Abdominal organs (plastic anatomy)

Summary

This video provides an in-depth explanation of the human abdominal cavity and its organs. The speaker walks through each organ, including the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, and kidneys, explaining their locations, functions, and interrelations. The discussion touches on the complexities of anatomy, highlighting how organs are densely packed and how they interact with each other. The speaker also demystifies anatomical terms and concepts like peritoneum, visceral organs, and the role of the diaphragm, offering a detailed educational tour of the human body's internal structure.

Takeaways

• 🧠 Anatomy Understanding: The speaker discusses their early curiosity about the anatomy of the human body and how things are tightly packed inside.
• 🔬 Educational Insight: The need for anatomical education is emphasized, particularly the placement of organs like the stomach.
• 📏 Abdomen Defined: The abdomen is described as the region of the trunk between the thorax and the pelvis, with the diaphragm acting as a clear boundary between the thorax and abdomen.
• 🦴 Abdominal Boundaries: The abdomen's contents are enclosed in a peritoneum layer, and the distinction between the abdomen and pelvis is more nuanced due to the extension of the abdomen into the pelvis.
• 🍖 Liver & Stomach: The liver is identified as the largest organ in the abdomen, extending across the midline, while the stomach nestles under it and connects to the esophagus.
• 🗂️ Greater Omentum: The greater omentum is described as a connective tissue sheet hanging from the stomach, acting as a 'policeman' for the gut by preventing the spread of inflammation.
• 🫁 GI Tract Overview: The gastrointestinal tract is a long continuous tube from the esophagus to the anal canal, with the small and large intestines playing different roles in digestion and water absorption.
• 💉 Pancreas Functions: The pancreas has dual functions, producing hormones like insulin and secreting pancreatic juice into the duodenum to aid digestion.
• 🩸 Blood Supply: The abdominal aorta and its branches supply blood to various abdominal organs, including the pancreas, spleen, and liver.
• 🧪 Kidney Role: The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs responsible for managing body fluids and electrolyte balance, with ureters transporting urine to the bladder.

Q & A

What is the primary function of the diaphragm in separating body cavities?

The diaphragm is a muscular sheet that separates the thorax (chest) from the abdomen. It plays a key role in breathing by moving up and down, and it also physically separates the two cavities.

How do the contents of the abdomen interact with the pelvis?

The abdominal contents are enclosed by a thin sheet called the peritoneum, which also extends down into the pelvis. This allows the abdominal contents to rest on top of the pelvic viscera. In certain conditions, like pregnancy or a full bladder, organs from the pelvis can push up into the abdominal space.

Where is the liver located in relation to the diaphragm and stomach?

The liver is a large organ located on the right side of the abdomen, extending across the midline. It sits just underneath the diaphragm and overlaps with the stomach on the left side.

What is the function of the greater omentum in the abdominal cavity?

The greater omentum is a connective tissue sheet that hangs down from the stomach and covers the abdominal organs. It helps prevent the spread of inflammation within the intestines and acts as a protective layer for the gut.

What role does the pancreas play in digestion and blood glucose regulation?

The pancreas has two main functions: it produces hormones like insulin to regulate blood glucose levels, and it secretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine (duodenum) to aid in digestion.

How does the gallbladder assist in digestion?

The gallbladder stores bile, which is produced by the liver. When needed, bile is released into the duodenum to help emulsify fats, aiding in digestion.

What is the role of the spleen in the body?

The spleen plays a key role in the immune system, storing red blood cells, platelets, and immune cells like lymphocytes and macrophages. It helps recycle old red blood cells and can be activated to fight infections.

What is the significance of the mesentery in the gastrointestinal tract?

The mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum that attaches the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall. It provides a pathway for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics to supply the intestines, allowing them to move around while staying connected.

How do the kidneys contribute to maintaining the body’s fluid balance?

The kidneys filter the blood to regulate the body’s fluid balance by managing the amount of water and salts in the body. They produce urine to remove waste and excess fluid.

What are the adrenal glands, and what is their function?

The adrenal glands sit on top of the kidneys and produce hormones like adrenaline and corticosteroids. These hormones are important for the body’s fight-or-flight response and for regulating metabolism and homeostasis.

Outlines

00:00

🧠 Introduction to Anatomy and Personal Experience

The speaker shares their early misunderstandings about how the body's organs fit together, explaining that their knowledge deepened during university when they began dissecting bodies. They reflect on how becoming an expert reveals how much there still is to learn. The focus then shifts to the topic of abdominal viscera, with a plan to discuss the arrangement of the organs and their relationships to one another.

05:02

🍽️ Exploring the Abdominal Viscera

The speaker starts dissecting the anatomy of the abdomen, explaining how the abdominal organs are packed together under the diaphragm, which separates the abdomen from the thorax. The abdomen’s connection to the pelvis is discussed, emphasizing the role of the peritoneum, a thin sheet covering the abdominal contents. As the organs are removed, they examine the liver, stomach, and their interplay with the diaphragm.

10:03

🦠 The Greater Omentum and Gastrointestinal Tract

The speaker introduces the greater omentum, a connective tissue hanging from the stomach that protects and helps isolate inflammation in the abdominal cavity. They explain the gastrointestinal (GI) tract's structure, noting the large and small intestines, their movements, and their roles in digestion. The stomach connects to the small bowel, and food is pushed along for nutrient absorption, ending in the large bowel for water reabsorption.

15:05

🩸 Functions of the Pancreas and Spleen

Detailed focus on the pancreas and spleen, highlighting the pancreas’s dual function in regulating blood glucose through hormones and aiding digestion through pancreatic juice. The pancreas’s relationship with the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, is explained. The spleen, which supports immune function and stores red blood cells and platelets, also sends processed red blood cells to the liver.

20:07

🫀 Liver, Blood Flow, and Digestive Roles

The liver’s key role in filtering blood from the gastrointestinal tract is explored, along with its anatomical connection to the inferior vena cava. The discussion includes the small intestine's segments (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and their distinct roles in digestion. The speaker also explains how the liver secretes bile into the small intestine to help digest fats, linking it to bile's effect on stool color.

🔬 Blood Supply and Abdominal Circulation

The speaker examines the major blood vessels in the abdomen, including the aorta and its branches, which supply blood to the abdominal organs. They also discuss the superior mesenteric artery and vein and how the liver processes blood before it re-enters circulation. The talk moves to the bladder, located in the pelvis, and the rectum, noting the digestive system’s transition from colon to rectum.

💧 Kidneys and Fluid Regulation

A look at the kidneys' role in filtering blood and maintaining fluid balance in the body. The speaker explains how the kidneys are retroperitoneal, located behind the peritoneum, and how they manage the body's salt and water content. They mention the adrenal glands sitting atop the kidneys, which produce hormones like adrenaline for stress responses and other steroids for maintaining homeostasis.

⚙️ Muscles and Blood Vessels of the Abdomen

The final focus is on the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall and their functions, such as hip flexion and lateral trunk movement. The speaker points out testicular arteries, which descend with the testes during development, and the aorta’s division into the iliac arteries, supplying blood to the lower limbs and pelvis. They conclude by summarizing how these layers interact to form the complex anatomy of the abdominal cavity.

🎓 Reflections and Closing Remarks

The speaker ends by reflecting on how much clearer their understanding of anatomy has become over time, though they once found it confusing as a child. They thank the audience for the suggestion and express satisfaction with the discussion, saying goodbye until the next session.

Keywords

💡Abdomen

The abdomen is the region of the body between the thorax (chest) and the pelvis. In the video, the presenter describes how the abdomen contains several vital organs and how they are closely packed together. It serves as a central theme, as the video aims to explore the anatomy of the abdominal viscera, showing how the organs fit and function within this confined space.

💡Diaphragm

The diaphragm is a muscular sheet that separates the thorax from the abdomen. It plays a crucial role in respiration and in the video, it is described as the superior boundary of the abdomen. The diaphragm's movements affect the position of abdominal organs, such as the liver and stomach, as they move up and down with each breath.

💡Liver

The liver is a large organ located on the right side of the abdomen, extending across the midline. It has numerous functions, including detoxification, metabolism, and the production of bile. The video highlights the liver's size and its proximity to other organs like the stomach and diaphragm, explaining how it influences the positioning of nearby structures like the right kidney.

💡Stomach

The stomach is a key organ in the digestive system that is located on the left side of the abdomen. It connects to the esophagus and leads to the small intestine. In the video, the stomach is depicted as 'nestling' under the liver, showing how tightly packed the abdominal organs are. Its role in digestion involves breaking down food, which is then passed into the small intestine.

💡Peritoneum

The peritoneum is a thin layer of tissue that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. It acts like a protective 'bag' that contains these organs. In the video, the peritoneum is mentioned in relation to how it separates the abdominal and pelvic contents, helping to maintain the organized layout of the organs within the abdomen.

💡Greater Omentum

The greater omentum is a large fold of the peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach and covers the abdominal organs. In the video, it is referred to as the 'policeman of the gut' because of its role in containing and limiting the spread of inflammation within the abdomen. It is also involved in fat storage and immune response.

💡Small Intestine

The small intestine is a long, coiled tube that plays a critical role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. It consists of three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The video describes how the small intestine is suspended in the abdominal cavity by the mesentery, allowing it to move and adapt as food passes through it.

💡Pancreas

The pancreas is an organ located behind the stomach that has both endocrine and exocrine functions. It produces hormones like insulin to regulate blood sugar and secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine. The video explains how the pancreas is nestled in the curvature of the duodenum and how it plays a dual role in digestion and metabolism.

💡Spleen

The spleen is an organ on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach and pancreas. It is part of the immune system and helps filter blood, recycle red blood cells, and store platelets. In the video, the spleen's role is discussed in relation to its position in the abdomen, indicating how closely interconnected these organs are.

💡Kidneys

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located on the posterior abdominal wall, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine. In the video, the kidneys are described as 'retroperitoneal,' meaning they are situated behind the peritoneum. Their position is influenced by other organs, such as the liver, which causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.

Highlights

Understanding the organization of organs in the body was challenging until hands-on experience in university.

The abdomen is the region of the trunk between the thorax and the pelvis, with the diaphragm acting as a clear separator.

The peritoneum acts like a bag covering the abdominal contents, with a soft distinction between the abdomen and pelvis.

The liver, the largest organ in the abdomen, extends across the midline and moves with the diaphragm.

The stomach is tightly nestled under the liver, with the esophagus passing through the diaphragm.

The greater omentum, known as the 'policeman of the gut,' helps prevent inflammation from spreading by covering abdominal organs.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract consists of a continuous tube from the esophagus to the anal canal, with its main function being digestion and nutrient absorption.

The pancreas secretes hormones to regulate blood sugar and produces pancreatic juice for digestion in the small intestine.

The spleen plays a key role in the immune system, storing red blood cells, platelets, and macrophages.

The liver has over 500 functions, including processing blood from the GI tract and breaking down red blood cells from the spleen.

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine and plays a crucial role in digestion, working in tandem with the pancreas and liver.

The mesentery allows mobility in the small intestine, while the large bowel's key role is water absorption.

The abdominal aorta supplies blood to the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs, while the inferior vena cava carries blood back to the heart.

Kidneys are retroperitoneal organs responsible for managing fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.

Adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, produce hormones like adrenaline, which are key in the fight-or-flight response.

Transcripts

[Music]

hi one of them was a kid I knew about

the organs of the body but I couldn't

work out how they all fit in I I think I

assumed they must be neatly organized

with the bit of space in between them

probably the the illustrations of the

time for children showed that sort of

thing I couldn't really work out he

wasn't even through all my school years

it wasn't until I got to University and

I started taking bodies apart that I

realized wow this stuff is really packed

in here we had a comment was he last

week somebody asked could I go through

all the abdominal viscera and I thought

and then I was teaching last week chat

to a student she wasn't entirely sure

where the stomach was so I thought

that's a good idea that we should go

through all of the abdominal viscera

[Music]

so yeah my father I've had an

interesting Anatomy for a very long time

and it hasn't really disappeared and I

think the stage I'm at now is the more I

the more we know the more I realize I

don't know and the more I try to hold in

my head the harder it is for me to hold

everything in my head

that makes any sense at all this but

same with other things you become an

expert you realize you don't know

they're very much a tool anyway right so

what is the abdomen and then what we'll

do is we're gonna take all these parts

away from the model so as we go we'll

point things out as we remove things

we'll try to see the pay attention to

what lies posterior to that organ or

near buys we've got an idea of where

things aren't relative to one another

also remember that whenever we're

talking about the body whenever we use

left or right we're talking about the

body is left and the body is right

okay not our view but the body's left

the body's right and we'll work our way

back to the posterior abdominal wall and

see what we see so then the abdomen the

abdomen is the region of the trunk

between the thorax and the pelvis is

your typical textbook description which

sounds nice and tidy now with a superior

and is nice and tidy what we're seeing

here is the diaphragm so the diaphragm

does cleanly separate the abdomen from

the four acts so the diaphragms got kind

of this is curvy shape to it was a

three-dimensional thing he was curving

over the liver here but the diaphragm is

a is a muscular sheet that separates the

thorax from the abdomen now in feelingly

it's a little bit harder because the

pelvis well here's the pelvis and the

pelvis has these bony parts so much of

the pelvic viscera is down here but this

is pelvis but the abdomen also extends

all the way down here so

what's happening is that the the

contents of the abdomen are covered in

the layer of peritoneum like a like a

thin sheet so it's almost like all of

these contents here like it's all in a

bag and when that bag sinks down into

the pelvis the abdominal contents have

sat on top of the the pelvic contents

the pelvic viscera and is the peritoneum

then that's really separating the pelvis

the pelvic viscera from the abdominal

viscera so then that distinction between

abdomen and pelvis is a little bit

softer down here and of course when

women get pregnant and the uterus

becomes in last or even when you buy

either filled with you and that becomes

enlarged those push from the pelvis up

into the abdomen so there's a bit of

interplay between the abdomen and the

pelvis okay what can we see so we see

some organs up here the biggest organ is

the liver is very big organ it's on the

right side of the abdomen but it's

extending across the midline to the left

side it was a very large organ and it's

just underneath the diaphragm so as the

diaphragm moves up and down as well the

liver will move up and down with us they

didn't interplay between the four legs

and the abdomen there so there's the the

liver and then nestling into the liver

on the left side this is the stomach so

the stomach as you can see it's pushed

up into the liver you know if we take

that knocked off if we lift the liver up

that's how we'd see the stomach nestling

into the liver there do you see -

they're very tightly stuck together

diaphragm diaphragm and of course the

esophagus passes down through the

diaphragm and I pop this over there's

the esophagus this who dives through the

diaphragm there's a hole in the

diaphragm now if I put the liver back

this here so if we if we're if we take

away the skin we take away the muscles

of the anterior abdominal wall and we

take away the peritoneum lining the

parietal peritoneum lining

Damo cavity we see this here and this is

the greater omentum this gets called the

the policeman of the gut now what it

does is it's a connective tissue sheet

that's hanging down from the greater

curvature of the stomach and it's

covering all of these organs down here

and it's again it's layers of peritoneum

it's got fat in it it's got blood

vessels its job seems to be is that if

there is some inflammation in the bowel

down here it will inherit my

inflammation and help prevent is

spreading too far everyday the greater

omentum off now we can see the GI tract

the GI tract will the gastrointestinal

tract is the bulk of four viscera that

we find within the abdominal cavity it's

a long continuous tube from the soffit

as' and stomach through the small

intestine the large intestine all the

way through to the rectum and the anal

canal the rectum is in the pelvis and

the anal canal is in the perineum

now what we see is we can see a little

bit of large bowel here this is the

ascending colon and we see a little bit

of large bowel here this is a transverse

colon and then we see a little bit of

large bowel around there the descending

colon so this is large colon or large

bowel this then is the small intestine

or the small bowel if we remove the you

see how the liver and the stomach a loss

superior and this stuff is squashed up

against it if I remove the liver here's

the stomach and the stomach is

continuous with all of this we we often

see in models and textbooks that the

transverse colon runs across here we

looks like a picture frame around the

small bowel in you if you're sat up your

transverse colon is probably dropping

drooping down a little bit like that if

you're looking at abdominal x-rays the

transverse colon probably is going to do

this it's probably going to be looping

down here because it's actually got a

mid-century so the knees entry is a

double fold of peritoneum with so that's

how the blood vessels and nerves and

lymphatics get to and from the bowel and

because the the transverse codons got a

meeting Terry means it can move around

the ascending colon and the descending

colon are fixed in place to the

posterior abdominal wall so they don't

move around the small bowel also has a

reason tree so it is fairly mobile and

of course what's happening is the food

is being passed into the stomach and

then it gets pushed into the small bowel

and peristalsis and the shortening and

lengthening of the small bowel pushes

the foods along the small intestine and

the nutrients get absorbed from it and

then it gets pushed into the large bowel

which largely agree absorbs water and

that sort of thing so it's helpful if it

if it moves around right okay so stomach

now if we take away this stomach we can

see some other viscera deep to that so

this here this is the pancreas so the

pancreas is doing two things it's making

hormones that it secretes into the blood

to steady blood glucose levels and it's

making an exocrine secretion of

pancreatic juice that it's going to

secrete into particularly the transverse

colon the duodenum here so the duodenum

is the first part of the small intestine

and it's forming a C shape it's curling

around the pancreas here so the pancreas

has got this duct and it's going to

secrete into the duodenum to help with

digestion of the contents that you just

eat and that the stomach is pushing into

the joint deal right pancreas duodenum

so out here

that's the spleen the spleen is at the

tail of the pancreas it's on the lateral

left side of the body

you got one pancreas you've got one

spleen so the spleen is a component of

the immune system it's a store of red

blood cells it's a store of platelets so

it can help with clotting and help with

replacing red blood cells if you lose

them if you have an injury losing your

loose of blood that sort of thing

there's also a site where you find lots

of lymphocytes and macrophages and it's

a site where parts of the immune system

are stored and where pass the immune

system can be activated in things like

that so it's got a couple of big roles

not least immunological in fact it sends

red blood cells once it's broken them

down to the liver which is nearby it's

got a blood vessel and it sends across

the liver of a liver has got 500 all

different functions it's got a huge

number of jobs it has a huge amount of

blood passing through all the blood from

the GI tract passes through the liver

and the liver is wrapped around the

inferior vena cava which we'll see more

of as we get deeper so blood from the

gut and the spleen passes through the

liver to the inferior vena cava back to

the rest of the circulation okay so

small bowel now the duodenum is the

first part of the small intestine it

passes food into the jejunum and the

judgment becomes the ileum so the small

intestine isn't the same along its

entire length food passes so the

judgment is out on this side and the

idea is over on this side and food

passes along the length from the

duodenum to the jejunum to the i liam

and if you look at the histology and the

structure of the small intestine as we

go along its length it changes slightly

and it has slightly different roles so

if we take the small intestine out we

can see that the small intestine is as I

said it's kind of suspended strung from

the posterior abdominal wall by

mesentery so this can all move around

now we've taken off the small intestine

we can see that Julie Dean and this is

the curve I was talking about here first

part second part third part that it goes

up again fourth part and you can see

here this is where the pancreas secretes

into the duodenum in fact the other

thing we've got here is you might have

spotted it it's the green bit there that

there is the gall bladder

so the google bladder is storing bile

and it's gonna pass that bile through

some ducts eventually down into this

point here so the common bile duct is

going to pass bile into the duodenum

here the same point of the pancreas

passed into the duodenum and the bile is

also going to help with digestion is

going to help emulsify fats and that

sort of thing and remember those five

hundred different jobs that the liver

does well some of the waste it produces

is going to get passed into the small

bowel to be removed from the body

through the common bile duct through the

same route

that's why behind is green and that's

what makes feces brown in fact it's it's

recycled red blood cells anyway so

duodenum here now what else can we see

so we can see the ascending colon and

the descending colon little bit better

we can see the posterior abdominal wall

and we can see some of the blood vessels

supplying blood to the large bowel here

now on the superior edge of the pancreas

so if I take this off we just jump ahead

we can see the major blood vessels this

is the a or to the abdominal aorta the

abdominal and so the aorta is supplying

blood to the four act to the abdomen and

eventually it's going to send off

branches to the pelvis and the lower

limbs and what-have-you that's the aorta

now the aorta has got three anterior

branches and those anterior branch is

going to supply blood to most of the

things in the abdomen so just superior

to the pancreas we have the celiac trunk

and you can see it's sending off

branches to the pancreas to the spleen

to the

gentleman off to the liver and that sort

of thing now only inferior side of the

pancreas we can see the superior

mesenteric artery and the superior

mesenteric vein the superior mesenteric

artery is a branch the aorta the

superior mesenteric vein is going to be

sending blood back to the portal vein

and the liver down here we can see the

bladder so the bladder is in the pelvis

normally that if we had peritoneum here

the bladder would be covered over by

peritoneum and that would mark the

inferior end of the abdominal cavity

that's where the abdomen end the

descending colon then becomes the

sigmoid colon here as it makes a bit of

an S shape and Wiggles around and when

it goes back there and straightens out

it becomes erect and that's what the

rectum means

rectum rectus means straight so the

rectum is the straight part of the large

bowel and the last part for the anal

canal all right if we take that off then

we can see the aorta and next to is the

inferior vena cava so this is going to

carry blood back from the abdomen the

liver is going to send blood inferior

vena cava and then that's going to go

through the diaphragm and straight back

into the heart into the right side of

the heart into the right atrium and then

off around the body

there's the superior vena cava up there

so inferior vena cava a Horta we can see

a whole bunch of blood vessels branching

from where the really important ones are

on here and of course we can see these 2

these are the kidneys so the kidneys are

posterior in the abdomen they're in the

posterior abdominal wall

they are posterior to the peritoneum

that connective tissue layer so they get

called retroperitoneal so the kidneys

are receiving a huge amount of blood

steak or some big blood vessels you see

the veins here because the the renal

veins are anteriors that the left renal

vein has to run quite a long way and

it's running it's running anterior to

the aorta but the the renal arteries are

posterior toes and they're gonna be

large is what's a large blood

supplying small organs mean that these

organs are doing something with the

blood and they're processing the blood

of course what they're doing is is

largely managing the amount of fluid

inside the body you are a bag of salty

water that's what your cells evolved

from and now you have a bag that you

carry that salty water around in you

have to maintain the right amount of

salty water and the microlight of salt

in it for yourselves to be happy to

function normally

so that's largely what the kidneys are

doing they're managing all of that so

then from each kidney we can see these

so these are the ureters and the ureters

then again s passed urine from the

kidney down to the bladder and then on

the posterior abdominal wall overlying

these muscle cells you see a number of

muscles making up the posterior

abdominal wall now in the superior pole

of each kidney we have a suprarenal

gland or an adrenal gland

now the adrenal glands make adrenaline

adrenaline and noradrenaline obviously

that's involved in the fight-or-flight

response in the adrenaline rush in that

activation of the sympathetic nervous

systems you can fight or flight fight or

fly fight off fly away run away and they

also make a whole bunch of steer or it's

deal with always glucocorticoids

mineralocorticoids that sort of thing

which manage you know manage homeostasis

manage metabolism and that sort of thing

so again related to the gut and energy

and food and that sort of thing so

you've still got the spleen out here so

can you see how the spleen is typically

it's a little bit of posterior but its

lateral can you see how it's nestling up

into the diaphragm whereas the kidneys

are a little bit more inferior and the

left kidney do you see it's a little bit

higher than the right kidney and that's

because of the liver so the liver is so

big it's actually pushing the right

kidney so it's a little bit lowering the

abdomen

so if you were to look at a transverse

section across here you might see just

one kidney on one side and the spleen

and all these other bits if you might

miss the other kidney go a bit lower

you'll get a section through both kids

using both on CT or mr you can see the

diaphragm then arching back there these

these thick muscles here these are the

psoas muscles the psoas major and it's

got a little psoas minor lying on the

top of it

this is iliacus and these two muscles

will join insert into the femur and give

hip flexion so now lift your knee toward

your chest these muscles here these are

quadratus lumborum and they're running

kind of what kind of in that direction

from the vertebral column to the pelvis

which will give you a little bit of

lateral flexion of your trunk all right

these arteries here these we were

talking about last week these are the

testicular arteries running from the

aorta in the abdomen all the way down to

the scrotum because the testes started

to form up here and then they descended

in the in the embryo and the fetus and

they trailed their blood vessels behind

and you can see the testicular veins

draining back the left one goes to the

left renal vein and the right would go

threatening the inferior vena cava

so the aorta ends when it divides into

left and right common iliac arteries

that's what we were seeing here the left

and right common iliac arteries then

divide again into an external iliac

artery which is going to run down to the

lower limb one then to the thigh in the

leg and then an internal iliac artery

which is going to go down into the

pelvis and supply blood to the vserver

of the pelvis and also to the external

genitalia and that sort of thing so I

take the stomach off there's the

pancreas and if I take the pancreas off

there's the kidney it's that's that

that's a sort of layering that we're

dealing with can you see the adrenal

glands they're just popping up now the

aorta you can't see it because he's just

running through a

gap in the diaphragm there but the the

inferior vena cava has just been cut

because we've removed the liver and

that's it I can't say kind of thing else

off if I was to take more off would be

at the muscles and I take the muscles

off and we be at the other side that's

what you find inside the abdominal

cavity if you take things out bit by bit

well I enjoyed that as a thank you for

that suggestion it did remind me of if I

was like when I was a kid kind of work

out how all this stuff was packed in and

where it all was exactly now I do kind

of take it for granted but there you go

okay see you guys next week

[Music]