EPQ - Harvard Referencing
Summary
TLDRThis presentation focuses on the importance and practice of Harvard referencing in academic writing, emphasizing its necessity for avoiding plagiarism and supporting arguments with credible sources. It discusses when to reference, including direct quotes, paraphrasing, and summarizing, and when not to, such as for common knowledge. The speaker advises on proper citation formats and the construction of a reference list, also touching on tools like Microsoft Word for assistance and the value of consulting with supervisors for specific referencing styles.
Takeaways
- 😀 **Harvard Referencing is Common:** It's the most frequently used style in Extended Project Qualifications (EPQs), but always verify with your supervisor for specific requirements.
- 🔍 **Check Specific Styles:** Different fields may require different styles (e.g., Law uses OSCOLA), so it's crucial to know the style applicable to your discipline.
- 🚴 **Practice Makes Perfect:** Like riding a bike, the more you practice referencing, the better you become at it.
- 📚 **Showcase Learning:** Referencing demonstrates your understanding of existing literature, ideas, and knowledge in your subject area.
- 🔑 **Mark Scheme Insights:** Referencing helps highlight the range of sources you've used and shows your ability to identify and use relevant sources.
- 🔎 **Traceability:** Proper referencing allows readers to trace back to the original sources, which is essential for academic integrity and research.
- 🚫 **Avoid Plagiarism:** Correct referencing practices are vital to prevent plagiarism, a critical issue in academic and professional writing.
- ✏️ **When to Reference:** You should reference information, ideas, direct quotes, paraphrases, and summaries of authors' ideas.
- 📈 **Support Your Arguments:** Use referencing to strengthen your arguments by providing evidence from your research.
- 📝 **Direct Quoting:** Direct quotes should be used sparingly and only when necessary for preserving the original meaning or when it significantly supports your argument.
Q & A
What is the most common referencing style used in Extended Project Qualifications?
-The most common referencing style used in Extended Project Qualifications is Harvard Referencing.
Why is it important to check with your supervisor about the referencing style?
-It's important to check with your supervisor about the referencing style because different subjects or institutions may require different styles, such as OSCOLA for Law students.
What is the analogy used in the script to describe the process of learning to reference?
-The process of learning to reference is compared to learning to ride a bike, emphasizing that practice makes it easier over time.
Why do we need to reference in academic writing?
-In academic writing, referencing is needed to show what you have learned from existing literature, ideas, and knowledge in your subject area, and to support the ideas and arguments in your work.
What are the practical reasons for referencing in academic work?
-Practical reasons for referencing include helping readers trace the sources used, allowing them to access original papers if interested, and helping the writer avoid plagiarism.
When do you need to reference in your work?
-You need to reference when you use information or ideas from other sources, take direct quotes, or explain other authors' ideas in your own words (paraphrasing).
What is the significance of directly quoting a text in academic writing?
-Directly quoting a text shows the ability to copy a quote accurately, but it should be used only when the meaning will be lost through paraphrasing or when it is crucial for the development of an argument.
How should you reference a source when paraphrasing in Harvard style?
-When paraphrasing, you should reference by writing the author's surname and the date of publication in brackets, followed by the page number if available.
What is secondary referencing and how should it be handled in a reference list?
-Secondary referencing is when you refer to an original idea that has been discussed by another author. In the reference list, you should provide the bibliographic information for the source you read it from, not the original work.
How should you reference sources with multiple authors in Harvard style?
-For sources with two authors, both names should be stated. For three or more authors, the first author's name should be followed by 'et al.' However, in the reference list, all authors' names and initials must be mentioned.
Where should the reference list be placed in an assignment and how should it be organized?
-The reference list should be placed at the end of an assignment, before any appendices, and should be in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author or the organization's name.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to Referencing
This paragraph introduces the importance of referencing in academic writing, specifically focusing on the Harvard Referencing style. It emphasizes the need to confirm with supervisors which referencing style to use, as different fields may require different styles, such as OSCOLA in Law. The analogy of learning to ride a bike is used to illustrate that the more one practices referencing, the better they become at it. The paragraph outlines the rationale behind referencing, which includes demonstrating knowledge of existing literature, supporting arguments, and avoiding plagiarism. It also touches on the practical reasons for referencing, such as helping readers trace sources and the author's own ability to retrace them.
🔍 Understanding When to Reference
This section delves into the specifics of when referencing is necessary, such as when using information or ideas from other sources, direct quotes, paraphrasing, and summarizing multiple authors' ideas. It clarifies that original ideas or common knowledge statements do not require referencing. The paragraph also discusses the importance of showing a broad understanding of the topic by referencing literature, which provides evidence for one's viewpoints. The correct method for in-text citation is provided, including the use of the author's surname, publication date, and page number where applicable.
📝 Direct Quoting and Paraphrasing
The paragraph discusses the nuances of direct quoting and paraphrasing, advising that direct quotes should only be used when the meaning cannot be effectively conveyed through paraphrasing or when it is crucial for the argument's development. It warns against overusing quotes, which can detract from the originality of the work. The paragraph provides examples of how to cite sources both at the end of a quote and at the beginning, and it explains the formatting for long quotes that require indentation. The importance of clarity in distinguishing one's own words from those of the original author is also highlighted.
📈 Strengthening Arguments with Referencing
This section focuses on how referencing can be used to bolster academic arguments. It provides examples of how to integrate references into writing to enhance the flow and credibility of the text. The paragraph also mentions the use of secondary referencing, where an original idea is cited through another author's work, and stresses the importance of accurately recording the source of the information read, not the original work itself, unless it has been directly consulted. The paragraph advises checking with an EPQ supervisor for any disciplinary-specific referencing practices.
📖 Organizing the Reference List
The final paragraph addresses the organization of the reference list, which should be placed at the end of an assignment before any appendices and in alphabetical order. It explains that all sources referenced in the text must be listed, and that while 'et al.' can be used for multiple authors in subsequent citations, all authors' names must be included in the reference list. Examples of referencing various sources such as books, journal articles, web pages, TV programs, and social media are mentioned, and the paragraph concludes with a recommendation to use tools like Microsoft Word for assistance and to consult supervisors and resource banks for further guidance.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Referencing
💡Harvard Referencing
💡Plagiarism
💡Paraphrasing
💡Direct Quoting
💡Academic Writing
💡Literature
💡Reference List
💡Secondary Referencing
💡Citing Multiple Authors
Highlights
Harvard Referencing is the most common style used in Extended Project Qualifications.
Different fields may use different referencing styles, such as OSCOLA in Law.
Referencing is akin to learning to ride a bike, improving with practice.
Consistent and rigorous referencing is essential for academic integrity.
Referencing shows understanding of existing literature and ideas in the subject area.
It is crucial to reference a range of sources to highlight research depth.
Referencing helps readers trace and verify the sources used in academic work.
Avoiding plagiarism is a key reason for proper referencing.
Maintain a list of sources and access dates for easy referencing.
Direct quotes and paraphrased ideas from others require referencing the original author.
Common knowledge and personal ideas do not need to be referenced.
Literature provides evidence to support viewpoints in academic writing.
Direct quotes should be used sparingly and only when necessary for meaning preservation.
Paraphrasing is more academically rigorous than direct quoting.
Ensure clarity on which words are your own and which belong to the referenced author.
Referencing strengthens arguments by showing extensive support from literature.
Secondary referencing involves citing an original idea discussed by another author.
For sources with multiple authors, list all authors initially, then use 'et al.' for subsequent references.
The reference list should be in alphabetical order and include all sources cited in the work.
Tools in Microsoft Word can assist with referencing, but it's important to know how to do it manually.
Transcripts
This is the presentation all about referencing.
We have focused on Harvard Referencing within this, which is the most common one
used within Extended Project Qualifications,
but it's worthwhile checking with your supervisor that that's the way
that you will do things. So for example my students within Law, we use OSCOLA
and things, so there are different
referencing styles, but if you haven't been given any other direction
stick with Harvard you won't go too far wrong. Okay so the
first thing to remember about referencing is that it's like
learning to ride a bike, the more you practice it, and the more
you do it the easier it will be to do.
With referencing there are right and wrong answers,
and once you understand the conventions that you need to to know then
you can reference. Like when pedalling it's important that you adopt a
consistent and rigorous approach to when you refer to
literature, as well. And when we talk about
literature we're kind of referring to any published
work in the subject that you are studying.
So why do we reference? In academic writing you need to be able
to show that you know
what you have learnt about existing literature,
ideas and knowledge in your subject area. And being able to reference helps you to
be able to do that. So if we go back to that mark scheme
that we looked at in some of the previous videos
from AQA, this is where you highlight that you have used a range of sources.
So I use 'show me your sources' so much as a comment,
not only to my students also to my mother, who gets a lot of her
news from her Facebook Newsfeed, or is a big fan of a
'they say' like referencing is all about who are they?
Like where have you got this from? Sort of
showing your sources.
We also need to understand why we reference?
So there's a number of reasons why we do so, for academic reasons,
as Kristina was saying it shows the variety of sources that you've used,
and it also shows that you've been able to
identify and use relevant sources, as well.
And crucially we use it to be able to support the ideas and arguments that you
discuss in your work. There's also practical
reasons, so historically
if I wanted to read a paper I would need to find out who had said
that, and who had given the information. So it helps the reader to be able to
trace the sources that you have used, because when they're
reading your piece of work, they may think oh that's really
interesting I'd like to read the original paper that the idea is
from. And so they'll be able to look at the reference
list at the back of your assignment, and they'll be able to then go to the
original source. And it also helps you to be able to
retrace the sources that you've used in the past
as well, and it also makes sure that you avoid plagiarising
as well. Which is really really important,
both in your EPQ, and also at university as well.
Okay so looking at those practical reasons and if you go back
to some of the other videos about getting started with research you'll
start to see why we're so keen for you to keep a list
of the hyperlinks if you're doing research online and the dates that
you've visited them, so that you can then trace back as you
continue, and so that your readers can trace
back where you have accessed the information,
and you can also see if it's changed.
It's also important to know when you need to reference,
and when perhaps you don't need to reference.
So you do need to reference the information or ideas that you've
read, seen or heard in other sources, or when
you take a direct quote from something that you've read.
You also need to reference when you explain
other authors ideas in your own words, this is what's called paraphrasing, but
you need to be able to fight the original author,
because although you're using your words, they're actually
their ideas initially, and then also when you summarise the ideas
of several authors in your own words, so you may have seen in your reading
there's a particular point mentioned and then
there could be kind of 5 6 7 8 9 10 authors
then cited after that it's because they're all writing
about a similar idea or topic but you need to acknowledge
that they are also their ideas. We don't need to reference
when we're presenting something that is perhaps our own idea,
argument or analysis, but that's often unlikely
at this stage and also in undergraduate
research as well, because your ideas will generally come from reading. It's not to
say that there won't be any originality from
yourself, but often the reading does inform your ideas at
this level and undergraduate level. There are also some common sense,
common knowledge statements that we have within society, and they don't
need to be referenced. So for example you may or may not know that
UEA's motto is Do Different we all know within the university that that is
the motto, so it's kind of a common statement.
You also need to be able to show that you've read around the topic
in focus okay by drawing on the literature,
to show that you understand the major ideas
in your field of study, and to support the points that you're making.
The literature really provides the evidence
for your viewpoint so that's another key reason
why we need to reference.
So when quoting the text directly you must ensure that you do reference
the author, and the way in which you would do that
is to write the surname of the author, and the date that it was
written or published, and the page number if
there is one in brackets. So for example this was
Bloggs 2010, and this was taken from a web page so
there wasn't a page number but we'll come
on to web pages later on. And then the author's initials and the details of
their study go into the references section at the
end of your assignment.
So it's important to think about when you should quote
directly, and what you're showing your reader,
your marker, when you're quoting directly. Because if you directly
quote it shows that you're able to directly
copy a quote, but is it actually showing your
level of understanding. So only quote directly
if the meaning of the text will be lost through paraphrasing,
or there's no better way of putting it.
When it is appropriate for the development of your argument and it will
not interfere with the flow of your writing.
We see this quite a lot in particularly first and second year
work, the work that tends to score not as highly as some of the students
would have hoped that it would have are students that have used excessive
amounts of quotes from other people, and sort of like,
they've used the linking words that we talked about in the previous
video all about sort of structuring paragraphs
but most of the work is someone else's, so they have just
tied together long paragraphs of quotes.
So here we have an example from a piece of work,
you can see that the name, date and page number
come after the quotation, and this would have either been a direct
quote or a paraphrase. But what we can also do
is have the reference at the beginning of the direct quote or the paraphrasing
so for example rather than putting it at
the end we can say as Vygotsky 1978 and then that would be page number
102 claimed "in play a child always behaves
beyond his average age above his early behavior in play it is
as though he were a head taller than himself."
This also helps us to to highlight the point that if a quote is more
than two lines long it also needs to be indented as well to show that it
is a quote that long and we would remove the
quote marks from that.
You can also use referencing when reporting,
so to be able to introduce the study or the literature that you're looking at
you would cite the author's name and then the data was written in
brackets.
The name may not appear in the sentence, but you can then put both the name and
the date in the brackets. So for example we have a
an example here "academic writing is vital for student
success at university as it is inextricably linked to learning
and knowledge construction". Okay so that was an idea
from Somerville and Creme, 2005.
But rather than say as Somerville and Creme
2005 state I've actually put it at the end of the sentence so
that it didn't disrupt the flow of my writing that came before that.
We can also cite web pages, and it's the same method, but there may
not be a page number as I was talking about earlier, so
instead we have the author's surname,
or it may be the organisation, particularly in a web page,
and then the the date of the publication. You can often find the date if you
scroll down to the bottom of the webpage and it will tell you the
the copyright there and then the the title of the
article or the website and the date that you
accessed it need to go in the references section,
again that's at the end of the assignment.
So going back to paraphrasing, it might be when you've read someone
else's words in a book/ article/website/research study, but then
you want to express those words as your own,
and as we were saying before this is more academic
than directly quoting because it means that you're able to show your tutor
or the marker that you understand what's being said
rather than just being able to copy words.
It goes back to the idea, I think, about what academic writing is all about
and often students think it is about being able to copy big words and
we often see pages of just quote strung together,
but that doesn't actually tell us anything, so when you are
looking through your work, and your drafts, do have a look
to check that you haven't overly directly quoted,
and see if you can add some paraphrasing in there instead.
okay so here's an example we have um Waller 2005 states "A contemporary view
acknowledges that childhood is not fixed and it is not
universal, it is 'mobile and shifting' " and that's Walkerdine 2004.
But actually what we can say instead is drawing on Walkerdine 2004
Waller 2005 illustrates how childhood is not a fixed state but constantly
changing.
When you are using your own words though it's important to remember
that you need to be really clear about which words are yours,
and which ones belong to the author that you're referring to.
So whenever you're making notes and you're reading
make sure that you do have the exact quote and the page number, and all of the
information you need so that you can be 100% sure what are your words and what
are the author's words. Also be unbiased and indirect as well
try and avoid using subjective words to begin
the introduction to the quotes, and using your own words, and also
make sure that you're discussing the viewpoints of others in relation to your
own, as well.
Okay so referencing can also be used to support your academic writing, and here's
some examples here from K Sambell and her colleagues.
So in general conversation we may say something like
'it stands to reason' whereas if we change that to academic writing it could
be 'the evidence would suggest' and again 'everyone would agree'
perhaps we would say there instead that 'there is extensive support for
something' and 'this is supported by the different references'.
And you can see with the other examples as well, that there are different ways to
to change and introduce the references that you've looked at.
This is just another way to strengthen your argument, when I said before
that I challenge people a lot of like what are your sources, where are
your sources? It's much harder to dismiss a viewpoint that's saying
there's extensive support for, and then pointing to that support, than just
making a bold statement of everyone would agree.
Okay so it's just adding that subtle strength
to your argument to show that your piece is well researched,
to show that you really know what you're talking about, even if you're making
those general conversation points from that same basis of research,
you're just making it very obvious and clear like where
like how you came to those those viewpoints.
And here are some other examples as well from The
Academic Phrase Bank at the University of Manchester,
so do go and check those out for ways to link your references
into your work, so that there's a continuous flow. Sometimes students will
just sort of plonk a reference into a sentence and it
it kind of really disrupts what's being said, whereas it's important to make sure
that the reference is introduced properly
and it makes sense within the sentence.
wW can also have what's called secondary referencing,
where you refer to an original idea that has been discussed by
another author, so for example here we can see
that Bruner that was published in 1988 has been cited by Robson
in 2006, and you're reading it in the 2006 version.
Okay, but what you need to do when you're recording the information
is you need to provide the information from the book that you read it in,
rather than suggesting that you've gone to the original source.
So you would provide the bibliographic information
for Robson 2006 in your reference list, because then if I was an interested
person and I wanted to then go to Bruner I could find the
text from Bruner in the Robson book. The only exception to this would be if
you're finding that you are excessively going back to the original work again
and again and again, and you haven't ever read the original
work, it might be worth like cycling back to some research and
being like should I look at that original piece.
This happens in Law quite a lot, it'll be subsequent cases will refer
to a single authority and it's likely that that authority
is stronger because that's where the point of law
was established due to that hierarchies and things. So make sure that
firstly you're not lying, so you are citing the information that you've read,
but if you're doing that again and again and again chances are that you need to
go back and look at the the original work as well.
That will depend on the discipline that you're in,
so if you're at all confused definitely check with your EPQ
supervisor.
You may also come across sources that have more than one author so if you
need to cite the work of two authors, you would state
both the authors in your writing and the reference list.
So for example there would be just the Smith and Bloggs 2010,
whereas then if you cite a piece of research that
has three or more authors, you would often
write the first author and then follow this with
et al. So it it becomes Smith et al. Importantly
the first time you refer to a study or a piece of literature
you should write the surnames of all the authors
and then if you refer to them subsequently
you can then use et al, but it's important that in the reference list
all the authors surnames and initials are mentioned.
You can't use et al in the reference list.
So we keep talking about being able to
record the information, what do you need
to do to be able to do that? So you need to be able to list
all of the sources that you've referred to in your writing
in a reference list. This goes at the end of your assignment, but before
any appendices. It should also be in alphabetical order and if you've used a
variety of sources you do not need to separate them under
different headings. So sometimes we find students want to
separate books from journal articles and web pages and
things like that. You just need to put them in one list in
alphabetical order from the surname.
And on the next couple of slides we have some
examples for you to look at in your own time
for a point of reference that you may need to come back and have a look at how
you reference a book, a journal article, a web page and and different sources.
You may also need to reference TV programs,
this is something that's becoming more common and will
very much depend on your discipline, but you can see there
the ways in which that should be referenced.
And the same for Twitter and other social media
handles as well. You'll see it's very similar
to that of the the usual referencing conventions,
but just make sure that you you have an understanding of this.
Okay that's the end of our slides on referencing, and feel free to obviously
download these and keep going back and forth between them as you're
as you're citing things. I've been doing this for years and I still
often have the quick reference guide up at the back just to check that I'm
writing down the information in the exact way that I'm going to want it
later. There are some tools on Microsoft
Word for example if you're using that, that will help you in putting references
in, but it's always worthwhile as we said
right at the start checking with your supervisor
that Harvard Referencing is the one that you're going to be using.
And then also learning to do it from scratch,
rather than necessarily putting it into a system,
and becoming reliant on that system, just in case you ever need to use any
different software. Hopefully that makes sense and feel free
to go to the Resource Bank as always and have a look through
everything that we've put up there for you.
you
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