Introduction to MAPS! [AP Human Geography Review—Unit 1 Topic 1]
Summary
TLDRSteve Heimler introduces AP Human Geography students to the critical role of maps in understanding spatial patterns. He explains different types of spatial patterns, map features like scale and direction, and the distinction between reference and thematic maps. Heimler also highlights five common map projections, discussing their distortions and uses, emphasizing the Robinson projection's balanced approach. His engaging style aims to demystify geography for students seeking to excel in their exams.
Takeaways
- 🌏 The script introduces the importance of maps in AP Human Geography, emphasizing their role in depicting spatial patterns of geographic features.
- 📚 Steve Heimler, the instructor, likens the AP class to a 'giant Hairy Beast' to convey its initial daunting nature but promises to break it down for students.
- 🔍 The concept of 'spatial patterns' is explained as the arrangement of geographic features on Earth's surface, which geographers analyze for underlying reasons.
- 📏 Four types of spatial patterns are discussed: absolute distance, relative distance, absolute direction, relative direction, clustering and dispersal, and elevation.
- 📐 The script explains map features like scale, direction, and the difference between map scale and the scale of the map's view.
- 🗺️ Reference maps are defined as those displaying geographic locations, such as road or political maps, and are contrasted with thematic maps.
- 🎨 Thematic maps are specialized for displaying geographic information, with five types highlighted: choropleth, cartogram, graduated symbol, dot distribution, and isoline maps.
- 📈 The script uses examples, like the cholera outbreak in London, to illustrate how thematic maps can reveal spatial relationships and solve real-world problems.
- 🌍 Map projections are discussed, showing how no map can perfectly represent the Earth's three-dimensional surface on a two-dimensional plane.
- 📊 Five key map projections are introduced: Mercator, Peters, Goode's homolosine, polar, and Robinson, each with its own advantages and distortions.
- 🔗 The instructor promotes an AP Human Geography review guide as a resource for students to achieve high scores on their exams.
Q & A
What is the main focus of AP Human Geography, according to Steve Heimler?
-The main focus of AP Human Geography, as explained by Steve Heimler, is to understand spatial patterns and how geographic features are arranged on the Earth's surface. It involves the study of maps, which are at the heart of the discipline.
What does the term 'spatial patterns' refer to in the context of geography?
-In the context of geography, 'spatial patterns' refers to the study of how and where different geographic features occur on the Earth's surface, and the analysis of their arrangement.
What are the four distinct kinds of spatial patterns that Steve Heimler mentions in the script?
-The four distinct kinds of spatial patterns mentioned are absolute distance, relative distance, absolute direction, and relative direction.
How does Steve Heimler describe the difference between absolute distance and relative distance?
-Absolute distance is a measurable distance in feet, miles, or kilometers, while relative distance measures social, cultural, or political differences or similarities between two locations.
What is the significance of maps in the study of human geography?
-Maps are significant in the study of human geography because they are tools that depict spatial patterns, helping geographers understand the arrangement of geographic features and the reasons behind it.
What are the common features of a map that Steve Heimler discusses?
-The common features of a map discussed by Steve Heimler include the map scale, direction indicators like a compass rose, and the representation of the Earth's surface at various scales.
What are the two broad categories of maps that Steve Heimler introduces?
-The two broad categories of maps introduced by Steve Heimler are reference maps and thematic maps.
What is the purpose of a choropleth map in thematic mapping?
-A choropleth map visualizes data from specific geographic regions using different colors, allowing for the analysis of data distribution across areas.
How does a cartogram differ from a traditional map?
-A cartogram distorts the size of geographic shapes to display differences in data, making it easier to visualize variations in data such as resource allocation or population density.
What is the concept of 'selective representation' in maps as discussed by Steve Heimler?
-Selective representation in maps refers to the idea that all maps choose what information to display and are therefore inherently distorted in some way, reflecting a compromise between accuracy and representation.
What are the five map projections that Steve Heimler highlights, and what is the trade-off each makes?
-The five map projections highlighted are the Mercator Projection, Peter's Projection, Goode's Homolographic Projection, Polar Projection, and Robinson Projection. Each projection makes a trade-off between accuracy in shape, size, or direction, with distortion being distributed differently across the map.
Outlines
🌍 Introduction to AP Human Geography and the Importance of Maps
Steve Heimler introduces himself as the instructor for AP Human Geography, a course that might initially seem daunting but is broken down into manageable parts by the teacher. The video emphasizes the central role of maps in human geography, explaining that they are essential tools for depicting spatial patterns on Earth's surface. Spatial patterns refer to the distribution and arrangement of geographic features. The instructor outlines four types of spatial patterns: absolute distance, relative distance, absolute direction, relative direction, clustering and dispersal, and elevation. The explanation includes examples to clarify these concepts. The video also covers the basic features of maps, such as scale, direction indicators, and the representation of the Earth's surface at different scales. Reference maps and thematic maps are introduced as two broad categories of maps that students need to understand, with reference maps showing specific geographic locations and thematic maps displaying geographic information allocations.
🗺️ Understanding Thematic Maps and Map Projections
This paragraph delves into the specifics of thematic maps, which are designed to display geographic information through various visualization techniques. Five types of thematic maps are discussed: choropleth maps that use color to represent data from specific regions, cartograms that distort landmass sizes to reflect data differences, graduated symbol maps that use symbols scaled to represent data, dot distribution maps that plot data points using dots, and isoline maps that use lines to show data changes, often in elevation. The instructor uses historical examples, such as John Snow's use of a dot distribution map to identify the source of a cholera outbreak, to illustrate the practical applications of these maps. The latter part of the summary addresses the inherent distortion in maps due to the challenge of representing a three-dimensional Earth on a two-dimensional surface. Five types of map projections are introduced: Mercator, Peter's, Goode's homolosine, polar, and Robinson, each with its own strengths and distortions. The Robinson projection is highlighted as a modern preference among geographers for its balanced approach to minimizing distortion.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Human Geography
💡Spatial Patterns
💡Absolute Distance
💡Relative Distance
💡Absolute Direction
💡Relative Direction
💡Clustering and Dispersal
💡Elevation
💡Map Scale
💡Reference Maps
💡Thematic Maps
💡Map Projections
Highlights
Introduction to AP Human Geography and its relation to maps as fundamental tools.
Explanation of spatial patterns and how they are represented on maps.
Definition of absolute distance and its representation on maps.
Introduction of relative distance and its social, cultural, or political implications.
Description of absolute direction and its cardinal orientation on maps.
Concept of relative direction and its usefulness in navigation.
Discussion on clustering and dispersal as spatial patterns on maps.
Importance of elevation in mapping and its representation.
Identification of common map features such as scale, direction, and representation of the Earth's surface.
Differentiation between reference maps and thematic maps.
Description of choropleth maps and their use in displaying geographic data.
Explanation of cartograms and their distortion for data representation.
Introduction to graduated symbol maps and their proportional representation of data.
Use of dot distribution maps in historical disease tracking and data visualization.
Explanation of isoline maps and their depiction of data changes, particularly in elevation.
Discussion on the selectivity and distortion inherent in all maps.
Overview of different map projections and their respective distortions.
Critique of the Mercator Projection and its historical context.
Introduction of the Peters Projection and its challenge to the Eurocentric view.
Description of the Goode's Homolographic Projection and its shape accuracy.
Explanation of the Polar Projection and its accuracy near the center.
Advantages of the Robinson Projection as a compromise among map projections.
Conclusion and call to action for using the AP Human Geography review guide for exam preparation.
Transcripts
okay look at this map and tell me if you
can see what's wrong with it do you see
it okay try this map what's wrong with
this one okay well here's another and it
also has something very wrong about in
fact I'll go one step further and say
every one of these map s is allowed
memories well stick with me and I'll
show you exactly what's wrong with those
Maps but we got some ground to cover
first this is the first time we're
meeting up my name is Steve heimler and
you are taking AP Human Geography which
for a lot of you is your first AP core
and I know this class can seem like a
giant Hairy Beast with meatball breath
that could curl your toe hairs but stick
with me because I'm about to split up
everything real nice for you so if
you're ready to get them brain cows
milks well let's get to it okay if you
are hoping to crush that AP exam in your
mind Vice then you have to begin at the
beginning and get real cozy with maps
because these sweet little bippies are
at the very heart of the discipline of
human geography and the reason maps are
so important is because they are tools
that depict spatial patterns all right
now hold on I just started hurling
vocabulary around like a cold fish at a
Seaside Market so let me Define what I'm
talking about the word spatial is
related to the word space so spatial
patterns are concerned with how and
where different geographic features
occur on the Earth's surface so for
example look at where the 10 largest U.S
cities are located on this map and what
a geographer gets positively giddy about
is trying to figure out why these cities
are spatially arranged like this and not
like this or what does it mean that the
two most populous cities are on opposite
sides of the country why does Texas have
three of the largest cities but this
area up here has got Buck okay now there
are four distinct kinds of spatial
patterns you're going to see represented
in maps first is absolute distance which
is a distance that could be measured in
feet or miles or if you're nasty
kilometers for example the absolute
distance between Yosemite National Park
and Rocky Mountain National Park is 954
miles however there's a related concept
that cannot be depicted on maps namely a
relative distance which measures social
cultural or political differences or
similarities between two locations for
example this is a map showing the income
levels across a neighborhood in Brooklyn
New York you see this little green
square people who live there make a lot
of money and likely perform their
morning constitutional on gold-plated
toilets but the people who live here in
the red square if they make very little
money so these two areas are only a
block apart in terms of absolute
distance but in terms of relative
distance they're much further apart in
terms of the lifestyles that people are
living in each place okay the second
kind of spatial pattern depicted on maps
is absolute Direction which is
essentially north south east and west
also known as cardinal direction but
again there is a related concept that
cannot be depicted on maps namely a
relative Direction which describes one
location in reference to another for
example if you're a freshman you don't
know your way around your school yet
maybe you need to ask your teacher for
directions to your second period
classroom if your teacher gives you
absolute directions let's just go North
by Northwest for 32 paces and then do
East for 14 paces and you'll find well
then you might as well drop out of
school because you're never going to
find that class but if she says take a
left out of my room or write down the
next hall and then you'll find it well
then that's actually kind of helpful and
that's what we mean by relative
Direction now the third spatial pattern
depicted on maps is clustering and
dispersal both of which show how
different phenomena are organized across
an area a phenomena are cluster that
means they're close together like
apartment buildings in New York City but
a phenomena are dispersed that means
they're far apart like farms in the
Midwest and then finally the fourth
spatial pattern depicted on maps is
elevation which measures the height of
geographic features relative to sea
level this part right here is real high
and this part is real low okay now any
map worth itself is going to have a few
common features and you need to know
what they mean first you have the map
scale which tells you how distance on
the map relates to distance in the real
world and you might see it like this in
a ratio of form or you might see it
represented by a bar but they're both
telling you the same thing second Maps
include some way to reckon Direction and
usually this is represented by a compass
rose which indicates the cardinal
directions north south east and west or
if the compass rose is a little spicier
it might give you intermediate
directions as well and third Maps depict
the Earth's surface at various scales
hold on didn't we just talk about scale
like 30 seconds ago kind of but this is
not the same thing so pay attention a
map scale tells us about distance but
the scale of the map tells us how much
of the world we're seeing on this map
and this is about the whole map itself
so a large scale map zooms into a
particular area and has a lot more
detail but a small scale map zooms out
to a national or global scale and has
less detail so don't get those two
confused too late okay now there are two
broad categories of maps that you need
to know for this course namely reference
maps and thematic Maps but hey before I
explain that let me ask you a question
do you want to get an A in this class in
a five on your exam in May I thought you
did well if you need help making that
happen then click the link in the
description and check out my AP Human
Geography High the review guide which
has everything you need to study as fast
as possible it's got exclusive whole
unit review videos no guides to follow
along practice multiple choice questions
of full length practice exam and answers
for every dank thing I just mentioned so
if doing well is the kind of thing
you're into then get that clicky finger
out and have a look anyway back to the
two kinds of maps you need to know first
you need to know about reference Maps
which display specific Geographic
locations for example here's a road map
which shows the location of you know
roads or highways or here's a political
map which doesn't show roads but instead
shows the boundaries of states and
countries probably for most of you when
you think about the maps that you've
seen in your life you're thinking about
reference and the most important thing
to remember here is that reference Maps
display Geographic locations and I
emphasize that because the other
category of map you need to know is
thematic maps and they specialize in
displaying geographic information
allocations information if you're about
as confused as a bagel and a bucket of
grits well let me try to explain the
difference by showing you the five kinds
of thematic Maps you're going to see
over and over again in this course first
is the choropleth map which visualizes
data from a specific geographic region
in different colors so let's suppose
that they the questions keeping you up
at night is how many anglicans live in
Australia and where do they live I know
it's like I'm inside your brain anyway a
choropleth map like this can help you
answer that question in order to
interpret this mishmash of colors you
need to pay attention to this scale
right here so that tells us that the
darker the green the more anglicans
there are in a location and the lighter
the green the fewer smell it when I'm
stepping in good okay now the second
kind of thematic map you need to know is
a cartogram which distorts the size of
geographic shapes to display differences
in data so here's what a normal world
map looks like it's a lie I know I I'll
get there I will get that I suppose you
wanted to know which of the world's
countries devoted most of its resources
to organic farming well this cartogram
is going to tell you I know this looks
like less of a map and more like
somebody ate a map and vomited it back
up but look it's actually very helpful
just by distorting the sizes of the land
masses you can see easily that Australia
is positively killing it when it comes
to organic farming Russia not so much
okay now the Third Kind of thematic map
you need to know is the graduated symbol
map or you might see this called a
proportional map two different names
same thing and why well because a b
Human Geography hates anyway graduated
means that the symbol grows in
proportion to the data represented for
example here's a map of Europe which
tells us which countries are the
wealthiest over here in Western Europe
they got boom boom flowing like a river
but in Eastern Europe well I mean you
guys are doing just great you just
believe in yourself okay now The Fourth
Kind of thematic map you need to know is
the dot distribution map which uses dots
to visualize the location of certain
data points hey I can see you're
starting to glaze over but stay with me
it's story time so back in the mid-1800s
there was an outbreak of a disease in
London called cholera and it was making
a lot of people really sick on account
of it made them poop until they were
severely dehydrated so that's fun anyway
the best explanation people can figure
out as to why this disease was spreading
so rapidly was because of bad air that's
it that was the best they could do but
then came along our boy Jon Snow who
visited every place where an infection
occurred and then plotted them on a wait
for it dot distribution map which you
can see right here in doing this he
discovered that the infections were
spatially arranged around a common water
pump and long story short he discovered
that the people were getting sick
because the water was contaminated why
are you not falling out of your seats
right now that's
honesty okay whatever or instead of
disease you might see a map like this in
which the dots represent population so
we can see that in Sweden everyone lives
down here and not so much up here in the
butt cold Arctic Circle okay finally the
fifth kind of thematic map you need to
know is the isoline map which uses lines
to depict changes in data that could be
any kind of data but you'll probably see
this most often in maps depicting
changes in elevation so here where the
lines are close that means data is
changing rapidly in this case you're
looking at a really steep hill but if
the lines are further apart the data is
changing slowly like here where it's
just sort of a gradual descent okay now
that we've become relatively cozy and
acquainted with what maps are and what
they are good for we can finally figure
out what's wrong with all those Maps I
showed you in the beginning here's where
I tell you that all maps are selective
in what they present and distorted in
some way and let me explain in case you
didn't know the Earth is a sphere and if
there are any flat earthers watching
this well you know I mean this probably
is not the course for you but I still
love you but anyway the Earth is a
sphere and any attempt to represent a
three-dimensional object on a
two-dimensional map will always mean
that something doesn't look right that
there's going to be some kind of a lie
in every man the best way to understand
this is to consider five different map
projections that you're going to need to
know first is the Mercator Projection
which is a map whose latitude and
longitude lines meet at right angles
which means that it's a really good map
for determining Direction but the LIE of
this map is that while landforms are
accurate near the equator the further
north or south you go you're going to
see prodigious amounts of distortion
this map was created by Europeans during
the age of Discovery and it was very
useful for guiding ships to distant
lands and bonus it makes Europe look way
bigger than it really is anyway the
classic example of Mercator Distortion
is Greenland on the Mercator map
Greenland is about five metric butt
loads larger than it is in real life
look if we move it down to the equator
you can see its true size and oh look
how cute it is okay the second map
projection you need to know is the
Peter's projection which was developed
to challenge the eurocentric Mercator
projection by depicting continents
according to the true size of their land
but the lie here is that while the size
of the land masses are accurate the true
shape of them is uh wonky as hell okay
the third map projection to know is the
good homolysing projection which
accurately represents the shapes of the
land masses but has to break up the
oceans to do so which is you know a lot
and then the fourth map projection you
need to know is the polar projection
which views the world from the North or
South Pole this kind of projection
directions are true and the land shapes
are accurate near the middle but
Distortion is pretty obvious As you move
from the center and finally The Fifth
map projection you need to know is the
Robinson projection which distributes
all kinds of distortion to all parts of
the map and in this way it's a kind of
compromise between the Mercator and
Peter's projections there is some
Distortion in the land masses but it's
pretty minimal and that's why modern
geographers tend to prefer the Robinson
projection Okay click here to keep
reviewing for unit one and click here to
grab my AP hug heimler review guide if
you need help getting an A in your class
and a five on your examine thanks for
coming around and I'll catch on the
flip-flop heimler out
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