Quarter I Grade 10 Science Review

Summary

This first quarter review in Science 10 covers key learnings on the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and mountain belts. It connects these to plate tectonic theory, explaining different types of plate boundaries and processes. The review also delves into the Earth's internal structure, causes of plate movement, and evidence supporting plate tectonics. It discusses the significance of magnitude in earthquakes and tsunamis, and the formation of geological features at convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries. The session concludes with an encouragement to review these topics for the upcoming examination.

Takeaways

• 🌋 Describe the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts.
• 🌏 Relate these distributions to plate tectonic theory.
• 🔍 Identify different types of plate boundaries and explain the processes that occur along them.
• 📍 Use at least three seismic stations to locate an earthquake epicenter.
• 💥 Earthquake magnitude indicates the energy released and its potential to cause tsunamis.
• 🌌 Understand the geologic processes at convergent, divergent, and transform plate boundaries.
• 🏔️ Continental to continental convergent boundaries can lead to mountain formation.
• 🌊 Continental to oceanic convergent boundaries can result in trenches and subduction zones.
• 🌐 Oceanic to oceanic convergent boundaries can form deep ocean trenches.
• 🌀 Divergent boundaries can lead to the formation of rift valleys and mid-ocean ridges.
• 🔥 Hotspots, like those responsible for volcanic island arcs, can be the source of a series of volcanoes.
• 🌎 Discussed the internal structure of the Earth, including crust, mantle, and core.
• 🔍 Evidence supporting plate movement includes continental fits, fossils, rock formations, and coal deposits.

Q & A

What are the three essential learning competencies covered in the first quarter of Science 10?

The three essential learning competencies covered are: 1) Describe the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts. 2) Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts to plate tectonic theory. 3) Describe the different types of plate boundaries, explain the different processes that occur along the plate tectonic boundaries, and enumerate all the lines of evidence that support plate movement.

How are the locations of volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain ranges typically related?

Volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain ranges are commonly located in the same areas, often where tectonic plate movements are significant.

What is the minimum number of seismic stations required to locate an earthquake epicenter?

At least three seismic stations are required to accurately locate an earthquake epicenter.

What is the significance of earthquake magnitude in relation to tsunamis?

The magnitude of an earthquake is a numerical value representing the energy released. Higher magnitudes typically result in greater impacts, including higher tsunamis, which can be very disastrous.

What are the three types of plate boundaries and their corresponding geologic processes?

The three types of plate boundaries are convergent, where forces move towards each other; divergent, where forces move away from each other; and transform fault, where forces slide past each other.

What are some possible geologic formations that can occur at convergent plate boundaries?

At convergent plate boundaries, possible formations include mountains or hills (continental to continental), trenches or subduction zones (continental to oceanic), and deep ocean trenches (oceanic to oceanic).

How does the process of seafloor spreading contribute to the formation of new oceanic crust?

Seafloor spreading occurs at mid-oceanic ridges where new oceanic crust is formed by the rise of magma, which hardens to become new sea floor. This process is driven by convection currents in the mantle.

What is the role of the Earth's core in relation to its magnetic field?

The Earth's core, particularly the outer core, is responsible for generating the magnetic field due to the movement of molten iron and other metals under extreme temperatures and pressures.

What is the significance of hotspots in the context of plate tectonics?

Hotspots are areas of intense heat within the mantle that can create a series of volcanoes or volcanic island arcs. The oldest volcano in a chain is usually closest to the hotspot, while the youngest is the closest to the current volcanic activity.

What evidence supports the continental drift theory?

Evidence supporting continental drift includes the continental jigsaw puzzle (where the edges of continents fit together), matching fossils, rock formations, and coal deposits across continents, indicating they were once connected.

Outlines

00:00

🌋 Earth Science Review: Plate Tectonics and Geological Events

The first paragraph reviews key learnings from the first quarter of a science course, focusing on the distribution of geological phenomena like active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and mountain belts. It emphasizes the importance of plate tectonics theory in understanding these distributions. The discussion also includes the types of plate boundaries and the processes occurring along them. The instructor highlights the significance of understanding these concepts for practical applications, such as predicting the impact of earthquakes and tsunamis. Additionally, the paragraph touches on the use of seismic stations to locate earthquake epicenters and the concept of magnitude as a measure of energy released during earthquakes.

05:01

🌏 Geological Processes and Formations at Plate Boundaries

The second paragraph delves into the various geological processes and formations associated with different types of plate boundaries. It discusses how convergent boundaries, both continental-continental and continental-oceanic, can lead to the formation of mountains, hills, trenches, and subduction zones. The paragraph also explains how oceanic-oceanic convergent boundaries can result in deep ocean trenches. The concept of divergent boundaries is explored, detailing how continental rifting can form features like cliffs, canyons, and rift valleys, while oceanic rifting can lead to the creation of mid-ocean ridges. The paragraph further connects these geological processes to broader geological events like earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic activity.

10:02

🌐 Earth's Internal Structure and Plate Movements

The third paragraph discusses the internal structure of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, and core. It differentiates between continental and oceanic crusts and describes the asthenosphere within the upper mantle as the site of many geological events. The paragraph also covers the concept of hot spots and their role in the formation of volcanic island arcs. The discussion extends to seafloor spreading and convection currents, explaining how these processes contribute to the creation of new oceanic crust and the movement of tectonic plates. The paragraph concludes by mentioning the theories of continental drift and seafloor spreading, highlighting the contributions of Alfred Wegener and Harry Hess to the understanding of these phenomena.

15:05

📚 Evidence Supporting Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics

The fourth and final paragraph summarizes the evidence supporting the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics. It mentions the continental jigsaw puzzle, where the shapes of continents fit together, and the presence of similar fossils, rock formations, and coal deposits across different continents as indicators of past connections. The paragraph emphasizes the importance of these evidences in validating the theories and provides a concluding note of encouragement for students to study and understand these concepts for their examinations.

Keywords

💡Active Volcanoes

Active volcanoes are those that are currently erupting or have the potential to erupt in the near future. They are significant in the video's theme as they are often found in specific geographic locations related to tectonic activity. The script mentions that they are commonly found in the same areas as earthquake epicenters and mountain belts, indicating a connection to the movement of the Earth's plates.

💡Earthquake Epicenters

An earthquake epicenter refers to the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus, where the seismic energy is released during an earthquake. In the video, the discussion of epicenters is tied to the understanding of plate tectonics, as earthquakes often occur along fault lines where tectonic plates interact.

💡Mountain Belts

Mountain belts are large regions where mountain ranges are formed due to tectonic forces. The script describes how these belts are often associated with the locations of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters, highlighting the role of plate tectonics in shaping the Earth's surface features.

💡Plate Tectonics

Plate tectonics is the theory that explains the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere. It is central to the video's narrative as it provides a framework for understanding the distribution of geological features like volcanoes and earthquakes. The script relates these features to the movement and interaction of the Earth's tectonic plates.

💡Plate Boundaries

Plate boundaries are the zones where tectonic plates meet. The video discusses different types of boundaries and the processes that occur along them, such as the formation of mountains, earthquakes, and volcanic activity. These boundaries are crucial for understanding the dynamic nature of the Earth's crust.

💡Convergent Plate Boundary

A convergent plate boundary is where two tectonic plates move towards each other. The script explains that this type of boundary can lead to the formation of mountains, trenches, and subduction zones, which are significant in the Earth's geological processes.

💡Divergent Plate Boundary

Divergent boundaries occur when two tectonic plates move away from each other, often leading to the formation of rift valleys and mid-ocean ridges. The video script uses this concept to explain how new crust is formed and how this contributes to the Earth's geological activity.

💡Transform Fault Plate Boundary

A transform fault plate boundary is where two plates slide past each other horizontally. The script mentions that this type of boundary can lead to the creation of fault lines and is associated with earthquakes, illustrating the connection between tectonic movements and seismic events.

💡Internal Structure of the Earth

The Earth's internal structure consists of the crust, mantle, and core. The video script describes these layers and their significance in the context of plate movement and geological activity. Understanding this structure is essential for grasping the forces that drive the Earth's surface processes.

💡Sea Floor Spreading

Sea floor spreading is the process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges. The video script connects this concept to the theory of plate tectonics, explaining how it contributes to the movement and creation of the Earth's crust. This process is a key aspect of the Earth's dynamic geological system.

💡Convection Currents

Convection currents are the movement of material within a fluid due to the fluid's buoyancy and temperature differences. In the context of the video, convection currents in the Earth's mantle are discussed as a driving force behind plate tectonics, helping to explain the movement of tectonic plates and the associated geological activity.

Highlights

Describe the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts.

Relate the distribution to plate tectonic theory.

Describe different types of plate boundaries and processes along them.

Enumerate evidence supporting plate movement.

Identify locations of volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain ranges.

Use at least three seismic stations to locate earthquake epicenters.

Magnitude of earthquakes relates to the energy released and potential tsunami impact.

Describe geologic processes at convergent, divergent, and transform plate boundaries.

Discuss the formation of mountains, hills, trenches, and deep ocean trenches at plate boundaries.

Explain the concept of subduction zones and their relation to trenches.

Describe the formation of cliffs, canyons, and rift valleys at divergent boundaries.

Discuss seafloor spreading and the birth and death of seafloor at ridges and trenches.

Relate convection currents to the formation of new seafloor.

Explain the creation of fault lines at transform fault plate boundaries.

Discuss the internal structure of the Earth, including crust, mantle, and core.

Describe the role of hotspots in the creation of volcanic island arcs.

Discuss seafloor spreading and its evidence from mid-oceanic ridges.

Present evidence supporting continental drift theory, including continental fit, fossils, rock formations, and coal deposits.

Transcripts

Good day everyone so Welcome to our

first quarter review in Science

10 Let us have first a short recap of

the most essential learning competencies

that you have already covered in terms

of our discussion during the first

quarter so the first one is describe the

distribution of active volcanoes

earthquake epicenters and major mountain

belts second one we have describe and

relate the distribution of active

volcanes earthquake epicenters and major

mountain belts to play tectonic theory

and Third one we have Describe the

different types of plate boundaries for

one explain the different processes that

occur along the PL tectonic boundaries

and we have also describe the internal

structure of the Earth describe the

possible causes of plate movement and

lastly enumerate all the lines of

evidences that supports the plate

movement so first things first what we

have tackled here during your first

topic in the earth science subject

during quarter one is that we have

Describe the different locations of

volcanoes earthquakes as well as

mountain ranges that they are Actually

located in one particular area or

commonly in one particular area and

commonly they are also located where the

other events happen such as volcanoes

earthquakes mountain ranges um yun po

yyung sabihin po nating location kung

nasaan yung majority ng mountain ranges

n Saan Iyung majority ng earthquake as

well as volcano they are commonly um the

same or the same location na sinasabi po

natin dito so last time po we have

identified that um

the first lesson during the first lesson

that we have nangyari po natin dito ay

na-discuss po natin ng pag locate ng

earthquakes epicenter and we have

mentioned that in order for us to locate

the earthquakes epicenter we have to use

at least three seismic stations

or sabihin po natin yung mga stations na

ginagamit ng FX or Philippine Institute

of volcanology cosmology um In order for

them to locate the epicenter or the

center of the earthquake Okay po you

have already your activity number one um

that has been implemented In order for

you to locate the earthquakes epicenter

using three seismic stations because you

cannot use two seismic stations only

because you have 5050 chance that your

prediction will be correct or net So yun

po yung pinaka major things that we have

tackled here another thing is pertaining

to earthquake pertaining to magnitude

most

specifically kapag sinabi po nating

magnitude This is Actually the numerical

value of Uh the energy

released Okay po the energy released of

the earthquake so commonly the higher

the

magnitude the greater the impact of

Tsunami is or the greater the tsunami is

so meaning to say kapag mas mataas yung

magnitude mas mataas din po yung taas ng

Tsunami the moment na mas mataas yung

taas ng Tsunami automatically that is

very disastrous in our lives Okay po so

sana tandaan po natin yan alr So

um another thing that we have tackled

already is pertaining to the description

of Uh different plate boundaries as well

as its processes that occur along the

plate boundaries so we have tackled

different geologic processes of the

convergent divergent and then the

transform pult boundary and of course

the possible geologic events that may

happen during those processes Okay po so

dito sa geologic processes natin

Familiar very Familiar na kayo dito no

convergent the Forces are moving towards

each other

divergent we have the Forces are moving

away from one another and then the

transform fault plate boundary Is The

force is splitting apart from one

another Okay po so there are different

geologic formations that are possible

through continental to continental

continental to oceanic and then oceanic

to oceanic geologic

formations so during this times um when

you talk about ent plate boundary in

terms of the continental to continental

there is a possibility of the formation

of mountains or Hills while when you

talk about the continental oceanic in

terms

of convergent plate boundary we can

possibly have here the trenches or where

the SL pool or the subduction happens

You have to try to understand that these

three concepts under continental to

oceanic convergence are somehow similar

to one another right so the subduction

or the slub pool is the location where

the trenches are and of course the slab

pool pertains to one particular ocean

floor that is

subducted going to the melting point of

a particular oceanic rest going to the

upper mtel hanggang po siya ay mave na

right and then of course we have also

here oceanic to oceanic

convergence wherein deep ocean trenches

can be formed by means

of one older oceanic crust will tend to

subduct below the new oceanic crust Kaya

nga po mas malalim po ito Actually yyung

mga deep ocean trenches po na sinasabi

po natin dito yung mga older sea floor

tends to um than the newer seaf Flor

kasi based on our discussion na mas

mabigat po yung older seafloor or older

oceanic rust than the newer oceanic rust

so tatandaan po natin Ian na so again

these are very important in your

Periodical Test kasi po dito po natin um

malalaman if you have the base knowledge

in order for you to answer those solo

questions po natin na very practical in

a sense that it was related Those Were

related to the real life or practical

scenarios that are presented in your

periodical exam Okay going back to the

divergent plate boundary we have also

here a continental to continental

geologic formation um that is through

clips canyons and then Rift valleys

sinabit po natin sa divergent plate

boundary these are forces moving away

from one another so definitely If one

particular crust will move away from one

another commonly TH those um crust will

produce Or will form a particular crack

or

fishes in a particular location so

therefore cliffs canyons and then Rift

valleys will form definitely so that is

under the continental to continental um

divergent plate boundary so another

thing is the oceanic to oceanic plate

boundary oceanic to oceanic divergent

plate boundary will try to Uh form what

you call as the ridges so dito po sa

reges na ito nangyayari po ang tinatawag

po nating sea Flor spreading the birth

of the sea Flor happens in the ridges

while The Death of the sea floor happens

on the trenches kanina po binanggit

natin sa trenches na doon po siya

nagme-message po na

new ocean floor or the sea floor

spreading po na sinasabi natin and one

particular force here aside from the

divergent plate boundary is Iyung

tinatawag po nating R push Okay po or

the center part of the ocean floor or

the oceanic rust tends to be pushed away

in order to rise a particular magma to

form a new sea floor by means of the

hardened magma na sinasabi po natin or

yung naging lava tapos naging bat pa

that will be considered as a new c floor

here and to tell you that um This is

also related to Um what you call as

convection current because convection

current also contributes to the

formation of the new se FL Later on

We'll try to go about that right so

under the transform fault play boundary

one of the geologic formations that may

happen here is of course the creation of

fault lines in the different um geologic

formations or geologic types here such

as continental to continental

continental to oceanic and then oceanic

to oceanic transform f plate boundary so

commonly po

Um two of the major geologic events that

may happen in terms of these processes

are earthquakes and then tsunamis as

what you can see on the screen that you

have makikita po natin na geologic

events are commonly tsunamis and then

earthquakes ang iba po diyan there is a

possibility of volcano that can be

formed through these plate boundary

movements na sinasabi po natin dito

Right so I'm hoping that you can get

that those topics that we are discussing

Sana po po yan sa utak natin na all

right going

ahead we have also tackled um we have

also described the internal structure of

the Earth we have also described the

possible causes of plate movements and

of course we have enumerated the lines

of evidences that supports the plate

movement commonly po na-discuss natin

yung crust mantle and then the core in

terms of the internal structure of the

earth

Okay po so napag-usapan natin crust as

two major types the continental and then

the oceanic crust and mantle has also

two types the upper and then the lower

mantle sa upper mantle natatagpuan po

nating asthenosphere or commonly This is

the most liquid portion of the mantle

wherein all events happen here such as

an earthquake it nagmumula halos ang

earthquake yung tinatawag nating

boundary ng asthenosphere and then

upper mantle na m discontinuity or

tinatawag po ninyong moho

discontinuity okay and of course

commonly sa mantle din po nangyayari

yung common na tinatawag po nating heart

spots and of course lastly we have um

the core the inner and then the outer

core the inner core as what we have

mention that um they are considered to

be solid because of the immense pressure

and then the temperature that is

interacting Upon The Core and Usually

the core is also responsible for the

magnetic field of our

Earth's crust or earth's Uh interior Yan

po and we have also tackled the heart

spots you have your activity number five

pertaining to heart spots that hot spots

Are hot plum that are responsible for

the creation of the series of volcanoes

or tinatawag nating mga volcanic Island

arc na commonly Iyung pinakaunang nag-ok

na volcano I considered to be the oldest

and then the newest will be the recent

one All right so sana tatandaan po natin

iyan and of course we have also tackle

the sea floor spreading and then the

convection current convection current

can be related to the concept of boiling

a

In order for them to distribute the heat

within the liquid there should be a

Movement in terms of the liquid that's

the reason why

um commonly the cooler temperature or

the lower temperature tends to move

downward and then the hotter temperature

tends to move upward in order to

distribute its heat Okay po sana po

tatandaan po natin yan and then of

course C floor spreading natin na

pag-aman po natin that ah mid-atlantic

rides or mid oceanic ridges are commonly

the start where the seafloor spreading

happens and this was postulated or

theorized by Harry hess um during his

study pertaining to the

Uh seafloor spreading Okay po This is

Actually mas recent pa siya compared sa

continental drift theory ni Alfred

wagener that

ah that are the most Sabihin nating mas

older ang continental compared kay Harry

h na se Flor spreading Okay po so sa

continental dft theory This is one of

the theories that we can

see about our continents as

supercontinent as sinasabi po natin or

yung panea na sinasabi po ninyo okay po

panea as Uh one big supercontinent

coming from

Yan yan

po Okay po so we have also the evidences

that supports the continental drift

theory we have what we call as the

continental jigs puzzle we have the

fossils we have the rock formations and

then the coal deposits so napag-usapan

natin about sa continental gigit

that

Uh we have Uh the sides of the

continents may fit to one another and of

course another thing is fossils one

Fossil or one particular species of

Fossil can be seen from one continent to

another in terms of the line formations

of the discovery of fossils since

fossils are biotic in a sense that um

they are Uh they are living

thousands to millions of years ago and

of course rock formation in terms of the

different location of rocks in terms of

its layers or strata na sinabi po natin

na one particular layer is matching with

another layer from one From Another

continent and of course we have here the

cold deposits call deposits in terms of

its number of years that it existed that

matches from one continent to another

continent so i think that's all for this

session I am hoping the best in your

examination and good luck as much as

possible try to review and do your best

to at least qualify for the passing

grade in science subject So that's all

for today Thank you so much God

bless n