English File Pre Intermediate Third Edition - unit 10A - track 4.37
Summary
TLDRThis episode of 'Science Today' highlights the contributions of women inventors who have significantly impacted modern life. From Josephine Cochran's dishwasher in 1886 to Mary Anderson's windshield wipers in 1903, these inventions have made daily tasks easier. Marion Donovan's disposable diapers in 1950 revolutionized childcare, while Betty Graham's 'Lipstick' (Tip-Ex) in 1956 simplified corrections. Stephanie Kwolek's Kevlar in 1966, a material stronger than steel, has saved countless lives through bulletproof vests. The program challenges the notion that all inventions are male-led, showcasing the ingenuity of women.
Takeaways
- 👩🔬 The dishwasher was invented by Josephine Cochran in 1886 to address the issue of her servants breaking dishes during washing.
- 🍽 Josephine's invention was initially adopted by hotels and restaurants before becoming a household appliance used worldwide.
- 🚗 Mary Anderson invented the windscreen wipers in 1903, solving the visibility problem for drivers during rain or snow.
- 👶 Marion Donovan created disposable nappies in 1950, which significantly eased the lives of parents and later evolved into more eco-friendly options.
- 📝 Betty Naismith Graham invented 'Lipstick', also known as 'Mistake Out' or 'Tip-Ex', in 1956 to correct typing errors without starting over.
- 💄 Mrs. Graham's invention turned her into a wealthy woman and her son Mike Naismith became a member of the famous American group, The Monkees.
- 🛡️ Stephanie Kwolek invented Kevlar in 1966, a material stronger than steel and lighter, which is used in bulletproof vests.
- 🏆 Kevlar's invention has potentially saved thousands of lives, highlighting the impact of women's contributions in safety and security.
- 🌟 The script emphasizes that women inventors have made significant contributions to various aspects of modern life, challenging the common perception that invention is a male-dominated field.
- 📚 The program 'Science Today' highlights the stories of women inventors, bringing their achievements to light and inspiring future generations.
- 🔍 The script serves as a reminder to look beyond the obvious and recognize the often-overlooked contributions of women in the field of invention.
Q & A
What invention is discussed at the beginning of the script that has made a significant impact on daily life?
-The script begins by discussing the invention of the dishwasher by Josephine Cochran, which has made a significant impact on daily life by making dishwashing more efficient and safe.
Who is credited with the invention of the dishwasher, and why did she invent it?
-Josephine Cochran is credited with inventing the dishwasher. She invented it because she was annoyed by her servants breaking plates and glasses while washing them after parties.
What was the initial market for Josephine Cochran's dishwasher invention?
-Initially, Josephine Cochran's dishwasher was targeted at hotels and restaurants, but it has since become a household appliance used by millions worldwide.
Which woman invented the windscreen wipers, and what problem did it solve?
-Mary Anderson invented the windscreen wipers, solving the problem of drivers not being able to see clearly during rain or snowfall, as they previously had to open their windows.
What significant contribution did Marion Donovan make to childcare with her invention?
-Marion Donovan invented disposable nappies, which significantly improved the convenience and hygiene of childcare by allowing for easy disposal after use.
Why was Marion Donovan's invention of disposable nappies not immediately adopted by companies?
-Although Marion Donovan invented disposable nappies in 1950, it took until 1961 for an American company to buy her idea, indicating a lag in the adoption of this innovation.
What invention by Betty Naismith Graham revolutionized the way secretaries handled typing mistakes?
-Betty Naismith Graham invented a white liquid called 'Type-X' that could be used to paint over typing mistakes, eliminating the need to start over on a new sheet of paper.
What was the impact of Betty Naismith Graham's invention on her personal life?
-Betty Naismith Graham's invention of 'Type-X' made her a very rich woman, and her son Mike Naismith became a famous pop star as a member of the American group, the Monkees.
Who invented Kevlar, and what is its primary use?
-Stephanie Kwolek invented Kevlar, a material that is incredibly strong and lightweight, primarily used in the production of bulletproof vests.
How has Stephanie Kwolek's invention of Kevlar potentially impacted lives globally?
-Stephanie Kwolek's invention of Kevlar has likely saved thousands of lives by providing effective protection in bulletproof vests for policemen, soldiers, and politicians worldwide.
What is the overarching theme of the script in terms of historical contributions?
-The overarching theme of the script is to highlight the significant yet often overlooked contributions of women inventors throughout history who have made substantial impacts on various aspects of modern life.
Outlines
👩🔬 Women Inventors: Unsung Heroes of Innovation
This paragraph introduces the theme of the video script, which is to highlight the contributions of women inventors who have significantly impacted our daily lives. It challenges the common misconception that all famous inventors are men by presenting examples of women who invented the dishwasher, windshield wipers, disposable diapers, and more. The script emphasizes that these inventions have made a substantial difference in the way we live today, and it invites the audience to reconsider their assumptions about the gender of inventors.
🍽️ The Invention of the Dishwasher by Josephine Cochran
The first detailed summary focuses on Josephine Cochran, a wealthy American who invented the dishwasher in 1886. Frustrated by the breakage of her tableware during manual washing by servants after parties, she decided to invent a machine to safely wash a large number of plates and glasses. Initially, her invention was adopted by hotels and restaurants, but it eventually became a household appliance used by millions worldwide.
🌧️ Mary Anderson's Life-Changing Windshield Wipers
The second summary discusses Mary Anderson's invention of the windshield wipers in 1903. Prior to her invention, drivers had to open their windows to see through rain or snow, which was highly inconvenient and dangerous. Anderson's invention revolutionized driving safety by allowing clear visibility in adverse weather conditions, and it has since become a standard feature in vehicles.
👶 Marion Donovan's Convenient Disposable Diapers
This summary highlights Marion Donovan's invention of disposable diapers in 1950. Coming from a family of inventors, Donovan created a nappy that could be used once and then discarded, which was a significant improvement over the reusable cloth diapers of the time. Although it took until 1961 for an American company to adopt her idea, disposable diapers are now used by millions daily and have been made more eco-friendly with biodegradable options.
✍️ Betty Naismith Graham's Typing Mistake Solution: Tipp-Ex
The fourth summary tells the story of Betty Naismith Graham, who invented Tipp-Ex (correction fluid) in 1956. As a secretary, she faced the frustration of having to start over on a new sheet of paper every time a typing mistake was made. Her invention allowed for mistakes to be painted over, which not only saved time but also made her a wealthy woman. Her son, Mike Naismith, also found fame as a member of the American pop group, The Monkees.
🛡️ Stephanie Kwolek's Kevlar: A Material for Protection
The final summary in the script describes Stephanie Kwolek's invention of Kevlar in 1966. This lightweight yet incredibly strong material is stronger than steel and is used in the production of bulletproof vests. Kevlar's invention has likely saved thousands of lives by providing effective protection for law enforcement, military personnel, and politicians. The script concludes by reinforcing the message that women inventors have made indispensable contributions to society.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Inventors
💡Josephine Cochran
💡Dishwasher
💡Mary Anderson
💡Windscreen Wipers
💡Marion Donovan
💡Disposable Nappies
💡Betty Naismith Graham
💡Kevlar
💡Stephanie Kwolek
💡Innovation
Highlights
Introduction to the topic of women inventors in history.
Josephine Cochran invented the dishwasher in 1886 to solve the problem of broken plates and glasses during washing.
Josephine was motivated to invent the dishwasher due to her frustration with servants breaking items after dinner parties.
The dishwasher was initially adopted by hotels and restaurants before becoming a household appliance.
Mary Anderson invented the windscreen wiper in 1903 to improve visibility during poor weather conditions.
Before Anderson's invention, drivers had to open their windows to clear the windscreen during rain or snow.
Marion Donovan created disposable nappies in 1950, revolutionizing childcare and convenience for parents.
Donovan's invention was not commercialized until 1961 when an American company bought the idea.
The development of biodegradable disposable nappies has made Donovan's invention more eco-friendly.
Betty Naismith Graham invented 'Lipstick' or 'Tip-Ex' in 1956 to correct typing mistakes without starting over.
Graham's invention made her a wealthy woman and her son Mike Naismith became a famous pop star.
Stephanie Kwolek invented Kevlar in 1966, a material stronger than steel and lighter, used in bulletproof vests.
Kevlar's invention has potentially saved thousands of lives, including those of policemen, soldiers, and politicians.
The program challenges the common misconception that all significant inventions were made by men.
The various inventions discussed highlight the substantial contributions of women to modern conveniences and safety.
Transcripts
4.37
[Music]
good afternoon and welcome to another
edition of science today in today's
program we're going to hear about women
inventors
when we think of famous inventors we
usually think of men people like
Alexander Graham Bell who yell mow
Marconi Thomas Edison but as Sally will
tell us many of the things which make
our lives easier today were invented by
women that's absolutely right
let's take the dishwasher for example
this was invented by a woman called
Josephine Cochran in 1886 she was a rich
American who gave a lot of dinner
parties but she was annoyed that her
servants used to break plates and
glasses when they were washing up after
a party so Josephine decided to try and
invent a machine which could wash a lot
of plates and glasses safely
apparently she said if nobody else is
going to invent a dishwasher
then I will she designed the machine and
then she found a company to make it at
first only hotels and restaurants bought
Josephine's new machine but today the
dishwasher is used by millions of people
all over the world the car was invented
by a man but it was a woman Mary
Anderson who in 1903 solved one of the
biggest problems of driving until her
invention it was impossible for drivers
to see where they were going when it was
raining or snowing they had to open
their window the name of Mary's
invention windscreen wipers an invention
that definitely improved the lives of
millions of people was disposable
nappies they were invented by a woman
called Marion Donovan her father and
uncle were inventors and when she had
young children she sat down and invented
a nappy that you could use and then
throw away anybody who has a small baby
will know what a big difference
disposable nappies make to our lives but
although she invented it in 1950
it wasn't until 1961 that an American
company bought Marion's idea today
millions of disposable nappies are used
every day and Marion's invention has
been made more eco-friendly now you can
buy biodegradable nappies and now to our
next inventor in 1956
Betty Naismith Graham was working as a
secretary like all secretaries at that
time she used to get very frustrated and
angry when she made typing mistakes in
those days if you made a mistake you had
to get a new sheet of paper and start
again from the beginning then she had a
brilliant idea which was to use a white
liquid to paint over mistakes her
invention is called tip X today mrs.
Graham was a divorced mother and her
invention made her a very rich woman her
son Mike Naismith became a famous pop
star he was a member of the American
group the Monkees
and finally policemen soldiers and
politicians all over the world are
protected by something which was
invented by a woman in 1966 Stephanie
Kwolek invented Kevlar a special
material which was very light but
incredibly strong much stronger than
metal this material is used to make
bulletproof vests
Stephanie's invention has probably saved
thousands of lives
thanks very much Sally so if you thought
that everything was invented by men
think again
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