,000 years. The discussion highlights how ceramics have evolved from simple tools to complex materials with electrical, optical, and magnetic properties. The paragraph explains how the strength and compression properties of ceramics are utilized in products like Corning ware, which is designed to withstand breakage. It also touches on the ability of ceramics to convert energy, mentioning thermoelectric materials that can generate electricity from temperature differences. The potential of piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy is also explored, with examples like gas grill igniters and the concept of energy-harvesting shoes.
🧲 Innovative Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedicine
The second paragraph focuses on the cutting-edge research and applications of magnetic nanoparticles in the field of biomedicine. It introduces the concept of magnetic buoyancy, demonstrating how a ferrofluid can make a dense object float in response to a magnetic field. This principle is then applied to the development of microfluidic devices for separating circulating tumor cells from blood, leveraging the magnetic properties of nanoparticles to isolate cancer cells based on size differences. Another application discussed is the use of magnetic microparticles for biomarker scavenging to detect early-stage indicators of diseases like arthritis. The paragraph also connects the discussion back to everyday technology, explaining the role of ferroelectric ceramics in smart cards, which store information through electric field polarization.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Ceramics
💡Thermal Expansion Coefficient
💡Compression and Tension
💡Piezoelectric Materials
💡Thermoelectric Materials
💡Magnetic Nanoparticles
💡Magnetic Buoyancy
💡Ferroelectrics
💡Multiferroics
💡Smart Card
Highlights
Ceramics have been a significant part of human society for at least 20,000 years.
Early civilizations used ceramics for processing, storing, and serving food.
Ceramics can convert energy from one form to another, showcasing their versatility.
Corning ware plates are designed to be strong in compression, reducing the likelihood of breaking.
Scratching or nicking a Corning ware plate can release stored mechanical stress, leading to shattering.
Materials can be tailored by combining different properties like thermal, electrical, magnetic, and mechanical.
Magneto electrics and multiferroics are new classes of materials that respond to magnetic fields.
Thermoelectric materials can convert temperature differences into electrical energy.
Piezoelectric materials convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, used in gas grills.
Future applications of piezoelectrics could include converting the impact energy from running shoes into electricity.
Magnetic nanoparticles can be used in biomedical applications, such as separating circulating tumor cells.
Magnetic buoyancy can be used to separate cells based on their magnetic content.
Magnetic nanoparticles can also be used for biomarker scavenging to detect early-stage biomarkers for diseases like arthritis.
Smart cards use ferroelectric ceramics to store information, demonstrating the modern applications of ceramics.
Modern ceramics have the ability to transduce energy and store information, showcasing their multifunctionality.
The potential for future ceramics is enormous, with applications in energy conversion and biomedical detection.
Transforming ceramics at the atomic scale has unleashed new potential for their use in society.
Transcripts
throughout history humans have taken raw
materials from the earth and turned them
into useful tools and as science is
advanced we now use these same types of
materials in entirely different ways
from ancient times until now ceramics
have played a huge role in society go to
any Natural History or art museum and
you'll see early civilizations
discovered when you take clay sand and
water from the earth and apply heat you
can transform not just the materials but
societies to ceramics are one of the
most ancient technologies of human
history going back at least 20,000 years
if not more and one of the largest
applications in ceramics is the
production of tools used for processing
storing and serving foods so making
ceramics was never really the endgame in
and of itself it is a tool that's used
for harnessing the energy potential of
foods that were the you know economic
foundation for civilization what is the
electrical optical and magnetic
properties of ceramics that have made
them so important to our high-tech world
we all know ceramics breaks but they
also can convert energy from one form to
another what do I mean ceramics have an
interesting property and that they can
be very strong and compression very weak
in tension but strong in compression so
ideally if you want to design a plate or
a cup that doesn't break then what you
want to do is take advantage of that
strength and compression so that's what
Corning ware did when they designed
their plates they took a green body or
they a clay ceramic that they used for
the inner part that has a high thermal
expansion coefficient many would
contract a lot when you cool it down and
then they put a glass on the outside of
it that had less of a thermal expansion
coefficient so as it's cooling down the
outside doesn't want to compress as much
as the inside does so the inside pulls
it into a state of compression and that
makes that outer coating very very
strong so when you drop a pointing where
plate it actually tends to not break and
that's a real advantage if you're a
consumer of these types of products
however if you scratch or Nick a Corning
ware plate and then you drop it well it
could shatter into a million pieces and
what you're effectively doing is
releasing all that stored mechanical
stress
energy inside the glaze well now we can
tailor a material by intentionally
combining different types of properties
such as thermal electrical magnetic and
mechanical and in some cases we can even
get coupling between these different
properties for example in a new class of
material referred to a magneto electrics
or multiferroics we can now use a
magnetic field to control the electric
properties of a material in
thermoelectric materials for example we
can now use a thermal gradient to
generate an electrical potential or to
power a circuit the thermoelectric
material has this ability to convert a
temperature difference into electrical
energy so what we have here is a device
in which the thermoelectric material is
sandwiched between these two metal
probes alright so as I generate a
temperature difference between these two
the electrical current that's being
generated should run up and run through
that motor so in order to generate the
temperature difference I could either
heat one side and keep the other at
ambient temperature or in this case I'm
going to go ahead and cool one side and
keep the other one at room temperature
so what I have here are some liquid
nitrogen so as I pour this in if the
temperature difference should start to
generate an electric current which will
then make the fan blade run
it takes a little while for that metal
to cool down once I put it in there so
we'll let this thing slowly come down in
temperature and you can see this is
filled with liquid nitrogen so this is
at 77 Kelvin this side over here is at
300 Kelvin which is room temperature
there it goes
so now what's happened is that this side
has gotten cold enough relative to room
temperature to generate the voltage
that's necessary to actually run the fan
have you ever used a gas grill well if
so you probably use the piezo electric
material without even knowing it
piezo electric materials are those that
can convert a mechanical energy into an
electrical energy so for example in your
gas grill you may push a button that's
your mechanical energy that then leads
to a voltage between these two wires
that can cause the spark that leads to
your gas grill lighting
imagine a world where the foam in your
running shoes did more than just cushion
impact as you run imagine if instead it
could absorb that mechanical energy and
converted into electricity this is just
one of the many future applications of
piezo electrics
my name is Carlos Rinaldi I'm a
professor of chemical engineering and
biomedical engineering here at UF my lab
works with magnetic nanoparticles in
general suspensions of magnetic
nanoparticles in terms of functional
ceramics the idea here is that the
materials are functional from the point
of view of having a magnetic property
that allows them to respond to an
applied magnetic field in a certain way
either by rotating translating or
dissipating energy when I illustrate
here is is the concept of magnetic
buoyancy and the idea here is that I
have a ferrofluid in this case it's
about 10 nanometer particles and in an
oil-based old medium and I have a little
piece of plastic here and it's too dense
so it doesn't float it sinks all the way
to the bottom and I'm gonna use a a
rare-earth permanent magnet to generate
a magnetic field and what's gonna happen
is that the magnet will attract the
fertile fluid towards it and in doing so
it'll displace the plastic and therefore
make it float and this is similar to the
concept of buoyancy with gravity and and
a liquid let's say water except that
here instead of being mass that's
relevant what's relevant is the content
of magnetic materials in the fluid and
so as I as I approach it you'll see that
the the plastic piece floats and the
actual position of the of the black
thick plastic piece depends on the
relative positions of the ferrofluid and
the magnet so a very simple and very
exciting I think example of how this
principle magnetic buoyancy can be used
in biomedicine is in in separating
circulating tumor cells so the idea here
is that with very small concentrations I
mean really surprisingly slow
concentrations of magnetic nanoparticles
in the liquid you can generate a
microfluidic device you have a stream of
cells coming in
and you have an outlet and then you you
use a magnet to push to both because of
the buoyant the magnetic buoyancy effect
push larger cells to come out another
exit in the top and so this takes
advantage of the magnetic buoyancy
effect that I've Illustrated and also of
the differences in the size of
circulating tumor cells versus non
cancer cells or in the bloodstream so
another application that we're
developing is using magnetic
nanoparticles or magnetic micro
particles for biomarker scavenging as a
way of detecting early-stage biomarkers
for arthritis who we're trying to
develop is a is a is an assay if you
will a way of detecting and monitoring
progression of the disease by by
monitoring you know expression of
biomarkers are associate with the
disease so at the beginning of the video
you saw Amina used first smart card in
an ATM
now the question you have to ask
yourself is where's the ceramics
implication in this thing right and so
it turns out that a smart card uses
what's called ferroelectric gram
sometimes ferroelectric is a ceramic
that has this unusual property and that
you can store a polarization like a one
or a zero with an electric field that
means I can store in the ceramic the
information necessary to make that smart
card work so it can tell you what your
balance is when you log into the
computer
we've gone from ancient ceramics that
were just basically coffee cups and
bathtubs to modern ceramics which have
the ability to be multifunctional so
they can actually transduce energy from
one form to another they can be
ferroelectrics so they have the ability
to store information like in your smart
card they can be thermal electrics so
they can convert waste heat into
electricity and harness that in your car
they can be magnetic oxide particles
that can be used for biological
applications such as separating cancer
cells or detecting arthritic biomarkers
in your bloodstream so the opportunity
for future ceramics is enormous and it's
just beginning to be tapped so ceramics
have changed a lot over history but now
transforming them at the atomic scale
has unleashed revolutionary new
potential what do you see as their
ability to transform lives and society
in the future
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