Anxiety Disorders (Intro Psych Tutorial #228)
Summary
TLDRIn this video, Michael Corayer discusses anxiety disorders as categorized in the DSM-5, focusing on specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and separation anxiety. He explains the irrational nature of specific phobias, the prevalence rates, and the impact on daily life. The video also touches on the connection between social anxiety and substance abuse, the unpredictable nature of panic attacks, and the ever-present worry in generalized anxiety disorder. Additionally, it highlights the developmental inappropriateness of separation anxiety and its prevalence across different age groups.
Takeaways
- 🔍 Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health conditions characterized by anxiety, panic, or excessive fear as a primary symptom.
- 🐍 Specific phobias involve irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as snakes or enclosed spaces, and can lead to panic reactions even without real danger.
- 🧬 The prevalence of specific phobias is higher in women and is most common among individuals aged 13 to 16, according to the preparedness theory, which suggests an evolutionary advantage in learning certain fears.
- 🤝 Social anxiety disorder is related to fear of scrutiny or evaluation in social situations and can lead to substance abuse as a coping mechanism.
- 🌟 The US has a higher prevalence of social anxiety disorder compared to European countries, with no significant difference in diagnosis rates between males and females.
- 😨 Panic disorder is characterized by unpredictable panic attacks, which are intense episodes of fear or terror without a specific trigger.
- 🏙️ Agoraphobia is a specific phobia marked by avoidance of situations where escape or assistance might be difficult, often comorbid with panic disorder.
- 🌐 Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by ever-present anxiety across a broad range of situations, leading to irritability, difficulty concentrating, and sleep disturbances.
- 👶 Separation anxiety disorder involves persistent and excessive fear when separated from home or loved ones, and can be diagnosed if it lasts for an extended duration or is developmentally inappropriate.
- 📈 The prevalence of anxiety disorders varies, with specific phobias being the most common, and generalized anxiety disorder and separation anxiety disorder being less prevalent but still significant.
Q & A
What is the primary symptom of a specific phobia?
-The primary symptom of a specific phobia is an irrational fear of a specific object or situation, which leads to an intense panic reaction when confronted with the feared object or situation.
How does the preparedness theory explain the prevalence of certain phobias?
-The preparedness theory suggests that there is an evolutionary advantage in learning certain associations more easily, such as fearing potentially dangerous things like snakes or spiders, rather than less dangerous animals like cats or puppies.
What is the estimated 12-month prevalence of specific phobias, and is there a gender difference?
-The estimated 12-month prevalence of specific phobias is about 7 to 9 percent, and they are twice as common in women compared to men.
What is the difference between a rational fear and an irrational fear in the context of specific phobias?
-A rational fear is a response to an actual threat or danger, like panicking when encountering a rattlesnake. An irrational fear, characteristic of specific phobias, is an intense panic reaction to something that poses no real danger, such as seeing an image of a snake.
What is social anxiety disorder, and how is it related to substance abuse?
-Social anxiety disorder is characterized by anxiety related to situations involving potential scrutiny or evaluation. It is related to substance abuse as individuals may use substances like alcohol to cope with their anxiety, which can lead to substance abuse problems.
What is the prevalence of social anxiety disorder in the US compared to European countries?
-The prevalence of social anxiety disorder in the US is about 7%, which is considerably higher than the median prevalence of around 2.3 percent in European countries.
What are panic attacks, and how do they relate to panic disorder?
-Panic attacks are sudden episodes of intense fear or terror that occur unpredictably and are not triggered by a specific object or situation. Panic disorder is characterized by the occurrence of these panic attacks.
How does agoraphobia differ from other anxiety disorders?
-Agoraphobia is characterized by the avoidance of situations where the person feels they would have difficulty escaping or receiving assistance if needed, such as public spaces or crowded places. It often co-occurs with panic disorder.
What is the estimated prevalence of agoraphobia, and is there a gender difference in its occurrence?
-The estimated prevalence of agoraphobia is about 1.7 percent, and it is about twice as common in women compared to men.
How is generalized anxiety disorder different from other anxiety disorders discussed in the script?
-Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by ever-present anxiety that occurs in a broad range of situations, unlike other anxiety disorders which have specific triggers or episodes.
What is separation anxiety, and how does it differ from normal anxiety in children?
-Separation anxiety is a persistent and excessive fear when separated from home or loved ones. It differs from normal child anxiety in that it either lasts longer than expected or occurs at a developmentally inappropriate age.
What are the estimated prevalence rates of separation anxiety in infants, adolescents, and adults?
-The estimated prevalence of separation anxiety is about 4% in infants, 1.6% in adolescents, and 0.9-1.9% in adults.
Outlines
🐍 Specific Phobias: Irrational Fears Explained
Michael Corayer discusses specific phobias, which are characterized by an irrational fear of specific objects or situations, such as snakes or enclosed spaces. These phobias can trigger intense panic reactions, including elevated heart rate, sweating, and difficulty breathing, even in the absence of real danger. The prevalence of specific phobias is about 7 to 9 percent, with a higher incidence in women and adolescents. The video also touches on the preparedness theory, suggesting an evolutionary advantage for certain fears, and the common use of Greek terms to describe specific phobias, like arachnophobia (fear of spiders) and claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces).
🤝 Social Anxiety Disorder: Fear of Social Evaluation
The video segment delves into social anxiety disorder, which involves anxiety related to situations that may lead to scrutiny or evaluation, such as public speaking or social gatherings. This disorder is associated with substance abuse as a coping mechanism, leading to potential dual diagnoses. The prevalence in the US is noted at about 7%, which is higher compared to European countries with a median prevalence of 2.3%. Onset typically occurs between ages 8 and 15, with no significant gender difference in diagnosis rates.
😨 Panic Disorder: Unpredictable Episodes of Intense Fear
Panic disorder is characterized by sudden, intense episodes of fear or terror known as panic attacks, which occur unpredictably and without a specific trigger. These attacks can happen at regular intervals or in rapid succession. The video highlights that panic disorder has a prevalence of about 2 to 3 percent, with women being twice as likely to be affected as men. It also mentions that agoraphobia, a specific phobia with its own diagnostic label, is often comorbid with panic disorder, leading to avoidance of public spaces due to fear of not being able to escape or receive help during a panic attack.
🏠 Agoraphobia: Fear of Situations with Limited Escape
Agoraphobia is explained as the fear of situations where escape might be difficult or help might not be readily available, such as open fields, crowded places, or public transportation. People with agoraphobia tend to avoid these situations and may confine themselves to safe spaces to avoid anxiety. The video notes a comorbidity with panic disorder, as panic attacks in public spaces can lead to agoraphobic behavior. The prevalence of agoraphobia is about 1.7 percent, with a higher incidence in women, and it typically begins in late adolescence or early adulthood.
🔁 Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Constant Worry and Nervousness
Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by ever-present anxiety that occurs across a broad range of situations, unlike other anxiety disorders that have specific triggers. People with this disorder may constantly worry about the health or safety of loved ones or feel nervous at work, leading to irritability, difficulty concentrating, sleep disturbances, and fatigue. The prevalence in adolescents is about 0.9%, and in adults, it's higher at 2.9%. The disorder is slightly more common in females, but in males, it's more likely to be comorbid with substance abuse as a means of self-medicating anxiety.
👶 Separation Anxiety: Excessive Fear of Parting from Home or Loved Ones
Separation anxiety disorder is described as a persistent and excessive fear when separated from home or attachment figures, which is developmentally inappropriate or prolonged. It's common for infants to experience temporary anxiety when separated from their caregivers, but in separation anxiety, this fear is either long-lasting or inappropriate for the child's age. The disorder can lead to impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. The video provides prevalence rates: about 4% in infants, 1.6% in adolescents, and 0.9-1.9% in adults.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Anxiety Disorders
💡Specific Phobias
💡Preparedness Theory
💡Social Anxiety Disorder
💡Panic Disorder
💡Agoraphobia
💡Generalized Anxiety Disorder
💡Separation Anxiety
💡DSM-5
💡Comorbidity
💡Prevalence
Highlights
Anxiety disorders are characterized by anxiety, panic, or excessive fear as a primary symptom.
Specific phobias involve an irrational fear of a specific object or situation, such as snakes or enclosed spaces.
In specific phobias, the fear is irrational, meaning there's no actual threat or danger present.
Preparedness theory suggests an evolutionary advantage for learning certain fear associations more easily, like snakes or spiders.
The 12-month prevalence for specific phobias is about 7 to 9 percent, being twice as common in women.
Social anxiety disorder is related to fear of scrutiny or evaluation in social situations, often associated with substance abuse as a coping mechanism.
The prevalence of social anxiety disorder in the US is about 7%, higher than the median prevalence in European countries.
Panic disorder is characterized by unpredictable panic attacks, with a prevalence of about 2 to 3 percent.
Agoraphobia involves avoidance of situations where escape or assistance might be difficult, often comorbid with panic disorder.
Generalized anxiety disorder is marked by ever-present anxiety across a broad range of situations, with a prevalence of about 0.9% in adolescents and 2.9% in adults.
Separation anxiety is characterized by persistent fear when separated from home or loved ones, with different prevalence rates across age groups.
Anxiety disorders can lead to impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
The video provides a comprehensive overview of anxiety disorders, their symptoms, and prevalence rates.
The speaker encourages viewers to like and subscribe for more educational content on psychological topics.
Transcripts
Hi, I'm Michael Corayer and this is Psych Exam Review. In this video we're going to talk about
some disorders that fall into the category of anxiety disorders in the DSM-5. Now it's
worth noting that there are other disorders in other categories that still have anxiety
as a symptom but in the case of these anxiety disorders anxiety, panic, or excessive fear is
a characteristic symptom. So we'll start with specific phobias and in a specific phobia a
person has an irrational fear of a specific object or a specific situation. So that object might be
something like snakes or that situation, it could be something like being in an enclosed space like
an elevator. Now in this specific situation or in the presence of this specific object,
the person will have an intense panic reaction. I mean they'll having elevated heart rate,
they'll be sweating, and they'll have difficulty breathing. Now it's important to note that this
is an irrational fear and what that means is that there's no actual threat or danger. So if you're
hiking and you come across a rattlesnake, you might have this intense panic reaction but in that
case that would be considered to be a rational fear. Whereas somebody with a specific phobia has
an irrational fear because they might have that same intense panic reaction to just seeing an
image of a snake, or seeing a snake in a movie, where there's no real danger present. And it is
more common for us to see specific phobias for things like snakes, spiders, and other insects
rather than for things like cats, or puppies , and this relates to what's called preparedness
theory. This suggests that there would be an evolutionary advantage for us to learn certain
associations more easily than others. So it makes more sense to have a fear reaction to
things that are potentially dangerous like snakes or spiders rather than things that are probably
not so dangerous and so we could think of this perhaps explaining why certain types of phobias
are more common than others. Now the estimated 12-month prevalence for specific phobias is
about 7 to 9 percent and they're twice as common in women compared to men. And the prevalence is
highest amongst people who are about ages 13 to 16 with an estimated prevalence about 16%
and then considerably lower for children, at about 5% or for adults at about 3 to 5%. Now you might
see the use of Greek terms to refer to specific phobias; so maybe you've heard of arachnophobia,
which would be a fear of spiders, or claustrophobia which would be a fear of enclosed
spaces and it's worth noting that psychiatrists don't actually use these terms. You can create
these terms just by taking the Greek word for whatever these specific phobias are and adding
phobia to it but in the diagnosis the person would just receive a diagnosis of a specific phobia.
And if you want you can go to phobialist.com where you can find all these different Greek
terms and you can find specific phobia terms like coulrophobia or something like fear of clowns. But
of course these are not actually found in the DSM-5. Okay another anxiety disorder we have
is social anxiety disorder and this refers to anxiety related to situations that involve the
potential for threat of scrutiny or evaluation or the anticipation of those situations. So having
to make a speech in public would be a situation where you might feel this threat of evaluation or
just a social gathering might carry this threat. And this social anxiety disorder is associated
with substance abuse and this is often seen as a means of coping. So somebody drinks alcohol as a
means of trying to reduce their anxiety before certain social situations, this could lead them
to the abuse of alcohol and so they might get a diagnosis of a substance abuse problem
and of social anxiety disorder. The prevalence of social anxiety disorder is about 7% in the US and
this is considerably higher than other places. The median prevalence for European countries is around
2.3 percent and the onset age for social anxiety disorder is usually between ages 8 and 15 and in
this case we don't see any real difference between the diagnosis rates for males or females. Next we
have panic disorder and the main characteristic symptom of panic disorder is the occurrence of
what are called "panic attacks" and these are sudden episodes of intense fear or terror, these
intense panic reactions. But in this case they're not happening because of a specific trigger like
a specific object or a specific situation. They occur unpredictably a person may suddenly have
this panic attack, intense fear, and they won't necessarily know why it's occurring. And these
attacks can occur at fairly regular intervals like maybe once every week or two or they can occur
in rapid succession perhaps daily but then with breaks of several months with no panic attacks.
The prevalence of panic disorder is about 2 to 3 percent and it's twice as common in women than
men. Now the next anxiety disorder we have is a specific phobia that has its own diagnostic
label and this is agoraphobia and so agora is the Greek term for "marketplace" or "public square"
and so you'll sometimes see this translated as fear of the marketplace or fear of open spaces
or something like that, but what it refers to is avoidance of situations where the person feels
they'd have difficulty escaping or receiving assistance if they needed it and so that could
be something like fields or parking lots or it could be crowded situations like public transport
or sports stadium or something like that. And so the person will avoid those situations;
they withdraw to places where they feel safe they feel that they could escape or receive assistance
if necessary. Now there's comorbidity here with panic disorder and part of the reason for this
is that people might have a panic attack in a public space and as a result they now have anxiety
associated with that; they're worried that they'll have another panic attack in a situation where
will be hard for them to get help and so it's fairly common to see diagnoses of panic disorder,
the person's having panic attacks, and as a result of these panic attacks they begin to withdraw
from certain situations and in extreme cases they may stay in their home or apartment for extended
periods of time and feel that they have too much anxiety to go anywhere else. Now the prevalence
for agoraphobia is about 1.7 percent and like several other anxiety disorders it's about twice
as common in women compared to men and the onset generally occurs in late adolescence or early
adulthood. All right, next we have generalized anxiety disorder and the previous disorders that
we've looked at have had these intense episodes of fear or anxiety right whether it's a panic
attack or in the presence of a specific object but in generalized anxiety disorder the anxiety
is ever-present and it happens in a broad range of situations. So people feel continuous wary,
perhaps they are constantly feeling worried about the health or safety of their family members,
or they experience ever-present nervousness maybe at work, and as a result of this constant worry
and nervousness they often are irritable. They'll have difficulty concentrating,
they often have a sleep disturbance, and as you'll see in future videos sleep disturbance
is common in a broad range of mental disorders. And they also experience fatigue as a result of
being constantly on edge. Now the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorders about 0.9%
in adolescents and it's been higher in adults about 2.9% and generalized anxiety disorder is
slightly more common in females than males but not much. But in males it's more likely to be
comorbid with a substance abuse problem. So as we saw people might be self-medicating using
something like alcohol in an attempt to reduce their feelings of anxiety, and it seems that
males are more likely to do that in females in the case of generalized anxiety disorder. Okay
and lastly we have separation anxiety and so this refers to a persistent and excessive fear
when separated from home or from loved ones. Now it is common for there to be temporary anxiety in
these situations and this is especially true in infants, so when infants are separated from their
mom or their primary caregiver then they often experience anxiety but this usually doesn't last
particularly long and so in the case of separation anxiety this anxiety occurs but it's considered
to be either of an extended duration or what's called "developmentally inappropriate". And so
this might be children who are past the age where they should have this level of anxiety
when separated from their mother and yet they're still experiencing it. And so if this lasts for
4 weeks in children or 6 months in adults then it might warrant a diagnosis of separation anxiety.
And this anxiety leads to impairment of social, academic, or occupational functioning and the
estimated prevalence of this separation anxiety is about 4% in infants about 1.6% in adolescents,
and 0.9-1.9% in adults. Okay so those are some examples of anxiety disorders
and some details about their symptoms and prevalence. I hope you found this helpful,
if so, please like the video and subscribe to the channel for more. Thanks for watching!
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