Sarah-Jayne Blakemore: El misterioso funcionamiento del cerebro adolescente

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27 Feb 201314:26

Summary

TLDREl guion del video revela cómo los avances en neuroimagen, como la resonancia magnética funcional (fMRI), han cambiado nuestra comprensión del desarrollo cerebral humano. Se destaca que el cerebro no se desarrolla solo en la infancia, sino que continua su crecimiento durante la adolescencia y hasta los 20s y 30s. El estudio del cortex prefrontal, una región clave para funciones cognitivas avanzadas, muestra cambios significativos en la adolescencia, incluyendo un proceso de 'podar sináptico' que refuerza conexiones neuronales importantes. Además, se explora cómo la adolescencia afecta la toma de decisiones sociales y la capacidad de entender las perspectivas de otros, destacando la importancia de este periodo para el aprendizaje y el desarrollo social.

Takeaways

  • 🧠 Hace 15 años, se pensaba que el desarrollo cerebral se completaba en los primeros años de vida, pero con avances en la tecnología de imagen cerebral, como la resonancia magnética (MRI), se ha podido observar que el cerebro continúa desarrollándose hasta la adolescencia y los 20s o 30s.
  • 📈 El uso de la MRI estructural permite tomar fotografías de alta resolución del interior del cerebro y cuestionar cómo cambia la cantidad de materia gris con la edad.
  • 🎥 La fMRI (funcional) permite grabar la actividad cerebral durante tareas, ofreciendo información sobre cómo el cerebro reacciona a diferentes situaciones.
  • 🔍 Los estudios muestran que el desarrollo del cerebro no termina en la infancia temprana, sino que continúa hasta la adolescencia y más allá, lo que cambia nuestra comprensión de cómo evoluciona el cerebro humano.
  • 🧒 La adolescencia se define como el período que comienza con los cambios hormonales y físicos de la pubertad y termina cuando una persona alcanza un rol estable e independiente en la sociedad.
  • 🧠 El córtex prefrontal, una región del cerebro altamente desarrollada en humanos y responsable de funciones cognitivas complejas, experimenta cambios dramáticos durante la adolescencia.
  • 📉 El volumen de materia gris en el córtex prefrontal disminuye significativamente durante la adolescencia, un proceso conocido como poda sináptica que es esencial para la maduración del cerebro.
  • 🤔 La fMRI también revela que la actividad cerebral en áreas relacionadas con la toma de decisiones sociales varía con la edad, siendo más activa en adolescentes que en adultos.
  • 👶 La capacidad de considerar la perspectiva de otros y guiar el comportamiento en consecuencia sigue desarrollándose en la adolescencia media hasta la adultez.
  • 🌐 La adolescencia no es un fenómeno reciente; se han encontrado descripciones históricas similares a las de hoy, como la de Shakespeare hace casi 400 años.
  • 🏫 Los cambios en el cerebro adolescente proporcionan una excelente oportunidad para el aprendizaje y el desarrollo social, y es crucial abordar adecuadamente estos años críticos de desarrollo.

Q & A

  • ¿Cuál era la creencia general hace 15 años sobre el desarrollo del cerebro humano?

    -Hace 15 años, se creía ampliamente que la mayoría del desarrollo cerebral ocurría en los primeros años de vida.

  • ¿Qué ha permitido a los neurocientíficos observar el desarrollo cerebral a lo largo de la vida?

    -Los avances en la tecnología de imágenes cerebrales, como la resonancia magnética (MRI), han permitido a los neurocientíficos observar el desarrollo cerebral en seres humanos de todas las edades.

  • ¿Qué tipo de imágenes cerebrales se utilizan para estudiar la estructura y la actividad cerebral?

    -Se utilizan imágenes estructurales (MRI) para capturar fotografías de alta resolución del interior del cerebro y fMRI (funcional) para registrar la actividad cerebral durante tareas específicas.

  • ¿Cómo ha cambiado la comprensión del desarrollo cerebral humano en los últimos años?

    -La comprensión ha cambiado drásticamente, revelando que el desarrollo cerebral no termina en la infancia temprana, sino que continúa durante la adolescencia y hasta los 20s y 30s.

  • ¿Cuál es el período de la vida que se define como adolescencia?

    -La adolescencia se define como el período que comienza con los cambios biológicos, hormonales y físicos de la pubertad y termina cuando una persona alcanza un rol estable e independiente en la sociedad.

  • ¿Qué región cerebral cambia dramáticamente durante la adolescencia?

    -La región cerebral que cambia más dramáticamente durante la adolescencia es el córtex prefrontal.

  • ¿Qué funciones cognitivas están involucradas en el córtex prefrontal y cómo cambia durante la adolescencia?

    -El córtex prefrontal está involucrado en funciones cognitivas altas como la toma de decisiones, la planificación, la inhibición de comportamientos inapropiados, la interacción social y la autoconciencia. Durante la adolescencia, experimenta un aumento en el volumen de la materia gris que luego disminuye, un proceso asociado a la poda sináptica.

  • ¿Qué es la poda sináptica y cómo se relaciona con el desarrollo del córtex prefrontal en la adolescencia?

    -La poda sináptica es el proceso por el cual se eliminan las sinapsis no utilizadas, fortaleciendo aquellas que están activas. Este proceso es importante para la maduración del córtex prefrontal en la adolescencia.

  • ¿Cómo se ha utilizado la fMRI para estudiar los cambios en la actividad cerebral durante la adolescencia?

    -La fMRI se ha utilizado para observar cambios en la actividad cerebral en respuesta a tareas que implican pensar en los demás, revelando que ciertas áreas del córtex prefrontal son más activas en la adolescencia que en la adultez.

  • ¿Qué hallazgos se han realizado con respecto a la toma de decisiones sociales en la adolescencia en comparación con la adultez?

    -Los estudios han encontrado que la corteza prefrontal medial, implicada en la toma de decisiones sociales, es más activa en la adolescencia y disminuye su actividad con la edad, lo que sugiere que los adolescentes y los adultos pueden utilizar estrategias cognitivas diferentes para estas tareas.

  • ¿Cómo se ha demostrado que la capacidad para considerar la perspectiva de otros se desarrolla en la adolescencia?

    -Se han utilizado tareas de comportamiento que involucran la toma de decisiones basadas en la perspectiva de otros, mostrando que mientras que ciertas habilidades cognitives están maduras en la adolescencia media, la capacidad para tomar en cuenta la perspectiva de otros sigue mejorando hasta la adultez.

  • ¿Qué implicaciones tiene el conocimiento de los cambios en el cerebro adolescente para la educación y el desarrollo social?

    -El entendimiento de los cambios en el cerebro adolescente puede ayudar a adaptar el entorno educativo y social para apoyar el aprendizaje y el desarrollo adecuadamente, aprovechando la plasticidad y la capacidad de adaptación del cerebro en esta etapa.

  • ¿Cómo se describe el comportamiento adolescente en el pasado y cómo se relaciona con la comprensión actual?

    -El comportamiento adolescente ha sido descrito de manera similar en el pasado, como se muestra en citas de Shakespeare. Sin embargo, ahora se intenta entender este comportamiento en términos de los cambios subyacentes en el cerebro, como la sensibilidad hiperactiva del sistema límbico a las recompensas y el desarrollo del córtex prefrontal.

Outlines

00:00

🧠 Desarrollo cerebral durante la vida

Hace quince años, se pensaba que el desarrollo cerebral se completaba en los primeros años de vida. Sin embargo, gracias a avances en la tecnología de la resonancia magnética (MRI), los neurocientíficos han podido observar cambios en la estructura y función cerebral a lo largo de toda la vida. Se ha descubierto que el cerebro continúa desarrollándose durante la adolescencia y hasta los 20 o 30 años. El área prefrontal cerebral es especialmente importante durante esta etapa, involucrándose en funciones cognitivas avanzadas como la toma de decisiones, la planificación y la interacción social. El MRI estructural y funcional (fMRI) son herramientas clave para estudiar estos cambios.

05:01

📉 Cambios en la corteza prefrontal durante la adolescencia

El volumen de la materia gris en la corteza prefrontal aumenta durante la infancia y alcanza un pico en la adolescencia temprana, con una diferencia en el tiempo entre chicos y chicas debido a las diferencias en la edad de la pubertad. Esta región cerebral experimenta una significativa reducción en el volumen de materia gris durante la adolescencia, un proceso asociado a la poda sináptica, que es esencial para el desarrollo y la especialización del cerebro. La poda sináptica refuerza las conexiones neuronales utilizadas y elimina las que no son necesarias, similar a podar un rosal para que las ramas importantes crezcan más fuertes.

10:02

🤔 Cerebro social y desarrollo cognitivo en la adolescencia

El laboratorio del narrador se enfoca en el estudio del 'cerebro social', es decir, la red de regiones cerebrales implicadas en la comprensión y el intercambio con otros. Se ha encontrado que el cortex prefrontal medial, una parte del cortex prefrontal, está más activo en los adolescentes al tomar decisiones sociales en comparación con los adultos. Además, se realizan estudios de comportamiento para entender cómo los adolescentes y los adultos manejan tareas que implican la toma de decisiones basadas en la perspectiva de otros. Estos estudios muestran que la habilidad para considerar la perspectiva de otros y guiar el comportamiento en consecuencia sigue desarrollándose en la adolescencia media hasta la edad adulta.

🚸 Comprensión del comportamiento adolescente desde una perspectiva cerebral

El comportamiento de los adolescentes, que a menudo es caracterizado por el riesgo y la autoconciencia, está siendo comprendido a través de los cambios en el cerebro, especialmente en el sistema límbico, que procesa emociones y recompensas. Los adolescentes tienden a tomar más riesgos que los niños o los adultos, y esto se intensifica en la presencia de sus amigos. Los estudios cerebrales han demostrado que, mientras el sistema límbico es hipersensible a la recompensa del riesgo en la adolescencia, el cortex prefrontal, que regula los riesgos, está en desarrollo. Esto tiene implicaciones educativas y para el desarrollo social, destacando la importancia de la educación en esta etapa adaptable y moldeable del cerebro.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Desarrollo cerebral

El desarrollo cerebral se refiere al proceso por el cual el cerebro crece y se vuelve más complejo a lo largo de la vida. En el video, se destaca que este proceso no termina en la infancia temprana, sino que continúa durante la adolescencia y hasta los años 20 y 30, lo cual ha cambiado nuestra comprensión sobre el desarrollo humano.

💡Imagenología por resonancia magnética (MRI)

La MRI es una tecnología de imagenología que permite observar el cerebro en vivo y en detalle. En el video, se menciona que los avances en esta tecnología han permitido a los neurocientíficos estudiar el desarrollo cerebral a través de la vida, utilizando la MRI estructural para capturar fotografías detalladas del cerebro y la fMRI para registrar la actividad cerebral durante tareas.

💡Materia gris

La materia gris es el tejido cerebral que contiene las células nerviosas y sus conexiones. En el video, se discute cómo la cantidad de materia gris cambia con la edad, alcanzando un pico en la adolescencia y luego disminuyendo, lo que se asocia con el proceso de podado sináptico.

💡Corteza prefrontal

La corteza prefrontal es una región del cerebro ubicada en la parte frontal y está involucrada en funciones cognitivas avanzadas como la toma de decisiones y la autoconsciencia. En el video, se resalta que esta área experimenta un desarrollo dramático durante la adolescencia y es crucial para la regulación de comportamientos y la interacción social.

💡Adolescencia

La adolescencia es definida en el video como el período que comienza con los cambios biológicos de la pubertad y termina cuando una persona alcanza un rol estable e independiente en la sociedad. Es un momento crítico para el desarrollo del cerebro y la identidad personal.

💡Podado sináptico

El podado sináptico es el proceso por el cual las conexiones neuronales no utilizadas son eliminadas, fortaleciendo las que sí lo son. En el video, se sugiere que este proceso es esencial para el desarrollo de la corteza prefrontal durante la adolescencia y contribuye a la eficiencia cerebral.

💡Actividad cerebral

La actividad cerebral se refiere a cómo el cerebro funciona y responde durante diferentes tareas. En el video, se utiliza la fMRI para observar cambios en la actividad cerebral a medida que las personas crecen, destacando diferencias entre los adolescentes y los adultos en la región de la corteza prefrontal.

💡Cerebro social

El cerebro social es la red de regiones cerebrales que se utiliza para comprender y interactuar con otros. En el video, se estudia cómo esta red se desarrolla y se activa de manera diferente en adolescentes y adultos, lo que puede explicar diferencias en la toma de decisiones sociales.

💡Perspectiva

La capacidad de tomar en cuenta la perspectiva de otros es un aspecto clave del desarrollo social y cognitivo. En el video, se muestra que esta habilidad sigue desarrollándose en la adolescencia y puede influir en la conducta y la toma de decisiones.

💡Riesgo

El riesgo se refiere a la tendencia de los adolescentes a tomar decisiones arriesgadas, a menudo mayor que en niños o adultos. En el video, se vincula este comportamiento con el desarrollo de la corteza prefrontal y el sistema límbico, que procesan la emoción y la recompensa.

💡Educación

La educación se presenta en el video como una oportunidad crucial para aprovechar la plasticidad y la adaptabilidad del cerebro en la adolescencia. Se argumenta que la educación puede moldear el desarrollo del cerebro de los adolescentes y que es importante para su desarrollo social y cognitivo.

Highlights

15年前,人们普遍认为大脑的大部分发育在生命的最初几年内完成。

由于磁共振成像(MRI)等脑成像技术的进步,神经科学家开始研究不同年龄段的活体人脑。

使用结构性MRI可以高分辨率地拍摄活体人脑内部的快照,了解灰质含量及其随年龄的变化。

功能性MRI(fMRI)可以记录参与者在进行思考、感觉或感知等任务时的大脑活动。

全球许多实验室参与了这类研究,揭示了活体人脑的发育过程,改变了我们对人类大脑发育的看法。

大脑发育并非在儿童早期就完成,而是一直持续到青少年时期甚至20至30岁。

青春期被定义为从青春期的生物学、荷尔蒙和身体变化开始,到个体在社会中获得稳定独立角色结束的时期。

前额叶皮层是青少年时期变化最显著的大脑区域之一,它在人类中的比例远大于其他物种。

前额叶皮层涉及高级认知功能,如决策制定、规划、抑制不当行为、社交互动和自我意识。

MRI研究显示,前额叶皮层在青春期经历了显著的发育变化,灰质体积在儿童时期增加,在青春期早期达到峰值。

青春期前额叶皮层灰质体积的显著下降,可能对应于突触修剪,这是一个重要的发展过程。

突触修剪是环境依赖的过程,使用中的突触被加强,不使用的突触被修剪掉。

功能性MRI用于追踪青少年大脑活动的变化,研究社交大脑的网络。

青少年在进行社交决策和思考他人时,内侧前额叶皮层的活动比成人更活跃。

行为研究表明,青少年在考虑他人视角以指导行为的能力上仍在发展,直到中到晚期青春期。

青少年的行为,如冒险、情绪波动和自我意识,不应被污名化,而应视为大脑变化提供教育和社会发展的良机。

历史上对青少年的描述与今天相似,如莎士比亚在《冬天的故事》中对青春期的描述。

青少年的大脑发育对教育、康复和干预有深远的影响,环境包括教学可以塑造发育中的青少年大脑。

世界上许多青少年无法接受中学教育,而这个时期是大脑特别适应和可塑的,是学习和创造力的绝佳机会。

Transcripts

play00:15

fifteen years ago it was widely assumed

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that the vast majority of brain

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development takes place in the first few

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years of life back then 15 years ago we

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didn't have the ability to look inside

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the living human brain and track

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development across the lifespan in the

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past decade or so mainly due to advances

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in brain imaging technology such as

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magnetic resonance imaging or MRI

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neuroscientists have started to look

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inside the living human brain of all

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ages and attract changes in brain

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structure and brain function so we use

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structural MRI if you like to take a

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snapshot of photograph at really high

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resolution of the inside of the living

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human brain and we can ask questions

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like how much gray matter does the brain

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contain and how does that change with

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age and we also use functional MRI

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called fMRI to take a video a movie of

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brain activity when participants are

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taking part in some kind of task like

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thinking or feeling or perceiving

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something so many labs around the world

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are involved in this kind of research

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and we now have a really rich and

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detailed picture of how the living human

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brain develops and this picture has

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radically changed the way we think about

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human brain development by revealing

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that it's not all over in early

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childhood and instead the brain

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continues to develop right throughout

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adolescence and into the 20s and 30s

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so adolescence is defined as the period

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of life that starts with the biological

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hormonal physical changes of puberty and

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ends at the age at which an individual

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attains a stable independent role in

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society it can go on a long time

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one of the brain regions that changes

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most dramatically during adolescence is

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called prefrontal cortex so this is this

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is a model of the human brain and this

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is prefrontal cortex right at the front

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prefrontal cortex is an interesting

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brain area it's proportionally much

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bigger in humans than in any other

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species and it's involved in a whole

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range of high-level cognitive functions

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things like decision-making planning

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planning what you're going to do

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tomorrow or next week or next year

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inhibiting inappropriate behavior so

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stopping yourself saying something

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really rude or doing something really

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stupid it's also involved in social

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interaction understanding other people

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and self-awareness so MRI studies

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looking at the development of this

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region have shown that it really

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undergoes dramatic development during

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the period of adolescence so if you look

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at gray matter volume for example gray

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matter volume across age from age four

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to twenty two years

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increases during childhood which is what

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you can see on this graph it peaks in

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early adolescence the arrows indicate

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peak gray matter volume in prefrontal

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cortex you can see that that peak

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happens a couple of years later in boys

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relative to girls and that's probably

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because boys go through puberty a couple

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of years later than girls on average and

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then during adolescence there's a

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significant decline in gray matter

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volume in prefrontal cortex now that

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might sound bad but actually this is a

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really important developmental process

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because gray matter contains cell bodies

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and connections between cells the sign

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APS's and this decline in gray matter

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volume during prefrontal cortex is

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thought to correspond to synaptic

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pruning the elimination of unwanted

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signups --is this is a really important

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process it's partly dependent on the

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environment that the animal or the human

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is in in that sign APS's that are being

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used are strengthened and synapse is

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that aren't being used in that

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particular environment are pruned away

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you can think of it a bit like pruning a

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rosebush you prune away the weaker

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branches so that the remaining important

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branches can grow stronger and this

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process which effectively fine-tunes

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brain tissue according to the species

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specific environment

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happening in prefrontal cortex and in

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other brain regions during the period of

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human adolescence so a second line of

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inquiry that we use to track changes in

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the adolescent brain is using functional

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MRI to look at changes in brain activity

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across age so I'll just give you an

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example from my lab so in my lab we're

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interested in the social brain that is

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the network of brain regions that we use

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to understand other people and to

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interact with other people so I like to

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show a photograph of a soccer game to

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illustrate two aspects of how your

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social brains work so this is a soccer

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game Michael Owen has just missed a goal

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and he's lying on the ground and the

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first aspect of the social brain that

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this picture really nicely illustrates

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is how automatic and instinctive social

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emotional responses are so within a

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split-second of Michael Owen missing

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this goal everyone is doing the same

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thing with their arms and the same thing

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with their face even my clone as he

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slides along the grass is doing the same

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thing forward disarms and presumably has

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a similar facial expression and the only

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people who don't are the guys in yellow

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at the back a nice I think they're on

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the wrong end of the stadium and they're

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doing another social emotional response

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that we all instantly recognize and

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that's the second aspect of the social

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brain that this picture really nicely

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has illustrates how good we are reading

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other people's behavior their actions

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their gestures their facial expressions

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in terms of their underlying emotions

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and mental states so you don't have to

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ask any of these guys you have a pretty

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good idea of what they're feeling and

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thinking at this precise moment in time

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so that's what we're interested in

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looking at in my labs we in my lab we

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bring adolescents and adults into the

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lab to have a brain scan we give them

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some kind of task that involves thinking

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about other people their minds their

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mental states their emotions and one of

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the findings that we found several times

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now as have other labs around the world

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is part of the prefrontal cortex called

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medial prefrontal cortex which is shown

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in blue on the slide and it's um right

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in the middle of prefrontal cortex in

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the midline of your head this region is

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more active in adolescence when they

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make these social decisions and think

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about other people than it is in adults

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and this is actually a meta-analysis of

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nine different studies in this

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area from labs around the world and they

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all show the same thing that activity in

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this medial prefrontal cortex area

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decreases during the period of

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adolescence and we think that might be

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because adolescents and adults use a

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different mental approach a different

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cognitive strategy to make social

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decisions and one way of looking at that

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is to do behavioral studies whereby we

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bring people into the lab and we give

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them some kind of behavioral task and

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I'll just give you another example of

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the kind of tasks that we use in my lab

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so imagine that you're the participant

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in one of our experiments you come to

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the lab you see this computerised task

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in this task you see a set of shelves

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now there are objects on these shelves

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on some of them and you'll notice

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there's a guy standing behind the set of

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shelves and there are some objects that

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he can't see they're occluded from his

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point of view with a kind of gray piece

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of wood this is the same set of shelves

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from his point of view notice that there

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are only some objects that he can see

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whereas there are many more objects that

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you can see now your task is to move

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objects around the director standing

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behind the set of shells is going to

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direct you to move objects around but

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remember he's not going to ask you to

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move objects that he can't see this

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introduces a really interesting

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condition whereby there's a kind of

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conflict between your perspective and

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the directors perspective so imagine he

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tells you to move the top truck left

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there are three trucks there you're

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going to instinctively go for the white

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truck because that's the top truck from

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your perspective but then you have to

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remember oh he can't see that truck so

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he must mean me to move the blue truck

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which is the top truck from his

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perspective now believe it or not normal

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healthy intelligent adults like you make

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errors about 50% of the time on that

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kind of trial they move the white truck

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instead of the blue truck there we give

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this kind of tasks to adolescents and

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adults mules have a control condition

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where there's no director and instead we

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give people a rule we tell them okay

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we're going to do exactly the same thing

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but this time there's no director

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instead you've got to ignore objects

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with a dark gray background you'll see

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that this is exactly the same condition

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only in the no director condition they

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just have to remember to apply this

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somewhat arbitrary rule whereas in the

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direct

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condition they have to remember to take

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into account the directors perspective

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in order to guide their ongoing behavior

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okay so if I just show you the

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percentage errors in a large

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developmental study we did this is a

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study ranging from age 7 to adulthood

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and what you're going to see is the

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percentage errors in the adult group in

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both conditions so the gray is the

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director condition and you see that our

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intelligent adults are making errors

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about 50% of the time whereas they make

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far fewer errors when there's no

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director present when they just have to

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remember that rule of ignoring the gray

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background developmentally these two

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conditions develop in exactly the same

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way between late childhood and mid

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adolescents there was an improvement in

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other words reduction of errors in both

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of these trials in both of these

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conditions but it's when you compare the

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last two groups the mid adolescent group

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and the adult group where things get

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really interesting because there there

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is no continued improvement in the no

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director condition in other words

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everything you need to do in order to

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remember the rule and apply it seems to

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be fully developed by mid adolescence

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whereas in contrast if you look at the

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last two gray bars there's still a

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significant improvement in the director

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condition between mid adolescence and

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adulthood and what this means is that

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the ability to take into account someone

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else's perspective in order to guide

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ongoing behavior which is something by

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the way that we do in everyday life all

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the time is still developing in mid to

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late adolescence so if you have a

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teenage son or daughter and you think

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you sometimes think they have problems

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taking other people's perspectives

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you're right that they do and this is

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why so we we sometimes laugh about

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teenagers we they're parodied sometimes

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even demonized in the media for their

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contemn teenage behavior they take risks

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then sometimes moody they're very

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self-conscious I have a really nice

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anecdote from a friend of mine who said

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that the thing he noticed most about his

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teenage daughters before and after

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puberty was their level of embarrassment

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in front of him so he said before

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puberty if my two daughters were messing

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around in a shop I'd say hey stop

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messing around and I'll sing your

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favorite song and instantly they'd stop

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messing around and he'd sing their

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favorite song after puberty that became

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the threat

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the very notion of their dad singing in

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public was enough to make them behave so

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people often ask what is adolescents the

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kind of recent phenomena is it something

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we've invented recently in the West and

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actually the answer is probably not

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there are lots of descriptions of

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adolescents in history that sound very

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similar to the descriptions we use today

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so there's a famous quote by Shakespeare

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from The Winter's Tale where he

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describes adolescence as follows

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I would there were no age between ten

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and three and twenty or that youth would

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sleep out the rest for there's nothing

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in the between but getting wenches with

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child

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wronging the ancient tree stealing

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fighting he then goes on to say having

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said that would any but these boiled

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brains of nineteen and two and twenty

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hunt in this weather

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so almost 400 years ago Shakespeare was

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portraying adolescence in a very similar

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light to the light that we portray them

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in today but today we try to understand

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their behavior in terms of the

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underlying changes that are going on in

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their brain so for example take risk

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taking

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we know that adolescents are have a

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tendency to take risks they do they take

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more risks than children or adults and

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they are particularly prone to taking

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risks when they're with their friends

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there's an important drive to become

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independent from one's parents and to

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impress one's friends in adolescence but

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now we try to understand that in terms

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of the development of a part of their

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brain called the limbic system so I'm

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going to show you the limbic system in

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red in the slide behind me and also on

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this brain so the limbic system is right

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deep inside the brain and it's involved

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in things like emotion processing and

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reward processing it gives you the

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rewarding feeling out of doing fun

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things including taking risks it gives

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you the kick out of taking risks and

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this region that the blue regions within

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the limbic system have been found to be

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hypersensitive to the rewarding feeling

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of risk-taking in adolescence compared

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with adults and at the very same time

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the prefrontal cortex which you can see

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in blue in the slide here which stops us

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taking excessive risks is still very

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much in development and

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lessons so brain research has shown that

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the adolescent brain undergoes really

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quite profound development and this has

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implications for education for

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rehabilitation and intervention the

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environment including teaching can and

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does shape the developing adolescent

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brain and yet it's only relatively

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recently that we have been routinely

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educating teenagers in the West all four

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of my grandparents for example left

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school in their early adolescence they

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had no choice and that still the case

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for many many teenagers around the world

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today forty percent of teenagers don't

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have access to secondary school

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education and yet this is a period of

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life where the brain is particularly

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adaptable and malleable it's a fantastic

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opportunity for learning and creativity

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so what sometimes seen is the problem

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with adolescents - risk-taking poor

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impulse control self-consciousness

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shouldn't be stigmatized it actually

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reflects changes in the brain that

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provide an excellent opportunity for

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education and social development thank

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you

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Связанные теги
Desarrollo cerebralAdolescenciaCerebro humanoComportamientoNeurocientíficaEducaciónRiesgoAutonomíaCogniciónMRI
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