Strategies-Based Instruction | Strategies in Learning English

Summary

This video script delves into strategies for effective language learning, emphasizing the importance of learner autonomy. It outlines direct strategies like memory enhancement, cognitive development, and compensation techniques. The script also covers metacognitive strategies for self-regulation, effective strategies for emotional management, and social strategies for interaction. By mastering these, learners can optimize their language acquisition and future educators can better prepare to teach.

Takeaways

• 📚 Direct strategies for language learning include memory, cognitive, and compensation strategies to enhance learning efficiency.
• 🔗 Memory strategies such as grouping, associating, and contextualizing new words aid in better retention and recall.
• 🎨 Techniques like semantic mapping and using keywords help in visual and conceptual understanding of new vocabulary.
• 🔁 Reviewing material at spaced intervals is crucial for long-term memory consolidation.
• 🏋️‍♂️ Physical responses and mechanical techniques like acting out expressions or using flashcards can reinforce learning.
• 🧠 Cognitive strategies involve repeating, practicing sounds and writing systems, and recombining known elements to form new structures.
• 📖 Analyzing and reasoning strategies include deductive reasoning, analyzing expressions, and transferring knowledge from one's native language.
• 📝 Compensation strategies like guessing intelligently and overcoming limitations through various means are essential when faced with language barriers.
• 🤔 Metacognitive strategies encompass centering learning, arranging and planning, and evaluating one's progress to enhance self-awareness and control over the learning process.
• 🌟 Effective strategies focus on emotional aspects like lowering anxiety, self-encouragement, and taking one's emotional temperature to maintain a positive learning attitude.
• 🤝 Social strategies are vital for language learning, emphasizing the importance of asking questions, cooperating with others, and empathizing to improve communication skills.

Q & A

What does the video discuss as key to learner autonomy and language learning?

The video discusses various strategies that are key to learner autonomy and language learning, including strategies that foster memory and cognition, metacognition, effective strategies, social strategies, and more.

What are direct strategies and what are some examples mentioned in the video?

Direct strategies are methods that directly involve the learning process. Examples include memory strategies like creating mental linkages through grouping, associating or elaborating, and placing new words into context, as well as cognitive strategies like repeating, practicing with sounds and writing systems, and analyzing expressions.

How does the video describe the process of creating mental linkages?

Creating mental linkages involves three ways: grouping data points into larger wholes, associating or elaborating by connecting the unfamiliar with the familiar, and placing new words into a context using techniques like acronyms and semantic mapping.

What is the significance of reviewing in language learning as per the video?

Reviewing is significant as it helps reinforce learning. The video suggests reviewing at carefully spaced intervals, starting close together and then more widely spaced apart, to enhance memory retention.

Can you explain the concept of metacognitive strategies as discussed in the video?

Metacognitive strategies involve learners' ability to understand their own thinking and learning processes. They include centering learning, arranging and planning learning, and evaluating learning, which help learners focus, organize, and assess their language learning.

What are compensation strategies and how do they assist in language learning?

Compensation strategies are used to overcome difficulties in language learning. They include guessing intelligently using linguistic cues or context clues, overcoming limitations in speaking and writing, and adjusting messages to convey meaning effectively.

How does the video define effective strategies in language learning?

Effective strategies refer to emotions, attitudes, motivations, and values that influence language learning. They include lowering anxiety, encouraging oneself, and taking one's emotional temperature to control these factors and enhance language learning.

What role do social strategies play in language learning according to the video?

Social strategies are crucial as language is a form of social behavior. They involve interacting with others to improve language skills, such as asking questions, cooperating with peers and proficient users, and empathizing with others.

Can you provide an example of a cognitive strategy mentioned in the video?

An example of a cognitive strategy is practicing naturalistically, which involves participating in a conversation to practice the new language in a natural and realistic setting.

How does the video suggest learners can find out about language learning?

The video suggests that learners can find out about language learning by reading books, talking with other people, and then using this information to improve their own language learning.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Language Learning Strategies

This paragraph introduces various strategies that support learner autonomy and language learning. It emphasizes the importance of teaching learners how to learn, as highlighted by Brown in 2006. The paragraph discusses direct strategies such as memory, cognitive, and compensation strategies. Memory strategies include creating mental linkages through grouping, associating/elaborating, and placing new words into context. Techniques like using images, semantic mapping, keywords, and representing sounds are also mentioned. The paragraph also covers the strategy of reviewing material at spaced intervals and employing actions like physical response and mechanical techniques.

05:02

🧠 Cognitive and Compensation Strategies

Paragraph 2 delves into cognitive strategies for language learning, which include practicing techniques like repeating, rehearsing, imitating, and using formulas and patterns. It also discusses naturalistic practice and strategies for receiving and sending messages, such as skimming, scanning, and using resources. Analyzing and reasoning strategies are also covered, including deductive reasoning, analyzing expressions, contrastive analysis, translating, and transferring knowledge between languages. The paragraph concludes with strategies for creating structure for input and output, like taking notes, summarizing, and highlighting.

10:04

🤔 Metacognitive Strategies for Learning

Paragraph 3 focuses on metacognitive strategies that help learners manage their learning process. These include centering learning by overviewing and linking with prior knowledge, paying attention, and delaying speech production. Arranging and planning learning involves strategies like finding out about language learning, organizing schedules and environments, setting goals, considering task purposes, and planning for tasks. The paragraph also discusses evaluating learning through self-monitoring and self-evaluation.

15:05

🌟 Effective Strategies for Language Learning

This paragraph discusses effective strategies that influence emotions, attitudes, motivations, and values in language learning. It outlines strategies for lowering anxiety, such as progressive relaxation, deep breathing, meditation, music, and laughter. The paragraph also covers self-encouragement strategies like making positive statements, taking risks wisely, and rewarding oneself. Lastly, it introduces strategies for taking one's emotional temperature to assess feelings, motivations, and attitudes towards language learning.

20:06

🗣️ Social Strategies in Language Learning

Paragraph 5 explores social strategies essential for language learning, which is inherently a social activity. It discusses asking questions for clarification or verification and asking for corrections. The paragraph also covers cooperating with others, including peers and proficient users of the language, to improve language skills. Empathizing with others through developing cultural understanding and becoming aware of others' thoughts and feelings is also mentioned as part of social strategies.

25:07

🌐 Empathy and Cultural Understanding in Language Learning

The final paragraph emphasizes the importance of empathy and cultural understanding in language learning. It suggests that learners can develop empathy by learning about and understanding another person's culture. The paragraph also encourages becoming aware of others' thoughts and feelings to enhance communication and connection. The video concludes by encouraging learners and future language teachers to enrich their understanding and strive to become better at using and teaching languages.

Keywords

💡Learner Autonomy

Learner autonomy refers to the ability of learners to take control of their own learning process. In the context of the video, it is emphasized as a crucial aspect of language learning where learners are encouraged to be proactive and self-directed in their studies. The video discusses various strategies that foster learner autonomy, such as metacognitive strategies and social strategies, which enable learners to understand their own thinking and learning processes and to interact effectively with others.

💡Memory Strategies

Memory strategies are techniques used to improve the retention and recall of information. The video outlines several memory strategies such as creating mental linkages through grouping, associating, and placing new words into context. These strategies are essential for language learners as they help in remembering vocabulary and grammatical structures. For example, the video mentions using vivid images to represent new words, which is a form of associating or elaborating.

💡Metacognition

Metacognition is the awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes. In the video, metacognitive strategies are discussed as a way for learners to manage their learning by setting goals, planning, and evaluating their progress. These strategies are vital for language learning as they help learners to be more effective in their studies by being conscious of their learning styles and the strategies that work best for them.

💡Cognitive Strategies

Cognitive strategies involve mental processes that learners use to understand and manipulate new information. The video mentions cognitive strategies such as practicing sounds and writing systems, recognizing patterns, and recombining known elements in new ways. These strategies are key to language learning as they help learners to process and produce language in a more structured and effective manner.

💡Compensation Strategies

Compensation strategies are used when learners encounter difficulties in language use and need to find alternative ways to communicate. The video discusses strategies such as guessing intelligently using linguistic cues and context clues, and overcoming limitations in speaking and writing. These strategies are important for language learners as they allow them to continue communicating effectively even when they do not know a specific word or expression.

💡Effective Strategies

Effective strategies relate to the emotional and motivational aspects of language learning. The video talks about strategies like lowering anxiety, encouraging oneself, and taking one's emotional temperature. These strategies are crucial as they help learners manage their emotional state, maintain motivation, and create a positive learning environment, which are essential for successful language acquisition.

💡Social Strategies

Social strategies involve interaction with others to facilitate language learning. The video highlights strategies such as asking questions, cooperating with others, and empathizing with others. These strategies are important because language learning is a social activity, and engaging with others provides opportunities for practice, feedback, and cultural understanding.

💡Semantic Mapping

Semantic mapping is a graphical representation of concepts where learners map a new word with other related words or phrases of similar meaning. The video uses this as an example of a memory strategy, suggesting that it helps students to explore and understand the meaning of new vocabulary in context, which is a valuable skill in language learning.

💡Direct Strategies

Direct strategies are those that directly involve the learning and use of language. The video categorizes strategies such as memory, cognitive, and compensation strategies under direct strategies. These strategies are fundamental to the video's message as they provide learners with specific techniques to enhance their language skills and learning efficiency.

💡Indirect Strategies

Indirect strategies are those that support the learning process but are not directly related to the language itself, such as metacognitive and effective strategies. The video discusses these as essential for creating a well-rounded approach to language learning, as they help learners manage their learning process, emotions, and motivation, which indirectly influence language acquisition.

💡Language Learning Strategies

Language learning strategies encompass a wide range of techniques and approaches that learners can use to improve their language skills. The video provides an in-depth look at various strategies, emphasizing their importance in fostering learner autonomy, enhancing memory and cognition, and promoting effective and social learning. These strategies are central to the video's theme, as they equip learners with the tools necessary for successful language acquisition.

Highlights

The importance of teaching learners how to learn is emphasized, as highlighted by Brown in 2006.

Direct strategies include memory, cognitive, and compensation strategies for language learning.

Memory strategies involve creating mental linkages through grouping, associating, and placing new words into context.

Associating or elaborating is a powerful memory strategy that connects the familiar with the unfamiliar.

Semantic mapping is a graphical strategy for representing concepts and exploring knowledge of new words.

Using keywords is a technique for memorizing the meaning behind vocabulary words.

Reviewing material at spaced intervals can enhance memory retention.

Physical response or sensation can be used to remember new expressions through acting out or relating to physical feelings.

Cognitive strategies involve practicing techniques like repeating, rehearsing, and recognizing patterns.

Analyzing and reasoning strategies include deductive reasoning, analyzing expressions, and translating.

Compensation strategies help learners overcome limitations in speaking and writing.

Metacognitive strategies involve centering learning, arranging and planning, and evaluating learning processes.

Effective strategies focus on emotions, attitudes, motivations, and values that influence language learning.

Social strategies are crucial for language learning as they involve interaction and communication with others.

Cooperating with peers and proficient users of the language can enhance language performance and self-worth.

Empathy strategies include developing cultural understanding and becoming aware of others' thoughts and feelings.

The video encourages language learners and future language teachers to apply these strategies for better language acquisition.

Transcripts

what are your favorite things to do when

you study how much help do these habits

or practices give you in your studies

this video deals with strategies based

instruction here we will talk about many

different strategies that are key to

learner autonomy and language learning

strategies that Foster memory and

cognition

metacognition or students ability to

understand their own thinking and

learning processes effective strategies

social strategies and many more as we

seek to make the language classroom an

effective menu for learning it has

become increasingly apparent that

teaching Learners how to learn is

crucial that is according to Brown in

2006 the first group of strategies is

called direct strategies

under the direct strategies we have

memory cognitive and compensation

strategies let us tackle the memory

strategies first

the first strategy is creating mental

linkages there are three ways of

achieving that first is grouping second

is associating or elaborating and third

placing new words into a context

grouping by grouping each data point

into a larger hole you can improve the

amount of information you can remember

associating or elaborating

it is a very powerful memory strategy

that allows the brain to connect

something it's already familiar with to

something new that it is not familiar

with by connecting the unfamiliar to The

Familiar the brain more easily is able

to learn and remember the unfamiliar

select a vivid image that represents a

brain or title of the majority of

objects or keywords to be remembered

blazing new words into a context

using acronyms is a kind of Blazing new

words into a context in order to

remember them better

applying images and sounds

first one is using image rate next is

semantic mapping

semantic mapping is a strategy for

graphically representing Concepts

asthmatic word map allows students to

conceptually explore their knowledge of

a new word by mapping it with other

related words or phrases similar in

meaning to the new word

next is using keywords

it is a valuable technique used to

memorize the meaning behind vocabulary

words

and lastly representing sounds in memory

this strategy helps Learners remember

what they hear by making auditory

browsers and visual representations of

sounds

the next strategy is reviewing well

this is reviewing and carefully spaced

intervals at first close together and

then more widely space apart this

strategy might start for example with a

review 10 minutes after the initial

learning then 20 minutes later an hour

or two later

a day later

two days later a week later and so on

finally employing action

the first time under this is using

physical response or sensation this is

physically acting out a new expression

for example going to the door

or meaningfully relating a new

expression to a physical feeling or a

sensation for example warmth

the second type is mechanical techniques

creative but tangible activities are

employed in order to remember a new

target language information such as

writing words on cards and moving cards

from one stack to another when a word is

learned and putting different types of

material in separate sections of a

language learning notebook

the second set of strategies under the

direct strategies is cognitive

strategies first off under cognitive

strategies is practicing

the following techniques may be done

under this strategy

one is repeating such as listening to

something several times

rehearsing imitating a native speaker

two formally practicing with sounds and

writing systems such as pronunciation or

writing exercises

three

recognizing and using formulas and

patterns

4. recombining such as combining known

elements and new ways to produce a

longer sequence as in linking one phrase

with another in a whole sentence

and flies practicing

naturalistically or practicing the new

language in natural realistic settings

as in participating in a conversation

the next strategy under cognitive

strategies is first receiving and

sending messages such as using skimming

to find out the main ideas or scanning

to find specific details of Interest

this helps Learners understand quickly

what they hear or read in the new

language

second using resources for receiving and

sending messages such as using print or

non-print resources to understand

incoming messages or produce outgoing

messages

the next one is analyzing and reasoning

there are five techniques under this one

reasoning deductively or using general

rules and applying them to new target

language situations

too

analyzing expressions

by using the definitions of different

parts to understand the meaning of the

whole expression three analyzing

contrastively or across languages such

as comparing elements like sounds

vocabulary grammar of the new language

with elements of One's Own language to

find out similarities and differences

4. translating or converting a target

language expression into the native

language and vice versa

and five transferring or applying

directly knowledge of words Concepts or

structures from one language to another

the last set is creating structure for

input and output the techniques are

taking notes summarizing and

highlighting

taking notes

this entails writing down the main idea

for a specific point this strategy can

involve raw notes or it can comprise a

more systematic form of note-taking such

as the shopping list format the T

formation the somatic map or the

standard outline form

summarizing making a summary are

abstract of a longer Passage

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highlighting using a variety of emphasis

techniques such as underlining starring

or color coding to focus on important

information in a passage

we now have the compensation strategies

the first one is guessing intelligently

which are of two types using linguistic

cues and using other Clues such as

context clues the second one is

overcoming limitations and speaking and

writing under this we have switching to

the mother tongue this entails using the

mother tongue for an expression without

translating it this strategy may also

include adding word endings from the new

language onto words from the mother

tongue

next is getting help asking someone for

help or explicitly asking for the person

to provide the missing expression in the

target language

using mime or gesture

using physical motion such as mime or

gesture in place of an expression to

indicate the meaning avoiding

communication partially or totally

partially or totally avoiding

communication when difficulties are

anticipated this strategy may involve

avoiding Communication in general

avoiding certain topics avoiding

specific expressions or abandoning

communication and mid-autrains

selecting the topic this involves

choosing the topic of conversation in

order to direct the communication to

one's own interests and make sure the

topic is one in which the learner has

sufficient vocabulary and grammar to

converse

adjusting or approximating the message

it entails altering the message by

omitting some items of information

making ideas simpler or less precise or

saying something slightly different that

means almost the same thing such as

saying pencil for pen

coining words

that is making up new words to

communicate the desired idea such as

chortle a word created by Lewis Carroll

by blending chuckle and snort

and lastly using a circumlocution or a

synonym

this is getting the meaning across by

describing the concept that is

circumlocution or using a word that

means the same thing that is synonym

we will now tackle the indirect

strategies

the first set of strategies under this

is metacognitive strategies

metacognitive strategies include three

strategy sets

centering your learning

arranging and planning your learning and

evaluating your learning

centering your learning this set is

composed of three strategies the top

Learners to converge their attention and

energies on certain language tasks

activities skills or materials the use

of these strategies provides a focus for

language learning the first strategy

under this set is overviewing and

linking with already noon material

this strategy can be accomplished in

many different ways but it is often

helpful to follow three steps learning

why the activity is being done

building the needed vocabulary and

making the associations

the second strategy is paying attention

it entails deciding in advance to pay

attention in general to a language

learning task and to ignore distractors

by directed attention and to pay

attention to specific aspects of The

Language by selective attention

the third is delaying speech production

to focus on listening deciding in

advance to delay speech production in

the new language either totally or

partially until listening comprehension

skills are better developed

arranging and planning your learning

this contains six strategies all of

which help Learners to organize and plan

so as to get the most out of language

learning these strategies touch many

areas

finding out about language learning

organizing the schedule and the

environment

setting goals and objectives

considering task purposes

planning for tasks

seeking chances to practice the language

let us take the first one

finding out about language learning

it involves making an effort to find out

how language learning works by reading

books and talking with other people and

then using this information to help

improve one's own language learning

organizing the schedule and the

environment

this entails understanding and using

conditions related to Optimal learning

of the new language organizing one's

schedule physical environment and

language learning notebook

setting goals and objectives

it includes setting aims for language

learning including long-term goals such

as being able to use the language for

informal conversation by the end of the

year or short-term objectives such as

finishing reading a short story by

Friday

considering task purposes

for example listening to the radio to

get the latest news on the stock

exchange reading a play for enchantment

or speaking to the cashier to buy a

train ticket and so on planning tasks

this strategy includes four steps

one describing the task or situation

two determining its requirements three

checking one's own linguistic resources

and four determining additional language

elements are functions necessary for the

task or situation

seeking chances to practice the language

this is finding opportunities to

practice the new language in

naturalistic situations such as watching

movies using the second or foreign

language

attending to a party or the language

will be spoken

or joining an international Social Club

evaluating your learning in this set are

two related strategies both aiding the

Learners and checking their language

performance one strategy involves

noticing and learning from errors and

the other concerns evaluating overall

progress

self monitoring

identifying errors and understanding or

producing the new language determining

which ones are important tracking the

source of important errors and trying to

eliminate such errors

self-evaluating

evaluating your own progress in the new

language for instance by checking to see

whether you are reading faster and

understanding more now than one month or

six months ago

we now have the effective strategies

the term effective refers to emotions

attitudes motivations and values it is

impossible to overstate the importance

of the effective factors influencing

language learning language Learners can

gain control over these factors through

effective strategies

the three main sets of effective

strategies exist and they are

lowering your anxiety encouraging

yourself taking your emotional

temperature

let's take first one

lowering your anxiety

three anxiety reducing strategies are

listed here

each has a physical component and a

mental component the first one is using

Progressive relaxation deep breathing or

meditation

this refers

to using the technique of alternately

tensing and relaxing all of the major

muscle groups in the body as well as the

muscles in the neck and the face in

order to relax or the technique of

breathing deeply from the diaphragm or

the technique of meditating by focusing

on a mental image or a sound

second is using music

this involves listening to soothing

music such as a classical concert

as a way to relax

third is using laughter

using laughter to relax by watching a

funny movie reading a humorous book

listening to a joke and so on

the second set of effective strategies

is encouraging yourself

this set of three strategies is often

forgotten by language Learners

especially those who expect

encouragement mainly from other people

and do not realize they can provide

their own

however the most potent encouragement

may come from inside the learner

there are three strategies under this

set

self-encouragement includes making

positive statements

taking risks wisely and rewarding

yourself

let us tackle making positive statements

this entails saying or writing positive

statements to oneself in order to feel

more confident in learning the new

language

taking risks wisely

it is pushing oneself to take risks in a

language learning situation even though

there is a chance of making a mistake or

looking foolish

risks however must be tempered with good

judgment

rewarding yourself this is giving

oneself a valuable reward for a

particularly good performance in the new

language

here are some examples of tangible

Rewards

Maria rewards herself for good work

we're watching a favorite TV show

Annie It's a big pizza Ronald eats ice

cream

Louise

calls up a friend for a long chat

Ernie takes his family out for a

relaxing drive or walk by the lake

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the next set of strategies is taking

your emotional temperature

the four strategies in this set help

Learners to assess their feelings

motivations and attitudes and in many

cases enable them to relate to the

language tasks

unless Learners know how they are

feeling and why they are feeling that

way they are less able to control their

effective side

the strategy is in this set are

particularly helpful for Discerning

negative attitudes and emotions that

impede language learning progress

one listening to your body

this is paying attention to signals

given by the body these signals may be

negative reflecting stress tension worry

fear and anger or they may be positive

indicating happiness and trusts calmness

and pleasure

two using a checklist this is used to

discover feelings attitudes and

motivations concerning language learning

in general as well as concerning

specific language tasks foreign

a language learning diary

writing a diary or a journal to keep

track of events and feelings and the

process of learning a new language

four discussing your feelings with

someone else

talking with another person like a

teacher friend or relative to discover

and express feelings about language

learning

the next group of strategies is social

strategies

language is a form of social behavior it

is communication and communication

occurs between and among people learning

a language thus involves other people an

appropriate social strategies are very

important in this process

there are three sets under this group of

strategies one asking questions two

cooperating with others

three

emphasizing with others

first is asking questions

under this set we have two strategies

asking questions for clarification or

verification

and

asking for a correction

let us take the first strategy

asking questions for clarification or

verification

this entails asking the speaker to

repeat

paraphrase explain slow down or give

examples

asking if a specific utterance is

correct or if a rule fits a particular

case

paraphrasing or repeating to get

feedback on whether something is correct

the second strategy is asking for

correction

this involves asking someone for

correction in a conversation

this strategy most often occurs in

conversation but may also be applied to

writing

the second set of strategies under

social strategies is cooperating with

others

this set has two strategies that involve

interacting with one or more people to

improve language skills they are

cooperating with peers and cooperating

with proficient users of the new

language

these strategies are the basis of

Cooperative language learning which not

only increases Learners language

performance but also enhances self-worth

and social acceptance

let us tackle the first one

cooperating with peers this strategy can

involve a regular Learning Partner or a

temporary pair or small group this

strategy frequently involves controlling

impulses toward competitiveness and

rivalry

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the second one is cooperating with

proficient users of the language this

strategy involves working with native

speakers or other proficient users of

the new language usually outside of the

language classroom

the third strategy set is empathizing

with others

empathy can be developed more easily

than language Learners use these two

strategies

one

developing cultural understanding

this involves trying to empathize with

another person through learning about

the culture and trying to understand the

other person's relation to that culture

2. becoming aware of others thoughts and

feelings

this pertains to observing the behaviors

of others as a possible expression of

their thoughts and feelings and when

appropriate asking about thoughts and

feelings of others

there you have it language Learners and

future language teachers make this video

enrich your understanding and resolve to

becoming better at using the language

and eventually teaching them to your

future learners

foreign

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