Frankreich wird zur Republik I Französische Revolution I musstewissen Geschichte

Summary

This video delves into the aftermath of the initial stages of the French Revolution, highlighting the collapse of the old order and the signing of a constitution by King Louis XVI that limited his power. It discusses the abolition of the feudal system, the loss of privileges by the nobility and clergy, and the declaration of human and civil rights. The video also addresses the limitations of the constitution, with political participation and voting rights not extended to all, particularly the poor and women. It further explores the radical revolutionaries, known as the Sansculottes, who demanded the revolution continue for true equality. The narrative includes the king's failed escape, the growing unrest due to food shortages, and the international response to the revolution, leading to war. The video concludes with the king's eventual abdication, the establishment of the First French Republic, and the execution of Louis XVI, setting the stage for further radicalization of the revolution.

Takeaways

• 🏛️ The French Revolution continued to transform society after its initial upheavals, with significant consequences for the established order.
• 🤴 The old order collapsed, forcing King Louis XVI to sign a constitution that limited his power, marking the end of absolute monarchy.
• 🛡️ The feudal system was abolished, and the privileges of the nobility and clergy were revoked, leading to the proclamation of human and civil rights.
• 🗳️ The National Assembly passed a constitution to establish the separation of powers, with laws made by the assembly and enforced by the king's government.
• 🏠 Church property was nationalized, and a National Guard under parliamentary command was established, further reducing the power of the aristocracy.
• 📊 The constitution introduced a property-based voting system, known as the 'census vote,' which excluded the majority of the population, including over 20 million peasants and the poor.
• 👥 The sans-culottes, radical revolutionaries from the lower classes, demanded that the revolution continue until all citizens were truly free and equal.
• 👮‍♂️ The revolution faced opposition from thousands of fleeing nobles and King Louis XVI, who sought to restore the old order and their privileges.
• 🚶‍♂️ King Louis XVI attempted to flee to join the émigrés and raise an army to reclaim power, but he was discovered and brought back to Paris as a prisoner.
• ⚔️ European monarchies, particularly Austria and Prussia, fearing the spread of revolution, sought to militarily defeat France and restore the old order.
• 🗽 The National Convention, influenced by the radical Jacobins, declared war on Austria and later established France as a republic, with all citizens allowed to vote.
• 🗡️ Maximilien de Robespierre, a leading Jacobin, advocated for the execution of the king, arguing 'Louis must die so that the fatherland may live,' leading to Louis XVI's beheading on January 21, 1793.

Q & A

What significant event marked the beginning of the French Revolution?

The beginning of the French Revolution was marked by the collapse of the old order, with the king being forced to sign a constitution that limited his power, the abolition of the feudal system, and the declaration of human and civil rights.

What was the main goal of the constitution passed by the National Assembly?

The main goal of the constitution was to limit the absolute power of the king, ensuring that the king and his government had to implement laws made by the National Assembly, thus implementing the separation of powers as demanded during the Enlightenment.

How did the French Revolution affect the nobility and clergy?

The French Revolution led to the abolition of the feudal system, causing the nobility and clergy to lose their special rights and privileges. The church's property was confiscated, and a national guard under the command of the parliament was established.

What is the meaning of the term 'Sansculottes'?

The term 'Sansculottes' literally means 'people without knee breeches'. It refers to the lower class who wore long trousers as a distinction from the nobility and the wealthy bourgeoisie who wore stylish knee breeches.

What was the 'Zensuswahlrecht' and how did it limit political participation?

The 'Zensuswahlrecht' was a form of suffrage that required individuals to have a minimum wealth to be eligible to vote. It excluded many people, including the poor, wage earners, and women, from participating in the political process.

Why did radical revolutionaries, the Sansculottes, believe the revolution needed to continue?

The radical revolutionaries, or Sansculottes, believed the revolution needed to continue until all citizens were truly free and equal, as they felt the initial changes did not address the needs and rights of the poor, including over 20 million peasants and laborers.

What was King Louis XVI's failed attempt and its consequences?

King Louis XVI attempted to flee in disguise to join the exiled nobles and form an army to reclaim France. However, he was discovered and brought back to Paris as a prisoner, which further damaged his reputation and led to increased radicalization against the monarchy.

How did the European monarchies react to the French Revolution?

European monarchies, particularly in Prussia and Austria, feared the spread of revolutionary ideas to their own countries. They sought to militarily defeat revolutionary France and restore the old order.

What was the significance of the National Convention and the role of the Jacobins?

The National Convention was significant as it represented the first time in centuries that France was a republic, with power held by the people or their elected government. The Jacobins, radical supporters of the revolution, were particularly influential in this new parliament, with Maximilien de Robespierre being one of the most powerful leaders.

Why was King Louis XVI executed?

King Louis XVI was executed because the National Convention, influenced by the Jacobins and their radical views, believed that his death was necessary for the survival of the fatherland and the revolution.

What was the impact of the French Revolution on the rest of Europe?

The French Revolution had a profound impact on the rest of Europe, causing fear among monarchs and leading to military conflicts as European powers attempted to suppress the revolutionary ideas and restore the old order.