1 1 2 HISTORIA DE LA ULTRASONOGRAFIA

DIPLOMADO CEDIEC

1 Oct 201817:48

Summary

TLDRThis script narrates the history of sound, particularly ultrasonic waves, and their applications. It starts with the discovery of ultrasonic waves by the Italian biologist in 1794 and moves through various scientific advancements, such as the Doppler effect and the piezoelectric effect. The script highlights the use of ultrasound in medicine, from its first medical diagnostic use in 1942 to the development of modern ultrasound imaging techniques, including Doppler color imaging and 3D and 4D capabilities. The summary underscores the transformative impact of computing on medical ultrasound technology, making it an indispensable tool for physicians.

Takeaways

🔊 Sound is defined as mechanical wave frequencies that are perceived by the human ear, ranging from 20 to 20,000 hertz.
🐝 Infrasound refers to frequencies below 20 hertz, while ultrasound refers to frequencies above 20,000 hertz, utilized by various animals for navigation, communication, and hunting.
🕊️ In 1794, Italian biologist Spallanzani discovered the existence of ultrasound by observing bats' flight, which is guided by high-frequency sounds inaudible to humans.
🚀 The Doppler effect, initially observed by Austrian physicist and mathematician Christian Doppler in the 19th century, applies to ultrasound and has been instrumental in various applications.
🔌 The piezoelectric effect, discovered by the Curie brothers in 1880, involves generating high-frequency sound waves through the application of alternating electric fields on certain crystals.
🎼 In 1883, Sir Francis Galton invented the Galton whistle, which operates at 22,000 hertz, inaudible to humans but useful for controlling dogs.
🛳️ After the Titanic disaster in 1912, the idea of using ultrasonic echolocation to detect submerged objects was suggested and further developed during World War I.
🛠️ In the 1940s, the use of ultrasound expanded to industrial applications, such as detecting cracks in metals, and medical applications, including the first diagnostic ultrasound device for the brain.
👶 The first obstetric ultrasound studies were initiated in the late 1950s, marking a significant advancement in prenatal care and diagnostics.
💻 Advances in computing have greatly improved ultrasound technology, enabling features like color Doppler, spectral Doppler, 3D and 4D imaging, and ease of use in modern medical settings.
🌐 Today, ultrasound equipment is digital, portable, and equipped with a wide range of functions, serving as an extension of a physician's senses in diagnostics and treatment.

Q & A

What is the range of frequencies that humans can hear?
-The range of frequencies that humans can hear is from 20 to 20,000 hertz.
What are infrasound and ultrasound waves?
-Infrasound waves are frequencies below 20 hertz, and ultrasound waves are frequencies above 20,000 hertz.
Who discovered the existence of ultrasound waves and when?
-The Italian biologist and physicist, Spallanzani, discovered the existence of ultrasound waves in 1794.
Which animals use ultrasound for orientation, communication, and hunting?
-Animals such as moths, birds, bats, dolphins, and dogs use ultrasound for orientation, communication, and hunting.
What is the Doppler effect and who presented the work on it?
-The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the wave source. It was presented by the Austrian physicist and mathematician Christian Doppler.
What is the piezoelectric effect and who discovered it?
-The piezoelectric effect is the ability of certain materials to generate electrical energy when mechanical stress is applied. It was discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880.
What was the first application of ultrasound in medicine?
-The first application of ultrasound in medicine was the development of the A-mode ultrasonography for diagnostic purposes, pioneered by two psychiatrists working in Austria in 1942.
What was the significance of the development of the B-mode ultrasound?
-The B-mode ultrasound allowed for the visualization of soft tissue structures and was a significant advancement in medical imaging, providing a safer alternative to X-rays.
What is the Doppler ultrasound and its clinical significance?
-Doppler ultrasound uses the Doppler effect to assess the flow of blood in the body's vessels, providing valuable information about blood flow dynamics and detecting abnormalities such as stenosis or thrombosis.
What are the advancements in ultrasound technology mentioned in the script?
-Advancements include the development of real-time imaging, color Doppler, spectral Doppler, 3D and 4D imaging, and the integration of ultrasound with other imaging modalities such as laparoscopy.
How has the development of computers impacted the field of ultrasound?
-The development of computers has greatly improved ultrasound equipment, allowing for higher resolution images, advanced imaging techniques like 3D and 4D ultrasound, and easier handling of the equipment.

Outlines

00:00

🔊 History and Discovery of Ultrasound

This paragraph delves into the history of sound, specifically ultrasound, which are mechanical wave frequencies inaudible to humans, ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. The term 'infrasound' refers to frequencies below 20 Hz, while 'ultrasound' denotes those above 20,000 Hz. The discovery of ultrasound waves is attributed to the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1794, who observed bats using echolocation for flight. The paragraph also discusses the use of ultrasound by various animals for navigation, communication, and defense. Moving into the 19th century, the Doppler effect, initially observed by Christian Doppler, was later applied to ultrasound waves. The piezoelectric effect, discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie, led to the production of high-frequency sound waves. Francis Galton's invention of the Galton whistle in 1883, which used inaudible frequencies for dog training, is also highlighted. The 20th century saw the development of sonar technology for detecting submerged objects, with significant advancements during World War I and II, including the creation of the first piezoelectric ultrasound generator and the use of ultrasound in medical diagnostics.

05:05

🛠️ Development of Medical Ultrasound Diagnostics

The second paragraph outlines the progression of ultrasound technology in medical diagnostics. It begins with the development of the first medical diagnostic equipment by Japanese, American, and European scientists, focusing on analog and then analog-brightness imaging. The paragraph describes the initial challenges, such as the absence of conductive gel and the need for patients to be submerged in a conductive solution for imaging. It also mentions the work of Dr. Douglas Hurley, who detected soft tissue structures using ultrasound reflections, and George's Ludwig's technique for detecting calculi and foreign bodies in the cord. The acceptance of ultrasound as a medical diagnostic tool by medical societies in the 1950s is highlighted, along with the development of the first linear bidimensional ultrasonic scanner and the use of ultrasound in gynecological and obstetric studies, marking a significant advancement in medical imaging.

10:06

📈 Advancements in Ultrasound Technology and Clinical Acceptance

This paragraph details the significant advancements in ultrasound technology from the 1960s to the 1970s. It covers the introduction of the mechanical sectorial transducer, the development of the first automatic scanner, and the use of ultrasound in various medical fields, including cardiology and neurology. The paragraph also discusses the introduction of real-time imaging, the development of transvaginal and transrectal ultrasound, and the use of ultrasound in the evaluation of fetal development and prostate health. The integration of microprocessors led to high-resolution real-time images, increasing clinical acceptance of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool.

15:07

🌐 Modern Evolution of Ultrasound with Digital Technology

The final paragraph discusses the impact of digital technology on the evolution of ultrasound equipment. It highlights the development of color Doppler imaging, the introduction of spectral Doppler, and the advancements in three-dimensional and four-dimensional ultrasound imaging. The paragraph emphasizes the ease of use, portability, and comprehensive functionality of modern ultrasound machines, which have become an extension of a physician's senses. It concludes by acknowledging the transformative role of computer technology in improving ultrasound equipment and its clinical applications.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Ultrasonic Waves

Ultrasonic waves refer to sound waves with frequencies above the human hearing range, specifically above 20,000 Hz. In the context of the video, these waves have various applications such as navigation, medical imaging, and detecting objects. The script mentions the use of ultrasonic waves for detecting submerged objects after the Titanic disaster and their development in medical diagnostics.

💡Infrasound

Infrasound is the term used for sound waves with frequencies below the human hearing threshold, specifically below 20 Hz. The video script introduces infrasound in contrast to ultrasonic waves, highlighting the range of frequencies that are outside the human audible spectrum.

💡Doppler Effect

The Doppler Effect is a phenomenon where the frequency of a wave changes for an observer moving relative to the source of the wave. The video discusses Christian Doppler's work on this effect, noting its applicability to ultrasonic waves and its significance in various applications such as medical imaging and navigation.

💡Piezoelectric Effect

The piezoelectric effect is a property of certain materials that generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. The script describes how Jacques and Pierre Curie experimented with this effect in quartz and tourmaline crystals, leading to the production of high-frequency sound waves, which is pivotal in the development of ultrasonic technology.

💡Sonar

Sonar is a technique that uses sound propagation to navigate, communicate with, or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, typically by emitting sound waves and listening for the echo of these waves. The video script mentions the creation of sonar in 1940 by the U.S. Navy, which greatly improved navigation and detection capabilities.

💡Medical Ultrasound

Medical ultrasound, also known as diagnostic sonography, is a non-invasive diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the inside of the body. The script provides a historical account of the development of medical ultrasound, including its initial use in gynecological examinations and the evolution of imaging techniques.

💡Transducer

A transducer in the context of the video is a device that converts ultrasonic waves into electrical signals and vice versa. It is a key component in ultrasonic imaging and detection systems. The script describes the development of various types of transducers, including mechanical sectorial and linear array transducers, which improved imaging capabilities.

💡Doppler Ultrasound

Doppler ultrasound is a type of medical ultrasound that evaluates the flow of blood in the body's vessels by measuring the frequency shift of the reflected sound waves. The video script mentions the development of color Doppler in 1982, which allowed for the visualization of blood flow in real-time and color.

💡3D and 4D Ultrasound

3D and 4D ultrasound are advanced imaging techniques that provide three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D, which includes the element of time) images of the body's internal structures. The script discusses the development of 3D ultrasound in the 1990s and the introduction of 4D ultrasound, which has significantly improved diagnostic capabilities.

💡Sonography

Sonography is the practice of using ultrasound to create images of the body's internal structures. The video script details the evolution of sonography from its early stages with large, cumbersome equipment to modern digital devices that are portable and user-friendly, making it an indispensable tool in medical diagnostics.

💡Digital Ultrasound

Digital ultrasound refers to the use of digital technology in ultrasound imaging, which allows for better image quality, manipulation, and storage. The script highlights the transition to digital ultrasound systems, which have made equipment more manageable and imaging more precise.

Highlights

Ultrasonic sound is defined as frequencies above 20,000 Hz, used by various animals for navigation, communication, and detection.

In 1794, the Italian biologist Spallanzani discovered the existence of ultrasonic waves by observing bats' flight.

The Austrian physicist and mathematician Christian Doppler presented the Doppler effect in 1842, applicable to ultrasonic waves.

The piezoelectric effect was discovered in 1880 by the Curie brothers, leading to the production of high-frequency sound waves.

Francis Galton created the Galton whistle in 1883, using inaudible frequencies to control dogs at 22,000 Hz.

After the Titanic's sinking in 1912, Richardson suggested using ultrasonic echoes for detecting submerged objects.

The first piezoelectric ultrasonic generator, the hydrophone, was produced in 1915 by Widawsky.

Sokolov proposed using ultrasound for detecting metal cracks and for microscopy in 1928.

During WWII, the sonar system was developed for submarine detection and torpedo guidance.

In 1942, the first diagnostic ultrasound device, the 'hypers monograph of the brain,' was used to measure ultrasound attenuation through the skull.

Post-WWII saw the development of medical diagnostic equipment with analog and then analog B-mode imaging.

Douglas Hurley detected soft tissue structures in 1948 using B-mode ultrasound.

In the 1950s, ultrasound was accepted as a medical diagnostic tool, with significant developments in imaging techniques.

The first automatic ultrasound scanner was developed in 1960, though it was not practical due to cost.

In 1962, the sectorial mechanical transducer was introduced for improved imaging.

Real-time imaging was enabled in 1964 with the development of the pulse-echo technique by Ludwig.

The first electronic scanner with 21 elements was developed in 1968, producing 30 images per second.

Transvaginal and transrectal probes were developed in 1969 for more detailed pelvic and prostate examinations.

The introduction of color Doppler in 1982 allowed for the visualization of blood flow in real-time and color.

3D and 4D ultrasound imaging became possible with advancements in computer technology in the 1990s.

Modern ultrasound equipment is digital, portable, and equipped with various functions, greatly extending the physician's diagnostic capabilities.