Day 6 - GnG | Economics | CH 1 | Indian economy on the eve of independence | Class 12

Summary

In this educational video, the instructor concludes the first week's target of covering the national income and begins the Indian Economic Development chapter, focusing on the Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence. The lecture delves into British colonial exploitation, the transformation of India's economy into a raw material supplier and market for British goods, and the negative impacts on agriculture, industry, and foreign trade. It also briefly touches on the positive aspects of British rule, such as infrastructure development and self-sufficiency in food grains, before highlighting the demographic challenges India faced at independence.

Takeaways

• 🎯 The speaker aimed to complete the national income topic and start the Indian Economic Development chapter within the first week of their study plan.
• 📚 The first chapter covered is 'Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence,' focusing on the state of the Indian economy before British rule and the impact of British policies.
• 🇬🇧 The British aimed to use India as a 'feeder economy,' exploiting its rich resources and large market for their benefit.
• 🏰 The British rule began with the Battle of Plassey in 1757, marking the start of the East India Company's gradual takeover of India.
• 🌾 Prior to British rule, India had a prosperous, agrarian economy with a significant portion of the population engaged in agriculture and renowned for its handicrafts.
• 📉 British policies led to the deindustrialization of India, converting a prosperous economy into a supplier of raw materials and a market for British finished goods.
• 🛑 The Land Settlement System was implemented, causing harm to poor farmers by fixing rents and allowing landlords to exploit them without concern for agricultural development.
• 🌱 The British commercialized Indian agriculture, shifting from subsistence farming to cash crops like cotton, indigo, tea, and coffee, detrimental to local food security.
• 📊 The Indian economy faced a decline in productivity due to low technology, lack of irrigation, and insufficient investment in agriculture.
• 📈 The British rule resulted in an unbalanced growth with a focus on infrastructure development that primarily benefited the rulers rather than the Indian populace.
• 🌟 On the positive side, the British era saw the development of infrastructure like railways and communication, and the introduction of concepts like self-sufficiency in food grains and monetary exchange.

Q & A

What was the primary target of the channel's first week?

The primary target for the first week was to complete the national income and to start and finish the first chapter of Indian Economic Development.

What is the significance of the 'Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence' chapter?

This chapter is significant as it discusses the state of the Indian economy before independence, including the impact of British rule and policies, and the economic conditions that existed prior to 1947.

What was the main purpose of the British in India according to the script?

The main purpose of the British in India was to use the Indian economy as a feeder economy, exploiting its rich resources and large market for their benefit.

How did the British rule start in India?

The British rule started with the Battle of Plassey in 1757, which was fought between the East India Company and the Nawabs of Bengal.

What were the three sectors exploited by the Britishers as mentioned in the script?

The three sectors exploited by the Britishers were the Agriculture sector, the Industrial sector, and the Foreign sector.

What was the Land Settlement System implemented by the British and how did it affect the farmers?

The Land Settlement System was a policy that declared landowners and required them to pay a fixed amount of land revenue to the government, allowing them to exploit the poor farmers working on their land without any government intervention.

What was the impact of British policies on Indian agriculture?

The British policies led to the destruction of Indian agriculture by commercializing it, forcing farmers to grow cash crops instead of food crops, and neglecting the development and investment in agricultural practices.

What does 'deindustrialization' refer to in the context of the script?

Deindustrialization refers to the systematic decline of India's handicrafts industry due to British policies that favored machine-made goods over handmade products, leading to the closure of indigenous industries.

How did the British policies affect the Indian industrial sector's contribution to GDP?

The British policies, including deindustrialization and discriminatory tariff policies, led to a significant decrease in the industrial sector's contribution to India's GDP due to the decline and decay of industries.

What were the positive aspects of British rule mentioned in the script?

The positive aspects mentioned were self-sufficiency in food grains, infrastructure development, check on famines, understanding of monetary exchange, and the establishment of an effective administrative setup.

What was the demographic profile of India on the eve of independence?

The demographic profile showed high birth and death rates, extremely low literacy rates, low life expectancy, widespread poverty, and poor health facilities, indicating a stagnant and backward economy.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Indian Economic Development

The speaker welcomes the audience to the channel and introduces the final video of day 6, highlighting the completion of the national income topic and the start of the Indian Economic Development chapter. The goal is to cover the first chapter, 'Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence,' to understand the British rule's impact on India's economy before 1947. The speaker emphasizes the importance of learning macroeconomics and Indian economics simultaneously to avoid forgetting the material. The chapter aims to reveal the Britishers' exploitation of India's resources and the transformation of the Indian economy into a feeder economy for Britain.

05:03

🏛 British Colonial Exploitation of India

This paragraph delves into the British colonial exploitation of India, focusing on the transformation of the Indian economy from a prosperous agrarian society known for its handicrafts to a supplier of raw materials and a market for British finished goods. The speaker discusses the Land Settlement System, which exploited poor farmers, and the commercialization of agriculture, forcing farmers to grow cash crops instead of food crops. The paragraph also touches on the deindustrialization of India's handicraft industry due to British policies and the negative effects on agriculture, including low productivity and scarcity of investment.

10:03

🔨 Impact of British Policies on Indian Industries

The speaker continues to detail the devastating impact of British policies on India's industrial sector. The paragraph discusses the deindustrialization process, discriminatory tariff policies, and the competition with machine-made goods that led to the decline of India's handicraft industry. It also covers the lack of capital goods industries and the minimal role of the public sector in industry development. The paragraph highlights the resulting unemployment issues and the overall negative impact on India's GDP and economic growth.

15:08

🌏 British Influence on Foreign Trade and Infrastructure

This paragraph examines the British influence on India's foreign trade and infrastructure. The speaker notes that India became an exporter of raw materials and an importer of machine-made finished goods, primarily from Britain. The paragraph also discusses the monopoly control of British rule and the draining of Indian wealth. On a positive note, the speaker acknowledges the development of infrastructure such as railways, air and water transport, and communication systems, although it was primarily for the benefit of the British.

20:16

🌱 Colonial Legacy and India's Demographic Profile

The speaker reflects on the colonial legacy left to India, including self-sufficiency in food grains, infrastructure development, checks on famines, and an effective administrative setup. However, the paragraph also outlines the negative aspects of the colonial economy, such as semi-feudalism, stagnant growth, and industrial backwardness. The demographic profile of India is discussed, highlighting high birth and death rates, low literacy, and widespread poverty, painting a picture of a stagnant and backward economy on the eve of independence.

25:20

📝 Study Plan and Upcoming Test Announcement

In the final paragraph, the speaker outlines a study plan for the audience, emphasizing the importance of understanding, learning, reading, and writing. The speaker announces a surprise test for the topics covered during the week, to be held on Sunday evening, with the test paper released at 7 pm and answers provided at 10 pm. The test will cover business studies, accountancy, and economics, and the speaker encourages the audience to prepare well and participate actively in the test to gauge their understanding of the material.

Keywords

💡National Income

National Income refers to the total earnings of a nation's economy in a given year, including wages, profits, and taxes less subsidies. In the video, the speaker mentions targeting to complete the topic of national income as part of their first-week study goals, indicating its significance in economic studies.

💡Indian Economic Development

Indian Economic Development is a study of the economic growth and changes in India over time. The video script discusses the first chapter of this topic, focusing on the state of the Indian economy on the eve of independence, which is central to understanding the historical context of India's economic trajectory.

💡Eve of Independence

The term 'Eve of Independence' refers to the period immediately before a country gains independence. In the script, it is used to describe the condition of the Indian economy just before it became independent from British rule in 1947, setting the stage for the economic challenges and opportunities that followed.

💡Britishers

In the context of the video, 'Britishers' is a colloquial term for the British colonial rulers of India. The script discusses their policies and actions that shaped the Indian economy, particularly how they exploited India's resources and transformed its economic structure for their benefit.

💡Feeder Economy

A 'Feeder Economy' is one that supplies another economy, often a colonial power, with raw materials and markets for finished goods. The video explains how the British used India as a feeder economy, extracting resources and selling manufactured goods back to India, which was detrimental to India's own economic development.

💡Colonial Exploitation

Colonial Exploitation refers to the economic, political, and social exploitation of a colony by its colonial ruler. The script describes how the British colonial rule led to the exploitation of India's agriculture, industry, and foreign trade sectors, leaving a lasting impact on the country's economic structure.

💡Land Settlement System

The Land Settlement System was a policy implemented by the British in India that fixed land revenue demands. The script mentions how this system was harmful to poor farmers, as it allowed landlords to exploit them while ensuring a steady income for the British government.

💡Deindustrialization

Deindustrialization is the process of the decline in the importance of industrial activity in an economy. The video script discusses how British policies led to the deindustrialization of India by undermining its traditional handicrafts industry and promoting British manufactured goods.

💡Discriminatory Tariff Policy

A Discriminatory Tariff Policy refers to the practice of imposing different tariff rates on different goods or countries, often to protect domestic industries or to penalize certain trading partners. The script describes how the British implemented such policies to favor their own goods and hinder Indian handicraft exports.

💡Infrastructure Development

Infrastructure Development involves the creation and maintenance of basic physical and organizational structures needed for a country's economy to function. The video acknowledges the development of railways, roads, and communication by the British as a positive aspect, although it was primarily for their benefit.

💡Demographic Profile

A Demographic Profile provides statistical data about a population, including birth rate, death rate, literacy rate, and employment ratios. The script uses the demographic profile to illustrate the conditions of India on the eve of independence, highlighting high birth and death rates, low literacy, and widespread poverty.

Highlights

Introduction to the last video of day 6 and the completion of the national income topic.

Target for the first week was to start and finish the first chapter of Indian Economic Development.

Emphasis on simultaneous study of macroeconomics and Indian Economic Development for better retention.

Explanation of the British aim to use the Indian economy as a feeder economy due to its rich resources.

Historical context of British rule starting with the Battle of Plassey in 1757.

Pre-independence Indian economy characterized as prosperous, agrarian, and well-known for handicrafts.

British policies led to the transformation of India into a supplier of raw materials and a consumer of British finished goods.

Details of the Land Settlement System and its negative impact on Indian agriculture.

Effects of commercialization of agriculture by the British, promoting cash crops over food crops.

Challenges in Indian agriculture including low technology, lack of irrigation, and scarcity of investment.

Deindustrialization of India's handicrafts industry by the British through systematic policies.

Discriminatory tariff policy by the British that favored their own products and hampered Indian exports.

The impact of British rule on India's demographic profile, showing high birth and death rates and low literacy.

Positive aspects of British rule, including infrastructure development and checks on famines.

The state of the Indian economy on the eve of independence, described as colonial, semi-feudal, and stagnant.

Announcement of a surprise test on the topics covered during the week, to be held on Sunday.

Transcripts

What's up everyone! Welcome back to the channel. So guys, we have come to the last video of day 6.

And my particular target for this first week was to complete the national income.

Which is almost 95% and 5% is a small topic which I will complete on Monday. But before that, my target was to start Indian ECO and finish the first chapter.

So today we are taking our Indian Economic Development chapter number 1.

Which is Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence. So this is the chapter in my first week's targets.

Today we will complete this too. So we will take macro and Indian ECO side by side so that your learning as well as understanding.

Both should be there. I don't want that you do macro and Indian ECO first and then you don't remember.

So things go together because this is a little learning subject. So it takes time to learn. And I want that you get proper time.

So let's start quickly. Comment. And in this everyone has to write with the same enthusiasm.

Yes sir. Day 6 done. Just 15 more to go. Let's quickly start. Let's begin.

So guys, it is a very easy chapter. Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence. So sir, our first unit in India. What is there in it?

In it, we have seen that how in Indian Economy, prior to independence,

that is, before 1947, how the Britishers ruled for 200 years, how they came, what were the policies, what was their purpose, we learn all that in this chapter. We learn in this whole unit.

So first of all, we will talk about the first chapter today, which is Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence. Whatever book you have of Indian Economy, please take reading.

Just like you are doing business studies, reading, then understanding, then learning, and then writing. You have to follow all four things in Indian Economy.

Write and see, otherwise this book, Indian Economy, will trouble you. Write and now is the time,

whatever sins were committed earlier, they are committed now. Now remember them together, there are 8 chapters.

If you remember them together, it will be easy. If you don't do it today, it will keep on accumulating, okay. So today, chapter number 1,

everyone has to remember. What is this? What are the contents of this? Just take a screenshot of this. You should know this.

Let's start with the very first topic, the purpose of British or aim of Britishers. Why were Britishers here?

So see, the main purpose of Britishers was to use Indian Economy as a feeder economy.

Sir, why feeder economy? Because India was rich in resources. In fact, India is rich in resources.

Yes, even after so much exploitation, India still has so many resources that other nations can only imagine.

So we have so many resources, at that time, Britishers thought that India can help us in both things.

The first thing, India has a lot of raw material, so we will take the raw material from here.

There we will make things from machines and India is a very big market, there is so much population,

it is such a big country. So there was a market for them from where they could do business.

Now our poor innocent people who knew nothing about business at that time and Britishers were very good. They were very smart, they understood what business is.

So they came to India, stole all the raw material from India and sold our goods here. So our goods were sold to us

only by changing the form. The real entrepreneurs were the same. So see what is written here.

The main purpose of British rule was to use the Indian economy as a feeder economy. Feeder means to feed them. Finally, after 200 years, India gained independence on 15th August.

Britishers took over raw material, they used to take raw material from here. And they used to sell us the finished goods.

These basic things should be known. One more point that you should know is that when did the British rule start?

The British rule started with the Battle of Plassey. And the Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 between the East India Company

and the Nawabs of Bengal. And from there, the East India Company gradually started to take over India.

You should know this. Now comes how was the Indian economy before the arrival of Britishers.

How was our economy before the arrival of Britishers? Number one, Prosperous economy.

What does Prosperous mean? It means that we were very happy here. All the people were very happy. They used to do production for themselves.

They used to sell the goods. They used to earn some money. And they used to run their house. So we were very prosperous.

We were not very greedy. We didn't have any interest in any business. We were happy and united.

Number two, Agrarian economy. Agrarian means that most of the people were engaged in agriculture.

Most of the families were engaged in agriculture. The whole family used to work on small lands.

Those who didn't have their own lands used to work on someone else's land. But it used to go on like this.

So our economy, about 75% of the people were engaged in agriculture.

Number three, well known for handicrafts. We are still famous for handicrafts. We were famous for handicrafts even then.

In our country, there are many artists. Many people who work with their hands. They don't work with machines but with their hands. A lot of art. A lot of craft.

Even today, you can see such big temples in our country. Such beautiful things.

So we were very popular for our handicrafts. And Britishers used to get very excited by this. Right.

So Britishers transformed our country into a supplier of raw material. They made us suppliers of raw material.

And made consumers of their finished goods. Which they used to make and bring from machines. Okay.

Now it comes to how Britishers started exploiting. And this exploitation was called

Colonial Exploitation. What does Colonial mean, sir? It means that there are two countries involved in it.

One is the ruling country which in our case was Britain. That is the Britishers. And one is its colony which works for it.

Who made that colony? India. This exploitation was called Colonial Exploitation.

How did they do it? To understand this exploitation, we have to understand the exploitation of three sectors.

The first sector is Agriculture. The second sector is Industrial Sector.

The third sector is Foreign Sector. These three sectors were exploited by the Britishers. They made us weak from all sides.

They didn't leave us anywhere in agriculture. Neither in industries nor in the foreign sector.

So how did they exploit? We are going to learn that here. First of all, exploitation in the agriculture sector is the most important question that comes to the exam.

What all things did the Britishers do? The first thing they did was to destroy our agriculture. So the Britishers used some policies to destroy our agriculture.

The first policy was the Land Settlement System. Land Settlement System is also known as Land Settlement System.

The land settlement system was the most harmful for the poor farmer who had no land.

The poor farmer who worked on the land of others. What did the British Government do? The British Government gave a fixed rent.

To charge the people who had the land. So what did the British Government do? The British Government said,

Brother listen, you have the land. We will call you landowners. You are the landowners. You people will exploit the

poor farmer who will work for you. We will not say anything to you. He will come to us to complain.

We will throw him out. You do anything. No matter how much you do. We need a fixed rent. Give us this rent. And you can exploit the poor farmer as much as you want.

You can exploit him as much as you want. We will not say anything to you. So three people were involved in this system.

One was the British Government. Who used to take a fixed rent. One was the landowners.

The landowners had no interest in working. Who used to get all the work done? They used to get it done by tenants.

They used to get it done by the poor farmer. And in return, they used to give him only a little crop. So that his house could run.

Ok, and the third was the poor farmer. The poor farmer used to work from morning to night.

He did not get anything in return. Now the landlord used to give a fixed rent to the British Government.

And the rest of the money that was left, he used to enjoy it. He used to enjoy the luxuries in his life.

He used to roam around and eat. He used to enjoy it. So the Britishers made their own money. The money was made.

The landlords kept enjoying their own. No one tried to improve agriculture on the land. And the land was getting destroyed.

The fertility was getting destroyed. Agriculture started coming down. So see what is written.

Under this system, all the profits that came, the agriculture sector, went to the landlords in the form of loans. The landlords were declared as the owners of the soil.

And they had to pay a fixed amount to the government by way of land revenue. And they were

free to extract as much as they wished from the tillers of the soil. They could extract as much as they wanted from the tillers.

They had to give one part of that to the government. The rest they used to enjoy themselves. They used to have fun.

The development of agriculture was not possible. The second thing that the Britishers did was to commercialize our agriculture.

Sir, what is commercialization? What is commercialization, children? The crops that we used to grow earlier, our agriculture was subsistence.

Subsistence means that we grew crops, used them in our family, and were living a good life.

What did we grow? Normally, we used to grow wheat, rice. The things that we used to consume.

We used to grow such goods, such crops. The Britishers said that if they will keep growing this,

then how will we do business? So the Britishers forced our farmers that they will not grow this.

Stop growing food crops, grow cash crops. Sir, what are cash crops? Crops that make money. Cotton, indigo, tea, coffee. Grow this. If you grow this, then money will be made from this.

So the Britishers commercialized our agriculture with subsistence. See what is written here.

It means the production of crops for sale in the market, then for self-consumption.

Indian markets are subsistence markets, but Britishers finished the subsistence system. The Britishers finished the subsistence and commercialized it.

Third, there was no productivity in our agriculture. Why was productivity decreasing?

What was the reason? First of all, low level of technology. We didn't have any technology and

no one was working for that technology. No irrigation facilities. There was no water system. From where does the crop grow?

From water. There is no water. It takes money. No one is working on it. The British Government was exploiting it.

There were no fertilizers, no insecticides, no pesticides. We didn't have anything.

We were entirely dependent on rainfall as well as on God for good productivity. After that, children, the biggest problem was investment problem.

We didn't take money on agriculture. See what is written here. Indian agriculture was facing scarcity of investment in terracing. What is terracing? Terracing is a technique of farming

by which crops are planted in a good way and good crops are maintained with fertility. It was not possible. Flood control was not possible. There was no drainage.

So, all these problems were in agriculture sector. Okay. After this, how industrial sector was finished? Number one, deindustrialization was done.

Children, industrialization is to start an industry. Deindustrialization is to stop an industry.

So, what did the Britishers do? They systematically deindustrialized our handicrafts industry.

It means they did not forcefully tell us to stop the industry. They made such a system which stopped itself.

Sir, how did it stop? They used to take raw material from here at cheaper rates.

And they used to make machine-made products from it. They used to make machine-made products

and sell it in India. Now, tell me one thing. India is such a big market. There is so much demand.

That demand cannot be fulfilled with handmade goods. To fulfill that demand, machine-made goods will be needed.

So, if machine-made goods will be needed, then where will the machines come from? We do not have machines.

We do not have money. So, only the Britishers were able to bring so many supplies. Now, there was a lot of

machine-made goods in the market. Secondly, the things made from machines seemed to be of good quality to our people.

Because, brother, there is a difference between what is made by hand and what is made by machine. Right?

So, our Indian people started adopting that thing. Even today, we have adopted Western culture. And those who have not adopted it, they are going there.

So, why did you adopt it? Because it seemed that these things are very good. It seemed exciting. Gradually,

what happened? Demand for only British products started to increase. The demand for our handmade goods also started to decrease.

So, the industries started to shut down. This is called de-industrialization. Secondly, what happens? Discriminatory tariff policy. Sir, what is discriminatory tariff policy?

They made a policy of taxes on us, which had a lot of discrimination. Sir, what kind of discrimination was there?

See, what did those people do? They used to export raw material tax-free from here.

Take all the raw material they need from India tax-free. Export of raw material tax-free. Okay?

And from there, they used to import their products tax-free. If they want to import anything from there, then that too is tax-free.

But if we want to export our handicrafts, heavy taxes are imposed on them. We were not allowed to sell our handicrafts outside.

They were taking our raw material for free. What were they bringing from there?

Their machine-made goods for free. So, in this way, because of this discrimination of the Britishers, because of this tax policy, our handicrafts industry could not grow.

And our industrial sector fell down very rapidly. The agricultural sector end with these policies.

The industrial sector ended with these policies. The Britishers were so clever that they did not want to leave us anywhere.

They wanted exploitation in a complete way. Do you understand? So, India faced a lot of problems.

There have been a lot of such problems in India. So, this was their major policy to end our industrial sector.

So, to end the industrial sector, they took two policies. Deindustrialization and discriminatory tariff policy.

After that, what was the third one? Competition with machine-made goods.

I have already told you that in our India, people's attention went towards machine-made goods.

They were of good quality. They had a lot of supply. They looked cheap.

So, they competed so much that our domestic producers could not take it. After that, low contribution to GDP. Industries were getting destroyed. Production was not happening.

So, in GDP, the contribution of the industry was also falling. After that, who faced the biggest problem? Those people who were employed

in the industrial sector. Their business was shut down. So, we had to face a lot of unemployment problems

because of decay of industries. Because of decline in industries. So, four problems came to the agricultural sector.

Land settlement, commercialization, low level of productivity, scarcity of investment.

Five came to the industrial sector. Deindustrialization. Discriminatory tariff policy. Competition. GDP was destroyed. And unemployment in the handicraft industry.

So, today you have to remember all these things. You have to write them down. Do not forget them.

If you do not write them down, there will be a problem. Okay? Let's go, sir. There are some more points.

First of all, lack of capital good industries. What are capital good industries, guys? Those which make machines, tools, big cars.

These are called capital good industries. We did not have capital good industries.

They were very less than. Sir, why was this happening? Because the public sector, the government, had a less than role. They did not spend on industries. Look, it is written.

Public sector did nothing for the industrial sector. Public sector remained confined only to. Who were they focusing on?

Railways, communication, power. This was only for themselves. Because it was helping them.

These things were not helping us. These things were only helping them. So, remember, the public sector did not

play any role for the development of industries. Now, guys, if we talk about foreign trade.

So, in foreign trade, the foreign trade of India, there were mainly three things. First of all, number one, we had become exporters of what? We were the exporter of raw material.

Primary products means, from here, we were exporting all the raw material.

And we had become importers of machine-made finishes. And all these things were happening mainly in Britain.

Our main foreign trade was towards Britain. More than 50% was towards Britain. Monopoly control of British rule. It was a monopoly of British rule.

And the Indian wealth was drained. Drain means, Britishers tried their best to exploit our wealth in any way. To take all our raw material.

To take all our good things and sell it to us. So, these Britishers, they were trying to exploit our wealth. So, these Britishers had major policies under the foreign trade. Okay? Got it?

So, mainly, the points you are going to read are in the agriculture industry. In the foreign sector, our trade was mostly with Britain.

What we were exporting? Primary products. What we were importing? Finish goods. All this is written in it.

Next comes, guys, our occupation structure. Occupation structure is often asked. Question is asked in three numbers.

What was our occupational structure under the British rule? How many people were working in which sector?

So, it refers to the distribution of working population across primary, secondary and tertiary sectors.

Okay? So, if we tell about occupation, guys, we had agriculture as the principal source of occupation.

Most of the people were dependent on agriculture. So, during the colonial period,

75% of our population was engaged in agriculture. After that, in the industry, but the industry started to close down gradually.

So, an insignificant source was the occupation of the industry. On the eve of independence,

barely 9% of the working population in India was engaged in manufacturing industries, mining, etc.

In the time of independence, only 9% of the people were in industries. This means that the industries were not equal.

Now, you think how far India has come today. How would the development have been done? Industries were not equal. Okay?

After that, unbalanced growth. Growth was very unbalanced. Some sector growth is happening somewhere and some is not happening somewhere.

We were not able to understand what was going on. Growth is said to be balanced when all the sectors are equally developed.

But we were very unbalanced. There was a lot of regional variation. Like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, the workforce in this was decreasing due to agriculture.

Whereas, it increased in the manufacturing sector and service sector. People of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, they started going towards manufacturing and service sector.

So, region to region there was a lot of variation. In Punjab and Haryana, there was a lot of agriculture.

So, region to region we were also seeing a lot of changes. If we talk about our occupation, mainly agriculture.

Not equal to industry. Growth was very unbalanced. And we also saw a lot of regional variation.

If we talk about the infrastructure, this is a positive for us. That infrastructure was developed.

Railways were developed. Air and water transport was developed. Roads were developed.

Communication was developed. But all of this was developed for themselves. Not for us. So, if it is said that in colonial rule, infrastructure was developed,

then we will say yes. Railway, air transport, water transport, roads, communication, all of this was developed.

But only for the benefit of Britishers. Yes, we are using it today. But mainly, they were benefitted.

What were the positives of the Britishers? What did the Britishers give us? What were the positives of the Britishers? So, number one comes first. Self-sufficiency in food grains.

The Britishers taught us how to grow more. How you can be self-sufficient. And you can even supply. Our farmer was growing so much that he could eat at home.

But the Britishers taught us that our capacity is very good. We can do a lot of big things. So, after the Britishers left,

we became self-sufficient. And even we experienced Number two, Infrastructure development.

I have shown you the infrastructure. The Britishers developed roads, railways, transportation,

communication, all of this which helped us a lot. Next comes the check on famines, which used to be dry earlier.

Things were not there. Now, infrastructure was not there. If it was dry, we did not have so much facility to tell.

there was no communication facility. We could reach there with relief. There was no transportation facility.

So, the Britishers developed all those facilities. Because of this, we could reach there quickly if there was any problem like flood, famine, earthquake. After that,

monetary exchange. We understood the importance of money. We started doing things towards

commercialization through our subsistence. We started thinking towards money. We started earning.

We started understanding the business and started growing. After that, administrative setup.

The administration was set by the entire Britishers. We set the order. We set the law and order. So, we took the hint from there and we were able to move forward.

So, all these were the benefits that the Britishers gave us. Self-sufficiency, infrastructure development,

check on famines, monetary exchange and effective administrative setup. After this,

if we talk about the Indian economy on independence, then how was it? Number one, colonial economy.

Colonial means that they exploited us in a very bad way. Semi-feudal economy. Semi-feudal means that we were forced to

build two classes for children. One is the rich section of the society and other poor section of the society.

That means one is the owner and the other one is the part which will work for them. So, they developed lot of class conflict.

Stagnant economy. Stagnant is the economy which is in very slow growth or no growth. That was the way.

We were backward. Depreciated in a bad way. The over exploitation of our resources was done.

Imputated. Imputated was the division of resources. It was in a very bad way.

There were class conflicts with India, industrial backwardness, industries not equal, completely backward and disturbed.

This was the condition of the Indian economy on the eve of independence. After this comes demographic profile of India.

Demographic profile means that there are some criteria like birth rate, death rate, literacy rate, employment ratio.

In this we see the demographic profile that how the country is, how it is going.

So demographic conditions were giving us all the features of stagnant and backward economy.

That we are completely backward and we have become a country with no growth.

So see what were the conditions of demographic? Both birth rate and death rate were high.

Children were born very fast and people were dying very fast because there were no medical facilities. Infant mortality rate was very high.

Infant mortality rate is where a child dies before the age of one year.

So the child is being born but at the same time he is not able to fulfill his age.

So lack of medical facilities, lack of vaccines, lack of care this caused the problem. This was very high. Extremely low literacy rate. Look, they could've written low but extremely low.

So there was not equal studying. Low life expectancy. People were at an absolutely average age. Children I will say you in this you have to learn the data.

There was a lot of doubt. Please open NCRT and remember the data of demographic profile.

You don't have to remember all the data in Indian ECO, but remember as much data as I say.

Like you pick up your NCRT and according to NCRT, because everyone has different books, so you learn the data and if you write the data in the exam, then which year is it?

Please mention that because there is different data of different years in different books. So you don't have to learn all the data

there are only 2-4 important topics in the whole book. I will tell you which are those 2-4 topics, one of them is this.

Birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, literacy rate, life expectancy means average, how many years a person is living, that too was equal to no, it was very low,

poor health facilities, there were no health facilities and there was a lot of poverty. Widespread poverty,

so if we talk about our demographic conditions, then all this was showing that we were very stagnant and we were very poor.

We were a country with very low growth.

So all this comes to us, children, in our first chapter, which I have told you all.

I hope you will clear chapter number 1 very well, it must have been revised. I had taught you all about

Indian ECO in detail just a month ago, we have done the entire series of Indian ECO in December.

So revision must have been very good again, which we are doing for the first time now, we have to do only 4 things,

watch the video and understand it. Now you just have to read your NCRT once or whatever book you have,

after that you have to write and you have to do understanding and learning. It is very important to understand, learn, read and write.

Do it, learn, one chapter is your target, you have to do it. There is one small surprise, children, let me tell you, tomorrow is Sunday,

tomorrow is Sunday, all the topics I have taught you today, all the topics I have taught you today, we are going to have a small test on that thing.

So in the evening, prepare yourself completely by 7 pm, at 7 pm you will have a video, in which you will have a test paper,

which will have 3 sections, section 1 for business study, section 2 for account, section 3 for economics.

All the things I have taught you, I will give you a test of some of its important questions.

After 7 pm, you can complete it in 2-2.5 hours, at 10 pm there will be another video,

in which I will give you its answer. So you have to match with the answer, check how many marks you have,

and then tell everyone in the comments that sir, we have come to this number and we are so prepared.

Right, so we will meet tomorrow Sunday, not for a long time, you will just have a test paper, and along with that, its answer will come.

Test paper at 7 pm, answer at 10 pm, be ready for the test at 7 pm, to match it at 10 pm.

Right, for accounts, PST, economics, first week is done, we will meet on Monday, we will continue our studies ahead.

Thank you so much everyone for joining in, I am gonna see you all super soon, till then see ya, take care, bye bye.