Lípidos: Aspectos generales y clasificación
Summary
TLDRThis video provides an overview of lipids, commonly known as fats and oils. It explains their composition, primarily made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and highlights their role as a major energy reserve. The video categorizes lipids into saponifiable, which contain fatty acids and can be turned into soap, and nonsaponifiable, which cannot. Examples of saponifiable lipids include triglycerides and phospholipids, while nonsaponifiable lipids include terpenes and steroids. The video also discusses the importance of these lipids in biological processes and their presence in various natural sources.
Takeaways
- 🧪 Lipids, commonly known as fats or oils, are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with oxygen being less abundant due to its role in lipid oxidation.
- 🔢 Lipids provide 9 kilocalories per gram, making them the main energy reserve as they supply more than double the energy of carbohydrates.
- 📚 Lipids are classified into two main groups: saponifiable and non-saponifiable, based on their ability to undergo the saponification reaction.
- 🧼 Saponifiable lipids, which contain fatty acids, can react with a strong base like sodium hydroxide to form soap and glycerol.
- 🌿 Non-saponifiable lipids do not contain fatty acids and are not suitable for soap production, but can be purified for other uses.
- 🔑 Triglycerides are a type of saponifiable lipid, consisting of a glycerol backbone with three fatty acid chains.
- 🛡️ Phospholipids are important lipids that form part of the plasma membrane in all cells, with two fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol with a phosphate group.
- 🌱 Terpenes, also known as isoprenoids, are non-saponifiable lipids derived from isoprene molecules, characterized by their aromatic qualities and rapid oxidation.
- 🍋 Citrus fruits like lemons are classic examples of terpenes, as they leave an oily residue on hands when squeezed.
- 🌼 Other examples of terpenes include menthol found in mint, eucalyptol in eucalyptus, and geraniol found in geranium.
- 💊 Steroidal lipids are derived from a structure with six hexagonal and one pentagonal ring, with cholesterol being a common example, along with bile acids, sex hormones, and vitamin D.
Q & A
What are lipids commonly known as?
-Lipids are commonly known as fats or oils.
What elements primarily make up lipids?
-Lipids are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Why do lipids produce oxidation?
-Lipids produce oxidation because oxygen is present in a smaller amount within their structure.
How many kilocalories do lipids provide per gram and why are they important?
-Lipids provide 9 kilocalories per gram, making them the primary energy reserve as they offer more than double the energy compared to carbohydrates.
What are the two main groups of lipids?
-The two main groups of lipids are saponifiable and non-saponifiable lipids.
What happens when lipids react with a strong base like lye?
-When lipids react with a strong base like lye, they undergo saponification, resulting in the formation of soap and glycerol.
What are the characteristics of non-saponifiable lipids?
-Non-saponifiable lipids do not contain fatty acids and are not susceptible to the saponification reaction, meaning they cannot be used to make soap.
What is the difference between mono-, di-, and triglycerides?
-Mono-, di-, and triglycerides differ in the number of fatty acids they contain, with one, two, and three fatty acids respectively, attached to a glycerol backbone.
Why are phospholipids important and what do they form part of?
-Phospholipids are important because they form part of the plasma membrane in all cells, consisting of two fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol with a phosphate group.
What are the typical non-saponifiable lipids and how are they classified?
-Typical non-saponifiable lipids include terpenes and steroids, which are classified based on their structure and lack of fatty acids, making them unsuitable for soap production.
What is an example of a terpene and what is its common characteristic?
-Limonene, found in lemons, is an example of a terpene. Terpenes are known for their aromatic qualities and are prone to rapid oxidation.
What is the common structural feature of steroids and what is a common example?
-Steroids have a common structural feature of four six-membered rings and one five-membered ring. Cholesterol is a common example of a steroid.
Outlines
🔬 Understanding Lipids: Structure and Classification
This video segment delves into the world of lipids, commonly known as fats or oils, which are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It highlights that lipids yield 9 kilocalories per gram, making them the main energy reserve in living organisms. The segment categorizes lipids into two broad groups: saponifiable and non-saponifiable. Saponifiable lipids, which contain fatty acids, can undergo saponification, a reaction with a strong base like lye to produce soap and glycerol. Examples include triglycerides, formed by glycerol and fatty acids, and phospholipids, crucial components of cell membranes. Non-saponifiable lipids, which lack fatty acids, cannot be turned into soap and include terpenes and steroids. Terpenes, derived from isoprene, are aromatic compounds found in plants, while steroids, derived from a four-ring structure, include cholesterol and other hormones.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Lipids
💡Saponifiable Lipids
💡Non-saponifiable Lipids
💡Triglycerides
💡Phospholipids
💡Terpenes
💡Steroids
💡Saponification
💡Energy Reserves
💡Fatty Acids
💡Glycerol
Highlights
Lipids are commonly known as fats or oils and are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Oxygen is present in lesser amounts in lipids as it leads to their oxidation.
Lipids provide 9 kilocalories per gram, making them the main energy reserve.
Lipids offer more than double the energy provided by carbohydrates.
Lipids are classified into two main groups: saponifiable and non-saponifiable.
Saponifiable lipids contain fatty acids and can react in the saponification process to form soap.
Non-saponifiable lipids do not contain fatty acids and cannot be used to make soap.
Saponifiable lipids can be purified but not used to make soap.
Tonifiable lipids are those with fatty acids, such as triglycerides, which are formed by a glycerol chain and fatty acids.
Triglycerides are named based on the number of fatty acids they contain: mono-, di-, or tri-.
Phospholipids are important lipids that form part of the plasma membrane in all cells.
Phospholipids consist of two fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol with a phosphate group.
Phospholipids have a polar head and non-polar tails due to the presence of the phosphate group and fatty acids.
Non-saponifiable lipids are classified into terpenes and steroids.
Terpenes, also known as isoprenoids, are derived from isoprene molecules and are found in leaves, seeds, flowers, wood, and some algae.
Lemon and eucalyptus are classic examples of terpenes, known for their aromatic qualities and quick oxidation.
Steroid compounds are derived from a structure with six hexagonal and one pentagonal ring, such as cholesterol, bile acids, and vitamin D.
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Transcripts
en este vídeo vamos a revisar a los
lípidos y comenzamos con algunas de sus
características generales los lípidos
son conocidos comúnmente como grasas o
aceites estos compuestos van a estar
formados principalmente por carbono
hidrógeno y oxígeno recuerda que el
oxígeno se encuentra en menos cantidad
ya que éste produce la oxidación de los
lípidos los lípidos aportan 9
kilocalorías por cada gramo por eso es
que los lípidos son la principal reserva
de energía es decir esa energía de
almacén ya que aportan más del doble de
la energía que aportan los carbohidratos
los lípidos se clasifican en dos grandes
grupos pues podemos clasificar en
saponificación e insa bonificables los
lípidos a tonificar les son aquellos que
contienen ácidos grasos por lo tanto son
susceptibles a la reacción de esa
bonificación en la reacción de
saponificación los lípidos reaccionan
con una base fuerte como sosa cáustica
para formar jabón
y glicerina mientras que los lípidos
insa pony fy cables son aquellos que no
contienen ácidos grasos por lo tanto no
son susceptibles a la reacción de
saponificación es decir podemos hacer
jabón de los lípidos a purificar les
pero no podemos hacer jabón de los
lípidos insa ponys ficcab les vamos a
enfocarnos en los lípidos a tonificar
les como ya lo indicamos los lípidos a
tonificar les son aquellos que tienen
ácidos grasos y que por lo tanto podemos
hacer jabón a partir de estos es decir
son susceptibles a la reacción de
saponificación un ejemplo de lípidos a
bonificar le corresponde a los así
liz heridos estos van a estar formados
por una cadena de glicerol y ácidos
grasos cuando los así glitz heridos
tienen un ácido graso recibe el nombre
de mono glitz herido cuando éstos tienen
dos ácidos grasos reciben el nombre de
digg liz heridos y o bien cuando éstos
tienen tres ácidos grasos van a recibir
el nombre de triglicéridos
estos son nítidos a tonificar les te
puedes dar cuenta en la estructura que
tienen la cadena del glicerol y además
los ácidos grasos otro ejemplo de
lípidos a tonificar les corresponden a
los fosfolípidos los fosfolípidos son
lípidos muy importantes ya que éstos van
a formar parte de la membrana plasmática
en todas las células estos van a estar
formados por dos cadenas de ácidos
grasos unidos a un glicerol que contiene
un grupo fosfato en su carbono te puedes
dar cuenta en el esquema que se tienen
las dos patitas así se les conoce que
corresponden a los ácidos grasos también
se puede observar la cadena de glicerol
y el grupo fosfato
es decir los fosfolípidos van a tener
una cabecita polar porque presenta carga
iban a tener patitas no polares
por otro lado vamos a revisar a los
típicos insa bonificables estos como ya
lo indicamos son aquellos que no tienen
ácidos grasos por lo tanto no vamos a
poder hacer jabón a partir de ellos es
decir no son susceptibles a la reacción
de esa bonificación los lípidos sin
saponificación se clasifican en terpenos
y esteroides comenzamos con los terpenos
los terpenos también reciben el nombre
de isoprenoides ya que éstos derivan de
moléculas de isopreno este tipo de
lípidos tiene grandes cualidades
aromáticas y se oxidan rápidamente y se
encuentran presentes en hojas semillas
flores maderas y algunas algas el limón
heno es un clásico ejemplo de terpenos
seguramente te ha pasado que cuando
exprime es un limón con tus manos se
quedan restos de un aceite en tus dedos
otros ejemplos de terpenos también se
tiene el mentol que se encuentra en la
hierbabuena
el gel andrew no que se encuentra en el
eucalipto o bien el geranio el que se
encuentra en la
por último vamos a revisar a los
esteroides este tipo de compuestos son
moléculas derivadas de lester ano que
tiene una estructura de seis anillos
hexagonales y un anillo pentagonal el
ejemplo más común para los esteroides es
el colesterol aunque también se tienen a
los ácidos biliares las hormonas
sexuales y por ejemplo la vitamina d
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