Developments in EUROPE [AP World History Review—Unit 1 Topic 6]
Summary
TLDRThis script explores the religious and political landscape of Europe between 1200 and 1450. It highlights the dominance of Christianity, with Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic branches, and discusses the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans. The script also delves into the feudal system of Western Europe, where lords and monarchs held power through land and military allegiances. As monarchs centralized power, this led to wars of conquest and the rise of powerful states, setting the stage for significant political changes.
Takeaways
- 🏛️ The period from 1200 to 1450 in Europe was marked by significant religious developments, with Christianity, particularly Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Roman Catholic Christianity, playing a central role in shaping political and social structures.
- ⚔️ The Byzantine Empire, which upheld Eastern Orthodox Christianity, fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, leading to the end of its rule and the transfer of its religious and cultural influence to the Slavic people, particularly the Russians.
- 🕌 Despite the dominance of Christianity, Islam and Judaism held important minority positions in Europe, notably in the Iberian Peninsula where Muslims had a significant presence.
- 📜 The Crusades, initiated by the Roman Catholic Church, aimed to rally European Christians to fight against Muslims, though they were largely unsuccessful and resulted in a broader connection to trade networks.
- 🏰 The political landscape of Europe during this period was characterized by decentralization and fragmentation, with no large empires in place, unlike other regions of the world.
- 👑 Feudalism was the dominant social, political, and economic system in Western Europe, involving a hierarchical structure of allegiances between lords and monarchs, with land being exchanged for loyalty.
- 🌾 Manorialism was the agricultural system that accompanied feudalism, where serfs worked the land in exchange for protection, living conditions that were akin to slavery but without the legal status of being owned by the lord.
- 🛡️ The power dynamics in Europe began to shift around 1200, as monarchs started to centralize their authority, introducing large militaries and bureaucracies to consolidate their rule.
- 🤝 The centralization of power among monarchs led to increased competition and conflict among states, resulting in numerous Wars of Conquest to determine dominance and territorial control.
- 📚 The script suggests the importance of understanding the historical context of this period for students studying AP World History, offering resources such as a review guide to aid in academic success.
- 🔗 The fall of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of monarchical power in Europe set the stage for significant cultural, religious, and political changes that would shape the continent's future.
Q & A
What was the official state religion of the Roman Empire during the time of Emperor Constantine?
-Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire thanks to Emperor Constantine.
What happened to the Roman Empire in 476 CE?
-In 476 CE, the Western half of the Roman Empire fell, but the Eastern half, known as the Byzantine Empire, continued to exist.
What is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and how did it relate to the Byzantine Empire?
-Eastern Orthodox Christianity is a branch of the Christian faith that was predominant in the Byzantine Empire, providing a belief structure that helped rulers justify and consolidate their highly centralized power.
How did the Byzantine Empire influence the Eastern Mediterranean and Southwest Europe?
-The Byzantine Empire, despite losing significant territory to Islamic powers, wielded enormous influence on the Eastern Mediterranean and Southwest Europe through its religious and political structures.
What event marked the end of the Byzantine Empire?
-The end of the Byzantine Empire came in 1453 when the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul.
Which group embraced Eastern Orthodox Christianity after the fall of the Byzantine Empire?
-The Rus' people, or the ancestors of modern Russians, embraced Eastern Orthodox Christianity and became the main embodiment of this branch of Christianity after the fall of the Byzantine Empire.
How did Roman Catholicism maintain its presence in Western Europe despite political fragmentation?
-Roman Catholicism maintained a powerful presence in Western Europe through the church hierarchy of popes, bishops, and cardinals, which provided some common structure among the various states.
What were the Crusades, and how did they affect European trade networks?
-The Crusades were religious wars initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to fight against Muslims in distant lands. Although Europeans often lost, these wars connected them to larger trade networks.
What minority religious positions were held by Islam and Judaism in Europe during 1200 to 1450?
-Islam held a significant position in the Iberian Peninsula after the Muslim invasion in the 8th century, while Jews were scattered throughout Europe, participating in trade but often facing marginalization and persecution.
What was feudalism, and how was it organized in Western Europe?
-Feudalism was a system of allegiances between powerful lords and monarchs, where land was exchanged for loyalty. It was organized around a system of manorialism, where peasants (serfs) were bound to the land and worked in exchange for protection.
How did the political structures in Europe begin to change around the start of the period from 1200?
-Monarchs in various states began to gain power and centralize their states by introducing large militaries and bureaucracies, shifting power from the nobility to the monarchs and leading to wars of conquest for influence and territory.
Outlines
🏰 Medieval Europe and the Rise of Christianity
This paragraph discusses the development of Christianity in Europe from 1200 to 1450. It begins with the Roman Empire's adoption of Christianity as the state religion, thanks to Emperor Constantine. The script then explains the division of the Roman Empire into the Western and Eastern halves, leading to the Byzantine Empire's continuation of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. The Byzantine Empire's influence is noted, particularly its eventual fall to the Ottoman Empire and the renaming of Constantinople to Istanbul in 1453. The paragraph also touches on the role of the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe and the impact of the Crusades, which connected Europeans to larger trade networks despite military setbacks.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Feudalism
💡Byzantine Empire
💡Eastern Orthodox Christianity
💡Roman Catholicism
💡Crusades
💡Manorialism
💡Kievan Rus
💡Ottoman Empire
💡Decentralization
💡Anti-Semitism
Highlights
Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire under Emperor Constantine.
The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE, leading to the rise of the decentralized feudal system in the West.
The Byzantine Empire, the Eastern half of the Roman Empire, maintained Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
Byzantine Empire's influence persisted until the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1453.
Eastern Orthodox Christianity was embraced by the Russians after the fall of the Byzantine Empire.
Roman Catholic Christianity provided a common structure among various states of Western Europe.
The Crusades were religious wars initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to fight Muslims.
Islam and Judaism held minority positions in Europe, with Muslims ruling the Iberian Peninsula and Jews scattered throughout.
Anti-Semitism led to the marginalization and persecution of Jews in European society.
Feudalism was a system of allegiances between powerful Lords and Monarchs in Western Europe.
Manorialism was the system where peasants were bound to the land and worked in exchange for protection.
Serfs were bound to the land but not owned by the Lord, differing from slavery.
Monarchs began to centralize power in Europe by introducing large militaries and bureaucracies.
Centralization of power led to competition and wars among European monarchs for influence and territory.
The Crusades connected Europeans to larger trade networks, despite their military failures.
The video offers a review guide for AP World History to help students achieve high scores.
Transcripts
okay let's finish our unit one tour of
the world and see what kind of spicy
developments are going on in Europe from
1200 to 1450. so if you're ready to get
them brain cows milked feudalistically
well let's get to it okay first let's
talk religion and for Europe we're going
to talk about Christianity now back
during the time of the Roman Empire
Christianity became the official state
religion thanks to our boy emperor
Constantine after a while that belief
system United Romans all over the dang
place but in 476 CE the Western half of
the Roman Empire fell so sad but cheer
up because the eastern half of the Roman
Empire known as the Byzantine Empire
kept the faith and its politically and
socially organizing properties alive for
another Millennium now the Byzantine
flavor of the faith was known as Eastern
Orthodox Christianity and it provided a
belief structure that helped Byzantine
rulers justify and consolidate their
power structure which was highly
centralized but over in the West after
the highly centralized Roman Empire fell
this region broke apart politically into
many decentralized entities and we'll
talk more about that in a minute but
despite that fragmentation in the west
Christianity maintained a powerful
presence in the form of Roman Catholic
Christianity Now by 1200 the Byzantine
teen Empire had experienced a thorough
butt whipping by neighboring Islamic
powers and ended up losing significant
amounts of territory too however that
didn't mean that they didn't still wield
enormous influence on the Eastern
Mediterranean and Southwest Europe
because they did that is until 1453 when
a new Muslim power known as the Ottoman
Empire sacked the crown jewel of
Byzantium namely the capital city of
Constantinople and went ahead and
changed the name to Istanbul and that
was the end of the Byzantine Empire
moment of silence please okay that's
enough now wipe that single tear from
your face because while the Byzantine
empire fell Eastern Orthodox
Christianity would be picked up off the
ground and embraced by another group who
would keep it alive namely the cave and
ruse now to be fair they had adopted
Eastern Orthodoxy way before the fall of
Constantinople but now that the
byzantines were smashed to Pieces the
roost became the main embodiment of this
branch of Christianity and doing so they
borrowed quite a bit from their
Byzantine PALS like their architectural
Styles or alphabet the idea of using
Church structures to organize the state
but again over in Western Europe this
kind of centralization was not occurring
these days were pretty isolated from
everyone else in the World in terms of
trading connections but still Roman
Catholicism was one constant across the
continent the church hierarchy of popes
and Bishops and Cardinals provided at
least some common structure among the
various states of Western Europe and in
addition to the common structure of the
Roman Catholic Church also provided
occasions to whip European Christians
into a religious Fury and go fight
Muslims in distant lands these occasions
of course are known as the Crusades and
with the exception of the First Crusade
Europeans pretty squarely got whipped by
the Muslim but it did have the effect of
connecting Europeans to larger trade
networks but we'll talk about that in
unit too but before we move on to the
juicy political organization of these
states it's important to know that while
Christianity was certainly the dominant
belief system here Islam and Judaism
held important minority positions for
example over here on the Iberian
Peninsula Muslims had invaded in the 8th
century and by our period they ran the
place additionally Jews were scattered
throughout Europe and regularly
facilitated and participated in trade
but as it turns out a lot of European
Christians were suspicious of Jews and
so various ways of anti-Semitism or you
know Jewish marginalization and
persecution kind of kept them living at
the edges of European Society okay now
if you've been watching my previous unit
one videos hold on to your butts because
what I'm about to say might come as a
shock around the start of this period
there were precisely no large empires in
Europe
what like think about all the places
that we visited in unit one the Aztecs
and the Incas were running crap in the
Americas the song dynasty in China was
massive Islamic Empires were grabbing
land all over the dang place but not in
Europe instead decentralization and
political fragmentation was the soup du
jour in Europe and so let's talk about
in Western Europe the social political
and economic order was essentially
organized around a system known as
feudalism and maybe that's an unfamiliar
word but don't worry your efforts to
understand it are not
feudal anyway feudalism was a system of
allegiances between powerful Lords and
Monarch basically the greater Lords and
Kings gained Allegiance from lesser
Lords and kings and land was exchanged
to keep everyone loyal now all these
patches of land were owned and ruled
pretty much independently and the system
at work here was known as minorialism so
here peasants were bound to the land and
worked in exchange for protection from
the Lord and his military forces and
that kind of makes it sound like a
mutual exchange but in truth these
peasants known as serfs were little
different than slaves the big difference
was that surfs were not owned by the
Lord but rather as I said they were
bound to the land in the manor and
that's how it was for a long time in
Europe however around the start of our
period in 1200 and you know a little bit
before Europe's political structures
began to change monarchs in various
states began to gain power and
centralize their stage by introducing
large militaries and bureaucracies and
this is a big deal because prior to this
it was the European nobility that held
most of the power but more and more
monarchs in this period are going to get
on their power pants and centralize
their Authority under themselves but you
didn't think there weren't going to be
any consequences for that increasing
centralization did you don't be great no
with powerful monarchs On The Rise they
would increasingly be looking toward one
another and competing for influence and
territory which led to all kinds of Wars
of Conquest to determine who indeed wore
the biggest power pain all right click
here to watch all my videos covering
unit one and click here to grab my AP
World heimler review guide which has
everything you need to get an A in your
class and a five on your examine so I'll
see you over in unit two I'm larouche
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