Fetal parameters ( lie , presentation , presenting part , attitude , denominator , position )
Summary
TLDRThis script discusses fetal presentation and position in relation to the maternal spine and pelvis. It explains that the most common presentation is longitudinal, but can also be transverse or oblique. The part of the fetus in the lower uterine pool is typically achephalic, with bridge and shoulder presentations being less common. The script further details the concept of the presenting part, attitude, and denominator, and describes various positions of the fetus within the maternal pelvis, including anterior, posterior, and transverse positions, using vertex presentation as a primary example.
Takeaways
- 🔍 The long axis of the fetus usually aligns longitudinally with the maternal spine, but it can also be transverse or oblique.
- 👶 Presentation refers to the part of the fetus that occupies the lower uterine pool, commonly the head (cephallic), but can also be the buttocks (breech), shoulder, or other parts like in compound presentation.
- 🤰 In 3% of term pregnancies, the presentation is breech, and in 0.5%, it's shoulder presentation.
- 📍 The presenting part is the part of the fetus that overlies the internal os, such as the vertex in a well-flexed head or the brow in an extended head.
- 🧍 Attitude describes the relationship between different parts of the fetus, with flexion being the most common to maintain an ovoid shape within the uterus.
- 🤷♀️ Exceptions to the typical fetal attitude include an extended head in cephalic presentation or extended legs in breech presentation.
- 📝 The denominator is a fixed bony point on the presenting part, used to describe the position of the fetus, such as occiput in vertex presentation or sacrum in breech presentation.
- 📍 Position is the relationship of the denominator to different compartments of the maternal pelvis, with eight possible positions: three anterior, three posterior, and two transverse.
- 📌 Vertex presentation can have various positions, such as left occipital anterior, right occipital anterior, and direct occipital anterior, depending on the direction of the occiput.
- 🔄 There are also posterior and transverse positions for the fetus, like right occipitoposterior and left occipital transverse.
Q & A
What is the most common relationship of the long axis of the fetus to the maternal spine?
-The most common relationship is a longitudinal lie, meaning the long axis of the fetus is parallel to the long axis of the maternal spine.
What are the different types of presentations of the fetus in the uterus?
-The different types of presentations include longitudinal, transverse, and oblique presentations.
What is the most common part of the fetus that occupies the lower pool of the uterus?
-The most common part is the achephalic presentation, which means the head of the fetus is not the presenting part.
What is the term used for a presentation where a hand is felt besides a presenting head?
-This is called a compound presentation.
What is the presenting part in a well-flexed and slightly deflected head?
-In a well-flexed and slightly deflected head, the presenting part is the vertex.
What is meant by the term 'attitude' in fetal positioning?
-Attitude refers to the relationship of different parts of the fetus to one another, with flexion being the most common to maintain an oval shape corresponding to the uterine void.
What is the denominator in vertex presentation?
-In vertex presentation, the denominator is the occiput.
What are the three anterior positions of the occiput in vertex presentation?
-The three anterior positions are left occipital anterior, right occipital anterior, and direct occipital anterior.
What are the two transverse positions of the occiput in vertex presentation?
-The two transverse positions are left occipital transverse and right occipital transverse.
What is the term used for the fixed bony point on the presenting part of the fetus?
-The fixed bony point on the presenting part of the fetus is called the denominator.
Outlines
🤰 Fetal Presentation and Positioning
This paragraph discusses the various aspects of fetal presentation and positioning within the uterus. It explains that the long axis of the fetus is typically longitudinally aligned with the maternal spine but can also be transverse or oblique. The concept of 'presentation' refers to the part of the fetus that occupies the lower uterine segment, often the head in a cephalic presentation. It also mentions that in rare cases, the presentation can be breech, shoulder, or compound. The 'attitude' of the fetus describes the relationship between different parts of the fetus, with flexion being the most common to maintain an oval shape that fits the uterus. Exceptions like extended head or leg positions are noted. The 'denominator' is identified as a fixed bony point on the presenting part, which varies with the type of presentation (e.g., occiput in vertex, mentum in face, frontal eminence in brow, sacrum in breech, and acromion in shoulder presentations). Lastly, 'position' describes the relationship of the denominator to the maternal pelvis, with eight possible positions detailed: three anterior, three posterior, and two transverse.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Long axis
💡Presentation
💡Attitude
💡Vertex presentation
💡Brow presentation
💡Breech presentation
💡Shoulder presentation
💡Compound presentation
💡Denominator
💡Position
💡Flexion
Highlights
The long axis of the fetus is most commonly in a longitudinal line relative to the maternal spine.
Fetal presentation can be transverse or oblique, not just longitudinal.
The part of the fetus that occupies the lower uterine pool is known as the presentation.
Achephalic presentation is most common, occurring in the majority of cases.
Bridge presentation occurs in 3% of term pregnancies.
Shoulder presentation is seen in 0.5% of pregnancies.
Compound presentation is an example of 'other' presentations, such as when a hand is felt beside a presenting head.
The presenting part is the part of the presentation that overlies the internal os.
In kephalic presentation, the vertex is the presenting part in a well-flexed and slightly deflected head.
In an extended head, the presenting part is the brow, and in a fully extended head, it is the face.
Attitude refers to the relation of different parts of the fetus to one another, with flexion being the universal attitude.
Exceptions to the universal flexion attitude can occur, such as extension of the head in cephalic presentation.
The denominator is a fixed bony point on the presenting part, used to describe the presentation.
In vertex presentation, the occiput is the denominator, while in face presentation, it is the mentum.
In brow presentation, the frontal eminence is the denominator, and in breech presentation, it is the sacrum.
In shoulder presentation, the acromion is the denominator.
Position refers to the relation of the denominator to different compartments of the maternal pelvis, with eight possible positions.
There are three anterior positions: left occipital anterior, right occipital anterior, and direct occipital anterior.
There are three posterior positions, including right occipitoposterior and left occipital posterior.
There are two transverse positions: left occipital transverse and right occipitotransverse.
Transcripts
lie
is the relation of the long axis of the
fetus to the long
axis of the maternal spine
most commonly it is a longitudinal line
however it may be transverse
or oblique
presentation is a part of the fetus
which occupies the lower pool
of the uterus
most commonly it is achephalic
presentation
in three percent of term pregnancies the
presentation is
bridge
in point five percent of pregnancies
the presentation is shoulder and others
an example of other is compound
presentation
when a hand is felt besides a presenting
head
the presenting part is the part of the
presentation
which overlies the internal loss
in kephallic presentation for example in
a well-flexed
and the slightly deflected head the
presenting
part is vertex
in extended head the presenting part
is brow in fully extended head
the presenting part is face
attitude is the relation of different
parts of the fetus to one another
flexion is the universal attitude
all body joints are flexed to maintain
an avoid shape
that correspond with the shape of the
uterine or void
however exceptions may occur
such as extension of head in kefalic
presentation
or extension of legs in bridge
representation
denominator is a fixed bony point on the
presenting
part now i will write the presenting
part on the left side
and the itsy denominator on the right
side
in vertex representation occiput is the
denominator
in phase presentation it is mintum
in brow presentation it is frontal
eminence
in breach of presentation the
denominator is sacrum
while in shoulder presentation the
denominator is
acromion
position is the relation of the
denominator to different
compartments of maternal pelvis
there are eight positions three anterior
three posterior and two transverse
let's take vertex presentation with its
denominator the occiput
as an example here you see the occiput
directed anteriorly and to the left
and that's why it's called left
occipital anterior position
on the other side it becomes right
occipital anterior
and the windsor occiput is directly
behind the symphysis pubes
it's called direct occipital anterior
these are the three anterior positions
now
let's move to the posterior compartment
we have right occipitoposterior
left occipital posterior and the windsor
occiput
is directly anterior to the sacrum it's
called direct oxabito posterior
and finally there are two transverse
positions
left occipital transverse
and write occipito transfers
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