Short Term Stress vs Long Term Stress
Summary
TLDRThe transcript explains the physiological differences between short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) stress. It details how short-term stress activates the adrenal medulla, leading to the release of catecholamines like epinephrine, triggering a sympathetic response (e.g., increased heart rate, blood pressure). Long-term stress involves the adrenal cortex, releasing hormones like cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol increases blood sugar, suppresses the immune system, and promotes bone degeneration, while aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels, impacting fluid retention and blood pressure. The focus is on the distinct hormonal pathways activated by different types of stress.
Takeaways
- 🧬 Stress can be categorized into short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) stress, which have different physiological impacts on the body.
- 🔍 Short-term stress primarily involves the adrenal medulla, which secretes catecholamines like epinephrine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine to trigger a sympathetic response.
- 💓 The sympathetic response to short-term stress includes increased heart rate, blood pressure, bronchodilation, vasoconstriction in the digestive system, and dilation in the skeletal system.
- 👁️🗨️ Long-term stress affects the adrenal cortex, leading to the release of hormones like cortisol, which is a glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects.
- 🩸 Cortisol increases blood sugar to provide energy for the brain during stress, but chronically can lead to bone degeneration due to its impact on connective tissue.
- 🌡️ Mineral corticoids, such as aldosterone, are also released during long-term stress, regulating sodium and potassium levels, which can affect blood volume and blood pressure.
- 🚫 Chronic stress can increase susceptibility to secondary infections like colds or flu due to cortisol's immunosuppressant properties.
- 🧠 The brain is considered the most important organ during stress responses, as it requires glucose for metabolism and is protected by the body's stress response mechanisms.
- 💧 Changes in osmolarity due to aldosterone can lead to fluid retention, increasing blood volume and potentially causing high blood pressure.
- 🔄 The distinction between short-term and long-term stress lies in the types of hormones secreted and their effects on the body's physiological systems.
Q & A
What are the two types of stress responses discussed in the script?
-The script discusses short-term stress, also known as acute stress, and long-term stress, also referred to as chronic stress.
How does stress affect the body's physiology?
-Stress affects the body's physiology by altering hormone concentrations, which in turn activate various physiological pathways.
What is the role of the adrenal glands in stress responses?
-The adrenal glands secrete endocrine hormones in response to stress. They have two main regions: the medulla, which secretes catecholamines during short-term stress, and the cortex, which secretes steroids during long-term stress.
What are catecholamines and which hormones are included in this category?
-Catecholamines are amino acid-derived hormones that include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine. They are secreted by the adrenal medulla during short-term stress.
What physiological changes occur during a short-term stress response?
-During short-term stress, there is an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, bronchodilation, vasoconstriction in the digestive system with blood flow redirection to the skeletal muscles, and pupil dilation.
What triggers the secretion of catecholamines during short-term stress?
-The secretion of catecholamines is triggered by sympathetic activity generated from preganglionic sympathetic neurons coming from the central nervous system.
How does long-term stress differ from short-term stress in terms of the hormones involved?
-Long-term stress involves the adrenal cortex, which secretes glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids, unlike short-term stress which involves catecholamines from the adrenal medulla.
What is the primary function of cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone released during long-term stress?
-Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects, increases blood sugar, and can lead to bone degeneration when released in high amounts over time.
What is aldosterone and what does it do in the body?
-Aldosterone is a mineral corticoid that regulates mineral balance by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion, which can affect blood volume, blood pressure, and fluid balance.
What are the potential health implications of chronically high levels of cortisol?
-Chronically high levels of cortisol can lead to increased susceptibility to infections, elevated blood sugar, and bone degeneration due to its anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant, and glucocorticoid properties.
How does the body's response to stress aim to protect the brain during a stress response?
-The body's stress response aims to protect the brain by increasing blood sugar levels through the action of glucocorticoids like cortisol, as glucose is a primary metabolite needed by the brain.
Outlines
🧠 Physiological Changes in Response to Stress: Short-Term vs. Long-Term
This paragraph introduces the physiological differences between short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) stress, emphasizing the role of hormones in stress responses. Short-term stress triggers the adrenal medulla to release catecholamines (like epinephrine and norepinephrine), leading to physiological changes such as increased heart rate, blood pressure, bronchodilation, and redistribution of blood flow to muscles. The response is driven by preganglionic sympathetic neurons. In contrast, chronic stress activates the adrenal cortex, releasing different hormones to cope with prolonged stress.
🔄 Chronic Stress: Hormonal Effects on the Body
The second paragraph explains the hormonal impact of chronic stress, particularly the release of glucocorticoids (like cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (like aldosterone) from the adrenal cortex. Cortisol acts as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant, while also raising blood sugar levels to supply energy to the brain. Aldosterone helps regulate sodium and potassium levels, leading to increased blood volume and elevated blood pressure. The paragraph highlights the physiological consequences of prolonged exposure to these hormones, such as bone degeneration and susceptibility to infections.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Acute Stress
💡Chronic Stress
💡Adrenal Glands
💡Catecholamines
💡Sympathetic Response
💡Glucocorticoids
💡Cortisol
💡Mineralocorticoids
💡Aldosterone
💡Vasoconstriction
Highlights
Short-term stress is referred to as acute stress, while long-term stress is known as chronic stress.
Stress responses, whether emotional, mental, or physical, cause physiological changes by altering hormone concentrations.
The adrenal glands, located atop the kidneys, play a crucial role in stress by secreting endocrine hormones.
Catecholamines, such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine, are released from the adrenal medulla during short-term stress.
Short-term stress triggers a sympathetic response, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and bronchodilation.
Vasoconstriction in the digestive system redirects blood flow to the skeletal muscles during short-term stress.
Pupils dilate as a result of catecholamine secretion during short-term stress responses.
Sympathetic activity from preganglionic neurons in the central nervous system triggers the adrenal medulla's response.
Long-term stress involves the adrenal cortex, which secretes different hormones compared to short-term stress.
Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, are released in response to long-term stress and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects.
Cortisol increases blood sugar levels to provide the brain with necessary glucose during stress.
Long-term stress can lead to bone degeneration due to the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids.
Mineral corticoids, like aldosterone, regulate sodium and potassium levels, affecting blood volume and blood pressure.
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion, impacting osmolarity and fluid balance.
The distinction between short-term and long-term stress lies in the types of hormones secreted by the adrenal glands.
Short-term stress is characterized by the release of catecholamines for immediate physiological changes.
Long-term stress affects the adrenal cortex, leading to the secretion of glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids.
Transcripts
all right so now we're gonna look at
short-term stress and long term stress
in compared to based off of their
physiological changes right so another
way of writing short-term is acute and
other way around long term its chronic
stress right and so what causes these
these problems what causes these
problems right so any kind of stress
response any kind of trauma emotional
whether it's emotional mental physical
it creates this change in the actual
physiology of your body by changing a
lot of hormone concentrations right so
certain hormones are released during
stress responses which activate
physiological pathways right when we
think about short-term versus long-term
we're comparing a different regions of
the adrenal glands right so adrenal
glands are basically the beanies of your
of your kidneys and their main function
is to secrete certain kind of endocrine
hormones right you have two different
sets you have the catecholamines which
are secreted from the medulla and then
you have the steroids the the steroids
that are secreted from deep cortex in
thinking about short-term stress
short-term stress involves your adrenal
medulla so when I said before what is
the medulla inside or outside this is
the outside right and the adrenal
medulla is responsible for the secretion
of the catecholamines so we have the
catecholamine so what our catecholamines
are like well what is that it doesn't
make sense I've never heard that word
before catecholamines examples are these
amino acid derived hormones for example
epinephrine norepinephrine acetylcholine
so epinephrine norepinephrine and
acetylcholine and their main function
once secreted during a short term stress
response is changing the physiology body
into a sympathetic response so we think
about sympathetic response what are we
thinking about what is the physiological
changes you have increased heart rate
you have increased blood pressure what
else happens what else happens you have
increased bronchodilation right your
lungs become open you have
vasoconstriction and dilation of
different parts of your body so increase
the vasoconstriction where where does it
constrict so it constricts in the
digestive system and all the blood moves
into the the skeletal system so in the
digestive and then you have for example
the vasoconstriction right so vessel
dilation in the skeletal system right
another have you have increased your
pupils became bigger all right so this
all of these happen due to these
different hormones that are secreted
from the adrenal medulla right and what
triggers this so it's a sympathetic
activity so it's generated from these
Priene ganglionic neurons right so these
free green ganglia on its sympathetic
fibers that are basically coming in from
the central nervous system so you have
the sympathy the preganglionic
sympathetic fibers or neurons you can
call them doesn't matter that come in
and generate this response right so
during short term stress long term
stress is different now all right so
this has been happening consistently
consistently so what happens now in your
hypothalamus your hypothalamus then
begins to trigger certain releases of
hormones of your adrenal cortex so
long-term or chronic stress involves the
adrenal cortex and so what's in our
cortex majority of the cases that we've
seen before
well involving with stress we can talk
about the mineral corticoids that
glucocorticoids in the ganado corticoids
specifically here two hormones are
released here
we have the glucocorticoid so what is
the glucocorticoid what's an example of
that do you remember it's an example of
a glucocorticoid cortisol and what does
cortisol do
what does cortisol is main function if
we were to write it here increase so
it's an anti-inflammatory so it
decreases inflammation what else does it
do it also is also an immunosuppressant
that's why whenever whenever your body
becomes very stressed out you instead
you have this instance of getting
susceptibility to these secondary
infections like cold or flu all right
what else does it do it also increases
blood sugar right it's a glucocorticoid
right increases blood sugar right
because the whole purpose of it when you
go into a stress response you're trying
to trying to protect the most important
organ in your body what's the most
important organ in your body I know
you're thinking it so you're gonna say
well that's a philosophical question
I'll really depends on what you're
talking about but the most important
organ of your body is your brain that
creates all the activity through all
your systems right and one of the big
metabolites of the brain is glucose
right it also causes for example
increase bone degeneration right that's
why they always say you know whenever
your assets that want to get these bone
injections these episode shots to bring
this anti-inflammatory they don't
recommend it more than once a year
because you don't want to have the
deterioration of this connective tissue
alright so you have glucocorticoids that
are being released
you've also another hormone that's
release what is that hormone is a
mineral corticoid so mineral corticoid
what's an example of that if you
remember what's an example of that
aldosterone right so aldosterone is a
mineral corticoid what does that mean it
involves with the regulation of your
minerals your salt near potassium
so what does that mean well aldosterone
its main function is increase sodium
reabsorption
all right so bringing the sodium back
into the blood and then it also
increases potassium secretion so it gets
potassium out of your blood so when you
have high levels of potassium excuse me
we have high levels of sodium in your
body that's called hypernatremia when
you have low levels of potassium in your
body
it's called hypokalemia right and these
changes in osmolarity leads to the
increased absorption of fluids right so
you have increase of fluids right now
this increases your blood volume your
blood volume goes up you have an
excessive level of high blood pressure
right you have an increased heart rate
this can lead to different dilations in
your in your body right and so the
difference really is between chronic and
long term stress is what hormones
usually are being secreted so during
short term stress as we said before here
you have the catecholamines from the
adrenal medulla that's really effective
versus long term stress affects mainly
the cortex secreting these
glucocorticoids and these mineral
corticoids
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