History of Global Politics: Creating International Order

Summary

This script delves into the history of global politics and the evolution of international relations, highlighting the concept of nation-states and their interactions through diplomacy and international organizations like the UN. It explores the Westphalian system's origin of sovereignty and the impact of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Code. The script also examines various forms of internationalism, from liberal to socialist, and the role of figures like Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, and Woodrow Wilson in shaping global governance. It concludes by connecting international relations to the broader phenomenon of globalization and the increased interdependence of states.

Takeaways

• 🌐 International relations is the study of interactions between states, including political, military, and diplomatic engagements.
• 🌟 Internationalization refers to the deepening of interactions between states and the study of relations with international organizations.
• 🏛️ The global system is composed of sovereign states that interact through diplomacy and international organizations like the UN.
• 🏞️ The Philippines serves as an example of a country that gained independence and now has a voice in international affairs.
• 🏛️ The concept of the nation-state is a relatively modern phenomenon, with states and nations being distinct yet interconnected entities.
• 🏙️ The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 is a key historical document that established the modern concept of state sovereignty.
• 📜 The Napoleonic Code and the French Revolution spread ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity, influencing the development of modern states.
• 🌱 Liberal internationalism and socialist internationalism are two broad categories of internationalism, with differing views on nationalism and global cooperation.
• 🗽 Woodrow Wilson's advocacy for the League of Nations after World War I exemplifies the push for international cooperation and the prevention of future conflicts.
• 🔄 The League of Nations, despite its dissolution, laid the groundwork for future international organizations and the principles of liberal internationalism.

Q & A

What does the term 'international relations' refer to?

International relations refers to the study of interactions between states, including political, military, and diplomatic engagements, allowing nations to cooperate and address global issues that surpass individual countries or regions.

What is the significance of the Treaty of Westphalia in the history of global politics?

The Treaty of Westphalia, signed in 1648, marked the origin of the modern concept of sovereignty and the interstate system, ending the 30 Years War and establishing the principles of state sovereignty and non-interference in domestic affairs.

How does the concept of 'internationalism' differ from 'nationalism'?

Internationalism is a system of heightened interaction between states, promoting cooperation and global governance, while nationalism is a focus on the interests and identity of a particular nation, often prioritizing its sovereignty and independence.

What are the four elements that constitute a state according to the script?

The four elements that constitute a state are a defined population, a government that exercises authority over its citizens, a territory that the government governs, and sovereignty, which includes both external and internal authority.

What is the difference between a 'nation' and a 'state' as described in the script?

A nation is an 'imagined community' of people who share a common culture and history, while a state refers to a country with its government, territory, and sovereignty. Not all states are nations, and not all nations are states.

How did the French Revolution and Napoleonic Code influence the concept of modern state policies?

The French Revolution and Napoleonic Code promoted the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity, and forbade birth privileges, encouraging freedom of religion and meritocracy in government service. These ideas spread across Europe and influenced the development of modern state policies.

What was the role of the League of Nations and why was it created?

The League of Nations was created after World War I to promote international cooperation and prevent future conflicts. It was an attempt to establish a system for conciliation and arbitration among nations, with the hope of maintaining peace and resolving disputes.

What is the significance of the United Nations in the context of internationalism and global governance?

The United Nations serves as the center of global governance, facilitating international relations and cooperation, and promoting global norms and policies. It is a key example of international organizations that help to manage and mediate state-to-state relations and global issues.

How did the concept of 'liberal internationalism' evolve over time, as mentioned in the script?

Liberal internationalism evolved from the ideas of Immanuel Kant, who emphasized the need for a global government to prevent chaos, to Woodrow Wilson's advocacy for the League of Nations, which focused on democracy, self-determination, and international law. It has been reasserted in the creation of the United Nations and continues to influence global politics.

What is the concept of 'socialist internationalism' as opposed to 'liberal internationalism'?

Socialist internationalism, as opposed to liberal internationalism, rejects nationalism and focuses on the idea that the working class, or proletariat, has no nation and should unite across borders. It was represented by the Communist International, which aimed to direct communist parties worldwide and promote socialist revolution.

How does the script connect the history of internationalism to the broader phenomenon of globalization?

The script connects the history of internationalism to globalization by highlighting the increased interdependence of states and the role of international organizations in promoting global norms and policies. It suggests that international relations and internationalism are windows into the broader phenomenon of globalization.

Outlines

00:00

🌏 Understanding International Relations and Global Politics

This paragraph introduces the concept of international relations, focusing on the study of interactions between states in political, military, and diplomatic spheres. It discusses the importance of cooperation and information sharing to address global issues, and the role of international organizations like the UN in fostering these interactions. The paragraph also delves into the attributes of the global system, emphasizing the independence of countries, the facilitation of international organizations, and the historical context of nations gaining independence and participating in international affairs, using the Philippines as a case study.

05:01

🏛️ The Evolution of Nation-States and the Westphalian System

The second paragraph explores the concept of nation-states, distinguishing between 'nation' and 'state' and providing examples of how they can coexist or differ, such as Scotland within the UK and the Bangsamoro region in the Philippines. It traces the historical roots of the modern state system back to the Treaty of Westphalia, which established the principle of state sovereignty. The paragraph also discusses the impact of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Code on the spread of liberal ideas, and how these influenced the development of the modern state.

10:02

🕊️ Liberal Internationalism and the Pursuit of Global Peace

This section examines liberal internationalism, which advocates for increased cooperation and understanding among nations to address global issues. It highlights the views of Immanuel Kant, who proposed a global system of government, and Jeremy Bentham, who advocated for international law. The paragraph also discusses the ideas of Giuseppe Mazzini, who believed in a system of free nations cooperating for peace, and Woodrow Wilson, who championed the League of Nations as a means to prevent conflict and promote democracy.

15:05

🌹 Socialist Internationalism and the Critique of Nationalism

The fourth paragraph contrasts liberal internationalism with socialist internationalism, as represented by Karl Marx, who rejected nationalism in favor of a global perspective that transcends national boundaries. It outlines Marx's vision of a socialist revolution and the establishment of the Comintern, an organization aimed at directing communist parties worldwide. The paragraph also touches on the collapse of the Second International and the rise of the Soviet Union, which promoted a more radical form of internationalism.

20:08

🌐 The United Nations and the Rise of Global Governance

The final paragraph reflects on the post-war period and the emergence of the United Nations as a central institution for global governance. It discusses the resurgence of liberal internationalism and the role of the UN in promoting global norms and policies. The paragraph also considers the broader phenomenon of globalization and its impact on state-to-state relations, emphasizing the increased interdependence of states and the facilitation of international relations by organizations like the UN.

Keywords

💡International Relations

International Relations refers to the study of interactions between nations, including political, military, and diplomatic engagements. It is central to the video's theme as it provides the framework for understanding the complex dynamics of global politics. The script discusses how nations cooperate and share information to address global issues that transcend national boundaries.

💡International Organizations

International Organizations are entities that facilitate interactions between countries, such as the United Nations (UN). They play a significant role in the video's narrative by providing a platform for diplomacy and cooperation, as well as taking on lives of their own, influencing global politics and the shaping of international order.

💡Nation-State

A Nation-State is a relatively modern concept where a nation and a state share the same territory and people. The video explains the components of a nation-state, which include a population, a government, a territory, and sovereignty. It is crucial to the video's theme as it discusses the evolution and significance of nation-states in global politics.

💡Sovereignty

Sovereignty is the supreme authority of a nation-state to govern itself without external interference. The concept is traced back to the Treaty of Westphalia in the video, which established the principle of state sovereignty and is foundational to the current international system.

💡Nationalism

Nationalism is a political ideology that emphasizes the importance of a shared national identity. The video discusses how nationalism has facilitated the formation of nation-states and has been a driving force in global politics, with both positive and negative implications.

💡Global Politics

Global Politics encompasses the political activities and conflicts that play out on a global stage. The video uses this term to describe the broader context in which nation-states interact, form alliances, and engage in diplomacy, shaping the international order.

💡Liberal Internationalism

Liberal Internationalism is a political theory that advocates for greater cooperation among nations and the establishment of international institutions to promote peace and stability. The video references Immanuel Kant and Woodrow Wilson as proponents of this ideology, emphasizing the importance of international law and global governance.

💡Self-Determination

Self-Determination is the principle that nations have the right to determine their own political status and pursue their economic, social, and cultural development. The video mentions this concept in the context of Wilson's advocacy for the creation of the League of Nations, highlighting its significance in shaping internationalist policies.

💡Global Governance

Global Governance refers to the collective management of global affairs through international institutions and norms. The video discusses the United Nations as a key example of global governance, illustrating how it serves as a platform for addressing global issues and promoting international cooperation.

💡Interdependence

Interdependence is the reliance of countries on each other for trade, security, and other aspects of international relations. The video touches on this concept as a characteristic of globalization, showing how increased interactions between states have led to greater interdependence in the global system.

💡Globalization

Globalization is the process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries. The video discusses globalization as a broader phenomenon that includes heightened international interactions and the influence of international organizations, which in turn shape global politics and the international system.

Highlights

Understanding international relations as the study of interactions between states, including political, military, and diplomatic engagements.

Internationalization as a phenomenon that deepens the interaction between states and transcends national boundaries.

The attributes of today's global systems, including the role of countries, international organizations, and their impact on global politics.

The historical tracing of nation-states, such as the Philippines' journey from Spanish and American control to gaining independence.

The concept of nation-states as a relatively modern phenomenon in human history, distinct from the idea of a nation.

The difference between a state and a nation, exemplified by Scotland as part of the United Kingdom but with its own national identity.

The elements that constitute a state: population, government, territory, and sovereignty.

Benedict Anderson's view of nations as 'imagined communities' with limited and defined boundaries.

The role of nationalism in the formation of nation-states and the concept of national settlements.

The Treaty of Westphalia as the origin of the modern concept of sovereignty and its impact on the interstate system.

The influence of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Code on the spread of liberal ideas and the challenge to the Westphalian system.

The development of internationalism as a system of heightened interaction between states, with two broad categories: liberal and socialist internationalism.

Immanuel Kant's perspective on liberal internationalism, emphasizing the need for a global government to maintain peace and order.

Jeremy Bentham's advocacy for international law to govern interstate relations and the challenges it poses to state sovereignty.

Giuseppe Mazzini's view on nationalist internationalism, where free and unified nation-states form the basis of global cooperation.

Woodrow Wilson's vision of liberal internationalism, promoting self-determination and democracy as prerequisites for international cooperation.

The failure of the League of Nations and its role in giving birth to modern international organizations like the World Health Organization.

Karl Marx's interpretation of internationalism, rejecting nationalism and advocating for a socialist revolution led by the proletariat.

The establishment of the Communist International as a radical and less democratic organization directing communist parties worldwide.

The rise of the United Nations as the center of global governance, embodying the principles of liberal internationalism and the lessons learned from the League of Nations.

The impact of globalization on international relations, increasing interdependence among states and the role of international organizations in promoting global norms and policies.

Transcripts

good day today you will learn about

history of global politics creating an

international can you say something

about this picture a picture that is

very symbolic and records into ating

international order let's start with

understanding international relations as

a term refers to the scholars that study

bureaucracy interactions between States

either political military in other

diplomatic engagement between two or

more countries it allows nations to

cooperate with one another pull

resources and share information as a way

to face global issues that go beyond any

particular country or region and

internationalization a phenomenon that

exists exploring the deepening of

interaction between states the study of

relations of states with each other and

with international organizations and

certain sub-national entities and

presents a global reentered perspective

on issues that transcends national

boundaries in connection of global

politics may I present to you the

attributes of today's global systems

composed of 4-1 countries or states are

independent and governing themselves to

these countries interact with each other

through diplomacy three international

organizations facilitate these

interactions like UN and last

international organizations also take on

lives of their own so there are some

countries gained during independence

tracing the history like Philippines

after more than three hundred thirty

three years of being under Spain the

control of USA and the same with Japan

now Philippines has a voice in

international affairs that broaden its

identity to series of diplomatic process

its territory as could be one of the

example of it and with regards to its

interaction in global politics the

intervention of international

organizations helped the country to

promote

political identity and min cater to some

global to fully understand the

attributes of today's global system you

must first know what is nation-state as

it is relatively modern phenomenon in

human history

and people that always organize

themselves as countries and it is

composed of two non interchangeable

terms not all states and nations and not

all nations are States example Scotland

banks tomorrow in the Philippines North

and South Korea and Chinese nations

there is the big difference between

states in a nation as written in the

examples Scotland is a flag and national

culture yet belong to a state of United

Kingdom Bangsamoro after approved by the

Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte

became a separate nation existing within

a country yet recognized the authority

of the same country meanwhile if there

are states with multiple nations there

are also single nations with multiple

states like North and South Korea side

with one nation but still these two are

states the same with the People's

Republic of China and Taiwan so what is

the difference of nation in a state

according to layman's term state refers

to a country and its government and it

consists of four elements one population

exercise authority over citizens to

government crafts various rules the

people follow tree territory and area

which governments govern and last the

Serenity we reference to external and

internal authority without a population

there can be no state population can be

more or less but it has to be there the

injury rights in freedom as citizens as

well as perform several duties towards

the states different directory is an

essential component a state can't exist

in the air or at sea

it is essentially a territorial state

the state exercises its sovereign power

through its government

Serenity's the beauties on which the

state regulates

all aspects of the life of the people

living in its territory while according

to Benedict Anderson nature is an

imagined community it is limited because

it does not go beyond a given official

boundary being limited means that nation

has its boundaries based on the examples

of nation anyone can be a part of

different religion that exists in the

world and that is one of the fundamental

freedom of individual but no one can be

simple become as a Filipino it takes

years to become a citizens of one

country like an American can simply go

to the Philippine Embassy and convert

into a Philippine citizen and the same

process have made furthermore calling it

imagined does not mean that the nation

is made up rather the nation allows one

to feel a connection with the community

or people even if she/he will never meet

all of them in his or her lifetime

example Olympics and territory so how it

became as imagine for example when you

treat a Filipino athlete in the Olympics

are in sports like Manny Pacquiao in

boxing it is not because you personally

know that athlete rather to imagine your

connection as both members of the same

Filipino community

another is the Philippine Archipelago

urs in the comfort that the majority of

the people living in are also Filipinos

finally most nations tribe to become

States nation builders can only feel a

sense of fulfillment when that national

ideas assume an organizational form

whose authority and power are recognized

and accepted by the moreover if there

are communities that are not States they

often seek some form with sana me within

their mother states for example he Beck

dog belongs to Canada yet US different

law about language as their

french-speaking and required French land

competencies for their citizens Scotland

independence on the other hand as a

strong dependence movement led by the

Scottish Nationalist Party

so therefore nation-states are closely

related because it is nationalism that

facilitates States formation in the

modern in contemporary era it has been

the nationalist movements that have

allowed for the creation of

nation-states States become independent

and sovereign because of national

settlements there PlayMemories for this

independence nation and state has its

similarity and that is the severity so

the interstate system has the origin of

the present-day

concept of sovereignty can be traced

back to the Treaty of Westphalia which

was the state of agreement signed in

1648 to end up the 30 Years War between

the major continental powers of Europe

however spreading of French Revolution

promoting liberty equality and

fraternity expand to the rest of the

euro

Napoleonic Code forbids the birth

privileges encouraged freedom or

religion and promoted Marie Christie in

government service so serenity is dust

one of the fundamental principles of

modern state policies understanding how

this became the case of entails

going back as far as 400 years ago the

response system was destroyed by

Napoleon Bonaparte and spread these

ideas through Napoleonic Code to

continue the Anglo and pollution armies

finally defeated Napoleon in the Battle

of Waterloo in 1815 and England his

mission to spread liberal code across

Europe so the royal power is restored

the Westphalian system

performing the concert of Europe as

alliance of great powers it sought to

restore the world monarchical territory

and religious privileges of the time

before the French Revolution and the

Napoleonic Wars it was an alliance to

restore the sovereignty of states the

implementation of Napoleonic Code

shock the monarchist and the retiree

elites of Euro and the mastery their

armies to push back against the French

Emperor then to prevent the situation

the royal power is created concentrate

of euro until such time on the metric

system name from the lead clemens von

Metternich an Austrian diplomat the

constrictor is in the charity lasted

from 1815 to 1914 at the dawn of World

War one until now states are considered

sovereign and the great powers still

hold significant influence over world

politics example the five permanent

members of UN Security Council so the

state restored the severity and based on

the example this powerful grouping in

the human the Security Council as the

core of five permanent members all

having veto powers over the council's

decision making process in addition to

the concept of stability

internationalism was developed as a

system of heightened interaction between

various German states particularly the

desire for greater cooperation immunity

among states and people and it has two

broad categories the liberal

internationalism and the socialist

liberalism it was an awareness of

internationalism shrines alight upon

nationalism and help us to better

understand the continued appeal of

nationalism within the global political

realm moreover the only means by which

one can resolve complex and multifaceted

issues is to tackle the cause of the

problem from international perspectives

Immanuel Kant express his understanding

with regards to liberal internationalism

like in states in a global system to

people living in a given territory

according to him states like citizens of

countries must give up some freedoms and

established continuously growing state

consisting of various nation which will

ultimately include the nations of world

in short can't imagine a form of global

government

in addition according to him if people

living together require government to

prevent lawlessness shouldn't that same

principle apply to state without a form

of government he argued the

international system would be chaotic

he gave emphasis on the vital role of

the government in order to obtain attain

peace and political order

aside from Kent Jeremy Benton advocated

the creation of international law that

would govern the interstate relation he

believed that objective global slaterys

should aim to propose obviously Jean

that would create the greatest happiness

of all nations taken together he focused

on analyzing to have a one system or law

that people may follow too many these

proposals for global governments in

international law seemed to represent

challenges the states would not avoid

government in effect become supreme and

would not its law overwhelm the

sovereignty of individual states on the

other hand giuseppe mazzini

argued that the voice italian min states

could unify one could scale up the

system to create Metheny was a

nationalist internationalist who

believes that free unified nation states

should be the basis of global

cooperation Mazzini clearly believed

that the spread of democracy in national

self-determination would be a powerful

force for peace in the long run although

the transition might often be violent

he believed in republican government and

proposed a system of free nations that

cooperated with each other to create an

international system

from Europe let's fly to United States

where what the Royal Sun also believes

in liberal internationalism he was the

US president from 1913 to 1921 Wilson

saw nationalism as a prerequisite for

internationalism with a principle of

self-determination I believe that the

world's Nation had the right to a free

and sovereign government he hoped that

these free nations would become

democracies because only by begin such

would they be able to build a free

system of international relations based

on the three national law and

cooperation in addition he became the

most notable advocate for the creation

of the League of Nations at the end of

World War one in 1918 he pushed to

transform the league into a venue for

conciliation and arbitration to prevent

another words for his efforts Wilson was

awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919 to

become Democratic a country should

promote its nationalism and

internationalism would you believe that

pertaining this type of ideas a country

may maintain its freedom independence

and democracy through formation of

League of nation ironically the United

State was not able to join the

organization due to strong opposition

from the Senate and able to hinder

another war from breaking out and it was

practically helpless to prevent the

onset and intensification of worldwide -

on the one side of the world really Axis

powers led by Hitler Mussolini and uro

Ito over ultra-nationalists and had an

instinctive disdain for internationalism

and preferred to vitally impose the

dominance of other nations it was in the

means of this war between Axis powers

and the Allied powers composed of the

United States United Kingdom

and Holland and Belgium that

internationalism would be eclipsed

despite the failure the league gave

birth to some of the Moyes specific

international organizations that are

still around today these are World

Health Organization and International

Labour Organization it would serve as

the blueprint for future forms of

international cooperation in this

respect

despite its organizational dissolution

the League of Nations principles

survived World War two in addition the

league was the concrete decision of the

concepts of liberal internationalism

from Kent it emphasized the need to form

common international principles for

Mazzini it enshrines principle of

cooperation and respect among nation

speaks from Wilson it called democracy

and self-determination

these idiots would be reassert

themselves in creation of United Nations

in 1946 the idea of Karl Marx differs in

the interpretation of liberal

internationalism and he believed more in

nationalist internationalism a German

socialist philosopher and was also

internationalist and biggest critics of

messini he did not believe in

nationalism he believed that any true

form of internationalism should be

deliberately who reject nationalism

which rooted people in domestic concerns

instead of global ones the capitalist

class referred to the owners of

factories companies and other means of

production in contrast the project our

yacht was included those who did not own

the means of production but instead

worked for the okapi to continue he

believed that in a socialist revolution

seeking to overthrow the state and alter

the economy the proletariat had no

nation

hence they're now famous battlecry who

workers of the world unite you have

nothing to lose but your chains Marx

died in 1883 but his followers who

thought to make his vision concrete by

establishing their international

organization so what was the achievement

of Karl Marx in socialists entry

nationalism socialism 3 national was

European socialists and Labour Party's

established in Paris in 1889 the SI

achievements included May 1 as Labour

Day International Women's Day and a

campaign for an eight-hour work day the

SI collapse during World War 1 as the

members parties refused or were unable

to join the internationalist efforts to

fight for the war as the SI collapse

more radical version emerged and the

so-called Russian Revolution of 1917

then Khomeini's internationalism exists

as the a cycleops more radical version

emerged in the so-called Russian

Revolution of 1917 tsar nicholas ii

overthrown and replaced by a

revolutionary government led by

Bolsheviks party

Vladimir Lenin believes that this new

state was called the Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics or USSR exhorted the

revolutionary Vanguard parties to lead

the revolutions across the world using

methods of terror if necessary today

parties like these are referred as

communists point he even established the

Communist international common term in

1990 it served as the central body for

directing communist parties all over the

world this international was not only

more radical than the socialist

international it was also less

democratic because it followed closely

the top-down governance of the

Bolsheviks

however a problem arose during World War

two when the Soviet Union joined the

Allied powers in 1941 together United

States of America and the United Kingdom

Joseph Stalin dissolved the common term

in 1943 after the while here we

established the common term as the

Communist Information Bureau or common

form it helped direct various communist

parties that had taken power in Eastern

Europe with eventual collapse of Soviet

Union in 1991 whatever existing thoughts

about feminist internationalism also

practically disappeared for the post-war

period however liberal internationalism

would once again be ascendant and the

biggest evidence of this is the rise of

United Nations as the center of global

governance for the conclusion these

layers and examine the roots of

international system it also discussed

the short history of internationalism

[Music]

there is also inclusion of the aspect of

globalization it also increased

interdependence of states

lastly international relations the

internationalism is one window into the

broader phenomenon of globalization

since global interactions are heightened

but increased interdependence of the

states it manifests itself not just

through state to state relations

international relations are also

facilitated by the international

organizations that promote global norms

in policies in the most prominent

example of these organization is united

nation

you