The Seven Years' War part 2
Summary
TLDRThe Seven Year's War, also known as the French and Indian War, was a global conflict that determined the world's dominant empire between England and France. In North America, both sides fought over territories, particularly in the Ohio River Valley. Despite initial setbacks, including George Washington's surrender at Fort Necessity, the British eventually triumphed after Prime Minister William Pitt committed significant resources. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 solidified Britain's status as a world power, but also led to increased tensions with the American colonies due to new taxes, ultimately contributing to the American Revolution.
Takeaways
- 🌐 The Seven Year's War, also known as the French and Indian War, was the first global war and was fought to determine the dominant empire: England or France.
- 🏰 In North America, the conflict was over territory, particularly along the Appalachian mountain range, with England, France, and Native American tribes involved.
- 🔨 The British were particularly concerned about the French presence in the Ohio River Valley and sent George Washington to build a fort to establish their claim.
- ⚔️ George Washington's initial efforts in the Ohio River Valley resulted in a defeat and the establishment of Fort Necessity after being forced to surrender to the French.
- 🏹 The British faced further setbacks in 1755 when Major General Edward Braddock was killed, and Washington had to lead a retreat after another failed attempt to take Fort Duquesne.
- 🏡 The British managed to gain control of Acadia, displacing the French settlers who became known as Cajuns after being relocated to Louisiana.
- 💰 The war turned in favor of the British after 1757 when Prime Minister William Pitt committed significant resources to expel the French from North America.
- 🏰 By 1760, the British had captured key territories including Fort Duquesne, the Ohio Valley, Nova Scotia, and Quebec, effectively ending the fighting in North America.
- 📜 The Treaty of Paris in 1763 marked a significant victory for the British, who gained control of New France (Canada), Spanish Florida, and several Caribbean islands, solidifying their status as a global power.
- 🏛️ The war had mixed consequences for the American colonists who, despite the victory, faced new taxes imposed by the British to recoup the costs of the war, which eventually led to revolutionary sentiments.
Q & A
What is the significance of the Seven Year's War in the context of global conflicts?
-The Seven Year's War is significant as it was the first global war, occurring more than 150 years before World War I. It was a conflict that determined which empire, England or France, would be the dominant power in the world.
Why is the term 'Seven Year's War' considered a better name for the conflict in North America compared to 'French and Indian War'?
-The term 'Seven Year's War' is considered a better name because it highlights the global nature of the conflict, which spanned multiple continents and was not just confined to North America.
What were the main territories in North America that England, France, and their Native American allies were vying for during the war?
-The main territories in contention were those along the Appalachian mountain range, particularly in upstate New York and Canada, which served as the border between English settlements and Indian country to the west.
Why was the Ohio River Valley a point of contention between the British and the French during the war?
-The Ohio River Valley was a point of contention because both the British and the French had laid claims to this territory and were eager to strengthen their territorial claims by building forts and demonstrating possession.
Who was sent by the English to establish a presence in the Ohio River Valley, and what was the outcome of his initial encounter?
-A young officer named George Washington was sent to build a fort in the Ohio River Valley. He and his men encountered French forces and their Native American allies at Fort Duquesne, leading to the establishment of Fort Necessity after being overpowered.
What was the outcome of the British attempt to displace the French from Fort Duquesne in 1755, and what was the fate of Major General Edward Braddock?
-The British attempt to displace the French from Fort Duquesne in 1755 was a disaster, resulting in a defeat with a much smaller French force. Major General Edward Braddock was killed in the battle.
How did the British manage to turn the tide of the war in their favor after 1757?
-The British turned the tide of the war in their favor after 1757 due to Prime Minister William Pitt's decision to commit significant resources, including men, materials, money, and Indian allies, to the conflict.
What were the major territorial gains for the British by 1760 as a result of the Seven Year's War?
-By 1760, the British had captured Fort Duquesne, the Ohio Valley, Nova Scotia, upstate New York, and Quebec, effectively forcing the French out of the eastern seaboard and Canada.
What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, and how did it impact the British and French empires?
-The Treaty of Paris in 1763 resulted in a significant victory for the British, who gained most of France's possessions in the New World, including New France (Canada), Spanish Florida, and several Sugar Islands in the Caribbean. England was recognized as the premiere imperial power in the world.
How did the Seven Year's War affect the relationship between the British and their North American colonists, particularly in terms of taxation?
-The war left England in significant debt, leading them to seek revenue from their North American colonists, who were accustomed to a policy of benign neglect. This imposition of taxes sparked outrage and contributed to the growing tensions that eventually led to the American Revolution.
What was the Proclamation of 1763, and how did it affect Native Americans?
-The Proclamation of 1763 was a British policy that established a boundary line along the Appalachian Mountains, reserving lands to the west for Native Americans. However, American white settlers largely ignored this boundary, leading to continued westward expansion and further displacement of Native Americans.
Outlines
🏰 The Prelude to the Seven Year's War in North America
The video script discusses the Seven Year's War, also known as the French and Indian War, focusing on its global implications and the struggle for dominance between England and France. The war's North American theater involved territorial disputes along the Appalachian mountain range, with both English and French forces, along with their Native American allies, vying for control. The script highlights the early failures of the British, including George Washington's initial defeat at Fort Necessity and the subsequent death of Major General Edward Braddock. It also mentions the British success in Acadia, leading to the displacement of French settlers who would later become known as Cajuns. The narrative sets the stage for the war's progression and its eventual consequences for North America.
🌟 Turning the Tide: The British Ascendancy in the War
The script details the turning point of the Seven Year's War in 1757, when British Prime Minister William Pitt committed significant resources to the conflict, leading to a series of British victories. Between 1757 and 1760, the British captured key territories including Fort Duquesne, the Ohio Valley, Nova Scotia, and Quebec, effectively pushing the French out of the eastern seaboard and Canada. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 solidified the British victory, with England gaining control over New France (Canada), Spanish Florida, and several Caribbean islands, establishing itself as the preeminent global power. The script also notes the positive impact on the colonial Americans, who fought alongside the British and experienced a boost in confidence, but it foreshadows the negative consequences for Native Americans, who lost the strategic advantage of having two competing empires in North America.
💸 The Aftermath: Consequences and the Path to Revolution
The final paragraph of the script addresses the aftermath of the Seven Year's War, focusing on the financial burden it placed on England and the subsequent impact on its North American colonies. With England in significant debt, the British government sought to recoup losses by imposing new taxes on the colonists, who had previously enjoyed a degree of autonomy. This shift in policy led to outrage among the colonists, who were unaccustomed to such direct control and taxation from the British Empire. The resentment towards these new taxes would be a catalyst for the American Revolution, as the colonists' pushback against British authority intensified. The script concludes by highlighting the broader implications of the war, including the decline in Native American influence and the growing unity among colonists in their resistance to British rule.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Seven Year's War
💡French and Indian War
💡Appalachian mountain range
💡George Washington
💡Fort Duquesne
💡Edward Braddock
💡Acadia
💡William Pitt
💡Treaty of Paris (1763)
💡Proclamation of 1763
💡Taxation without representation
Highlights
The Seven Year's War was the first global war, predating World War I by over 150 years.
The war's core was a struggle between England and France for global dominance.
In North America, the conflict was also known as the French and Indian War.
Territorial disputes were focused along the Appalachian mountain range in upstate New York and Canada.
The British were particularly concerned with the French presence in the Ohio River Valley.
George Washington was sent to build a fort in the Ohio River Valley at the age of 22.
Washington's initial encounter with the French at Fort Duquesne resulted in the establishment of Fort Necessity.
The British failed to displace the French from Fort Duquesne in 1755, resulting in Major General Edward Braddock's death.
Acadia was the only region where the British successfully gained control and displaced French settlers.
The British declared war on France in 1756, but it wasn't until 1757 that the war turned in their favor.
Prime Minister William Pitt committed significant resources to the war effort, leading to British successes.
By 1760, the British had captured key territories including Fort Duquesne and Quebec.
The Treaty of Paris in 1763 resulted in a significant victory for the British, establishing them as a world power.
The war had a negative impact on Native Americans, as they lost the ability to play off British and French interests against each other.
The Proclamation of 1763 attempted to reserve lands west of the Appalachians for Native Americans, but was largely ignored by settlers.
The war led to increased taxation in the American colonies, which was a contributing factor to the revolution.
Transcripts
- [Narrator] So we've been discussing the Seven Year's War
in North America.
Also commonly called the French and Indian War
but, as I mentioned in the last video
I think Seven Year's War is a better name
for this conflict because
it was the first global war
that happened more than 150 years
before World War I.
And this global war was
at its heart,
about who would be the dominant empire in the world.
Would it be England?
Or would it be France?
Now in the North American theater of this war,
England, France, their Native American allies
on both sides were vying for territory
and particularly territory along the
Appalachian mountain range
in upstate New York, Canada.
This kind of western territory that was
the border between
the English settlement and Indian country to the west.
In this video, let's talk about how the war
actually progressed
and what it's consequences were
for North America and later,
the United States.
All right, so we've got the English,
the French, and
a number of Native American tribes
all kind of jostling for position in North America.
Now what stresses the British out the most
is
the presence of the French
in the Ohio River Valley.
Both, the British and the French
have laid claim to this territory.
And they're both eager to strengthen their territorial
claims, by building forts,
and otherwise having a show of possession of the area.
They argue over who had a presence there first.
So to establish the English presence
in the Ohio River Valley
the English send a young officer
named George Washington
to build a fort.
George Washington is only
22 years old at the time.
And he and his men go out
to
this area and they run into some French with their
Native American allies
at Fort Duquesne
which is where the Alaganee,
Monhongahela, and Ohio rivers come together.
Which is today, Pittsburgh.
So George Washington and his allies
get the jump on the French.
But, that doesn't last very long.
They're overpowered and
they fall back and establish
Fort Necessity.
On account of it was necessary.
And they managed to hold out for a little while
but eventually the French, the Canadians, and their
Native America allies
forced Washington to surrender.
And he goes back to Virginia.
So that's 1754.
And we'll call that Fail number one.
All right, so then
a year later
1755, the British
try to displace the French from
Fort Duquesne once again.
And they send Major General Edward Braddock
with
George Washington, once again,
now he's 23.
Back to Fort Duquesne
and it's a complete disaster.
This time, the French and their Indian allies
get the drop on the English, and with
a much smaller force, completely
desinate the English troops.
And Braddock is killed.
And George Washington
has to take command
of the retreat.
So that's Fail number two.
In general, this war does not go terribly well
for the British at the beginning,
except in one area, Acadia, where
the British manage to
attain control
and they kick out the
French settlers,
the Acadians, who are transported
down to the French settlement of New Orleans.
In Louisiana.
Where eventually, their name becomes garbled
and they're known as the Cajuns.
Not the Acadians, but the Cajuns.
In 1756
England finally gets around to actually declaring
war on France.
But it's really not for another year
that the war starts to actually go well
in 1757.
And the reason that the war starts going well
for the English, finally,
is that the Prime Minister, William Pitt,
decides that he is going to
pour money into this endeavor.
So he thinks that the English have just not had
enough men, materials, money,
Indian allies, up until this point.
So he is really going to
commit the British empire
to
exiling the French from this area
of North America.
So between 1757 and 1760,
things really start looking up for the British.
They finally capture
Fort Duquesne.
And they capture
the Ohio Valley.
Nova Scotia.
Upstate New York.
And, Quebec.
So, by 1760
pretty much all the fighting is done in North America.
The English have more or less forced
the French
out of the eastern seaboard and Canada.
And in 1763,
the English and the French
sit down to hammer out
the Treaty of Paris.
So the Treaty of Paris, in 1763,
and I apologize, I cannot help the fact
that there are like a million treaties of Paris.
There's also the Treaty of Paris that ended the
Revolutionary War.
There's the Treaty of Paris that ended the
Spanish American War.
Paris was the place where you made treaties
and they're all called the Treaty of Paris.
But this is the one that happened in 1763.
In general, this was a big victory.
For the English.
The English
not only got
most of France's possessions
in the New World.
They got New France,
AKA Canada.
They got
Spanish Florida.
Spain was fighting on the side of
France.
So they lose that.
They got a bunch of Sugar Islands.
In the Caribbean.
And they pretty much
got recognized as
the premiere power in Europe.
And the premiere imperial power.
So, the largest and
most powerful empire
in the world.
And let's not forget that the colonial Americans
citizens of Massachusetts, and New York,
Pennsylvania, Virginia,
they were on the winning side here.
They fought alongside the British regulars.
They repelled the French and their Native American allies.
This was actually a pretty big confidence boost
for
young America.
But there were some other consequences of this war.
On the not so good side,
the Seven Year's War was not particularly good
for Native Americans, in general.
Both those who had allied with the British.
And those who had allied with the French.
They no longer had
two imperial powers
vying against each other in North America
that they could play off of each other.
Now, Native Americans were only dealing
with the British.
Who certainly were not giving them
a fair seat at the table.
Not long after the Seven Year's War,
they will institute what's called
the Proclamation
of 1763.
Which was basically a boundary line
along the Appalachian mountains
saying that that was going to be the
end of white settlement.
That they would reserve
all the lands west
of the Appalachians for Native Americans.
Well, you can imagine how much the
American white settlers respected that.
Which is to say, they completely
ignored this boundary line.
So, the Native Americans will continue to be
pushed farther west.
And to develop more of
what we call a race consciousness.
The idea that they were all in
one big group together
who had to combine forces
to repel English settlement.
The other major outcome of the
Seven Year's War was
taxation.
Remember that William Pitt won
the Seven Year's War
by pouring money into it.
At the end of the Seven Year's War
England is in a lot of debt.
And, they have just gone to a lot of trouble
to protect their North American interests.
Now, as they are looking for ways
to make revenue
to make up the deficit,
the Seven Year's War has placed on them,
they look at their North American colonists
and say, "You should pay your way."
And,
the American colonists, who have been used
to more than century of called salutary,
or benign neglect,
are shocked and outraged
that the British empire is now clamping down on them.
And the colonists reaction to those new taxes
will propel the colonies into revolution.
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