Sejarah Medan menjadi Kota

Aron Arts

12 Sept 202205:11

Summary

TLDRThe script narrates the historical evolution of Medan, which started as a small settlement and became the capital of Deli Sultanate and East Sumatra. After the Dutch received a concession for tobacco cultivation, Medan developed into a trade and administrative center. It experienced two major waves of immigration, first with contract laborers from China, India, and Java, and later with Minangkabau, Mandailing, and Aceh people for trade and education. By 1918, Medan was officially a city with diverse communities and had expanded significantly from its Dutch colonial era size.

Takeaways

🏘️ Initially, Medan was just a village while the capital of the Deli Sultanate was in Labuhan.
🚬 The Dutch received a land concession from the Sultan of Deli for tobacco cultivation, shifting the focus of agriculture away from Labuhan.
🛍️ After settling in Labuhan, Jacob Nenehouse, the founder of the Deli Tobacco Company, moved to Medan in 1869, establishing his residence and the company's headquarters.
📈 Medan's development into a trading center led to it becoming the administrative center in 1879, with the capital of the Deli Resident moved from Labuhan to Medan.
🏛 The Deli Sultanate's palace was also relocated to Medan, coinciding with the completion of the Maimun Palace on May 18, 1891.
🌐 The capital of the Deli Sultanate officially moved to Medan, marking a significant shift in the region's political center.
🌊 Medan experienced two major waves of immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the first wave involving Chinese, Indian, and Javanese contract laborers for plantations.
🛑 After 1880, the Dutch stopped bringing Chinese laborers due to their tendency to escape and cause unrest, leading to a focus on Javanese laborers.
📚 The second wave of immigration included Minangkabau, Mandailing, and Acehnese who came to Medan for trading, teaching, and religious roles, not plantation work.
🏙️ In 1915, the position of the East Sumatra Resident was elevated to Governor, and on April 1, 1918, Medan officially became a city with its first mayor, Baron Daniel Meke.
📜 The Sultan of Deli ceded the land of Medan to the city, placing it under direct Dutch control, with the city council's composition determined by ethnicity.
📈 Post-independence, Medan expanded its area significantly from 1853 hectares to 26,510 hectares by 1974, nearly 18 times larger than during the Dutch era.

Q & A

What was the original status of Medan before the Dutch influence?
-Initially, Medan was just a small settlement while the Deli Kingdom was centered in Labuhan.
How did the Dutch obtain the right to cultivate tobacco in the region?
-The Dutch received a land concession from the Sultan of Deli for the cultivation of tobacco.
Why did the development of agriculture shift from Labuhan to Medan?
-After the Dutch received the land concession, the development of agriculture moved away from Labuhan to Medan.
Who was Jacob Nenhouse and what did he do in Medan?
-Jacob Nenhouse was the founder of the Deli Tobacco Company. He moved to Medan in 1869 and established his residence and the tobacco company's office between the Babura and Deli rivers.
What significant event led to Medan becoming the center of trade and government?
-The development of Medan Putri into a trade center and the subsequent move of the Deli Resident's capital from Labuhan to Medan in 1879 marked its rise as a center of trade and government.
When and why was the capital of the Deli Sultanate officially moved to Medan?
-The capital of the Deli Sultanate officially moved to Medan on May 18, 1891, coinciding with the completion of the Maimun Palace.
What were the two major waves of immigration to Medan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
-The first wave included the arrival of Chinese, Indian, and Javanese contract workers for the plantations. The second wave consisted of Minangkabau, Mandailing, and Acehnese who came for trade, education, and religious roles.
Why did the Deli Tobacco Company stop bringing Chinese workers after 1880?
-The company stopped bringing Chinese workers because many of them escaped from the plantations and often caused disturbances.
What was the status of the Eastern Sumatra Resident in 1915, and what change occurred on April 1, 1918?
-In 1915, the Resident of Eastern Sumatra was promoted to the position of governor. On April 1, 1918, the city of Medan officially became a City of Praja or Municipal City with its first mayor, Baron Daniel Meke.
How did the Sultan of Deli contribute to the establishment of Medan as a city under the direct control of the Dutch East Indies?
-The Sultan of Deli transferred the land of Medan City to the GMT Medan through a deed of gift, making it officially a territory under the direct control of the Dutch East Indies.
What was the composition of the city council members in Medan based on ethnic groups?
-The city council of Medan was composed of 10 Europeans, 5 indigenous people, and 2 foreign Asians.
How did the population of Medan change from 1918 to 1974?
-In 1918, Medan had a population of 43,826, consisting of Europeans, indigenous people, Chinese, and other foreign Asians. By 1974, the city had expanded its area from 1853 hectares to 26,510 hectares, indicating a significant increase in population and urban development.

Outlines

00:00

🌱 Early Development and Growth of Medan

This paragraph discusses the initial state of Medan as a small settlement while the Deli Kingdom was centered in Labuhan. It details the Dutch's acquisition of land concession from Sultan Deli for tobacco cultivation, which led to the development of agriculture around Medan instead of Labuhan. The paragraph also covers the establishment of Medan as a trading center and the administrative capital after 1879, with the Deli Sultanate's capital moving to Medan in 1891. The first wave of immigration to Medan is highlighted, involving Chinese, Indian, and Javanese contract workers for the plantations, and the shift in the workforce after 1880 when the Dutch stopped bringing in Chinese workers due to their tendency to escape and cause unrest.

🏛️ Administrative Changes and Immigration Waves in Medan

The second paragraph delves into the administrative changes that elevated the status of the East Sumatra Resident to a governor on April 1, 1918, and the official recognition of Medan as a city with its first mayor, Baron Daniel meke. It outlines the land transfer from Sultan Deli to the GMT Medan, solidifying Dutch control. The composition of the city council based on ethnicity is noted, with representation from Europeans, indigenous people, and foreign Asians. The paragraph also describes the demographic makeup of Medan in 1918, with a population of 43,826, including Europeans, indigenous people, Chinese, and other foreign Asians. It mentions the second wave of immigration, which included Minangkabau, Mandailing, and Acehnese, who came to Medan for trading, teaching, and religious leadership, rather than plantation work.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Medan

Medan is a city in Indonesia and serves as the capital of North Sumatra province. It is central to the video's narrative as it discusses the city's historical development and transformation from a small settlement to a significant administrative and economic center. The script mentions how Medan was initially just a village named Kampung Medan Putri and later became the capital of Deli Sultanate and the Eastern Sumatra Resident.

💡Deli Sultanate

The Deli Sultanate was a historical Malay state located in what is now North Sumatra, Indonesia. It is relevant to the video's theme as it explains the political context of the region, particularly the shift of the sultanate's capital from Labuhan to Medan, which marked a significant change in the region's governance and development.

💡Concession

A concession in this historical context refers to the rights granted by the Sultan of Deli to the Dutch to cultivate tobacco. This term is key to understanding the economic drivers behind the development of Medan, as the Dutch exploitation of tobacco led to the growth of agriculture and trade in the area.

💡Tobacco Cultivation

Tobacco cultivation was a major agricultural activity that spurred the growth of Medan. The script highlights how the Dutch received permission to cultivate tobacco, which subsequently shifted the focus of agriculture from Labuhan to Medan, thus contributing to the city's economic prosperity.

💡Immigration Waves

The video discusses two significant waves of immigration to Medan, which played a crucial role in shaping the city's demographic and cultural landscape. The first wave included Chinese, Indian, and Javanese contract laborers for the plantations, while the second wave consisted of Minangkabau, Mandailing, and Acehnese who came for trade, education, and religious purposes.

💡Contract Laborers

Contract laborers were individuals who migrated to work on the plantations under contractual agreements. The script mentions the arrival of Chinese, Indian, and Javanese people in this capacity, highlighting the labor force that contributed to the agricultural boom in Medan.

💡Plantation Companies

Plantation companies were the entities responsible for managing the large-scale cultivation of crops, particularly tobacco, in Medan. The script refers to these companies as they stopped bringing Chinese laborers due to issues of desertion and unrest, leading to a shift towards Javanese laborers.

💡Trade Sector

The trade sector is mentioned in the context of former plantation workers, particularly the Chinese, who were encouraged to develop it after leaving the agricultural sector. This indicates a shift in the economic activities of the Chinese community in Medan, contributing to the city's commercial growth.

💡Mandailing and Acehnese

Mandailing and Acehnese are ethnic groups from Indonesia that arrived in Medan during the second wave of immigration. Unlike the laborers, they came with the intention to engage in trade, education, and religious roles, thus adding to the diversity and complexity of Medan's society.

💡Residency

In the colonial context, a residency referred to an administrative division in the Dutch East Indies, with a resident as its head. The script mentions the elevation of the Eastern Sumatra residency to a governorship and the official recognition of Medan as a city, indicating a change in the administrative status and the city's growth in importance.

💡Expansion of Medan

The script discusses the significant geographical expansion of Medan from 1853 hectares at the time of Dutch rule to 26,510 hectares by 1974. This reflects the city's rapid development and urbanization, marking a nearly 18-fold increase in size over a 25-year period post-independence.

Highlights

Medan was originally a small settlement while the Deli Kingdom was centered in Labuhan.

The Dutch received a land concession from Sultan Deli for tobacco cultivation, shifting the agricultural focus away from Labuhan.

In 1869, Jacob Nenhouse, the founder of the Deli Tobacco Company, moved to Medan, then known as Kampung Medan Putri.

Nenhouse established his residence and the tobacco company headquarters between the Babura and Deli rivers, which spurred Medan Putri's development into a trade center.

Medan Putri's growth as a trade center led to it becoming the administrative center in 1879, with the capital of the Deli Resident being transferred from Labuhan to Medan.

On March 1, 1887, the capital of the East Sumatra Resident was also moved from Bengkalis to Medan.

The Sultanate of Deli's palace, originally in Kampung Bahari Labuhan, was relocated to Medan, coinciding with the completion of the Maimun Palace on May 18, 1891.

From that point, the capital of the Deli Sultanate officially moved to Medan.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, two major waves of immigration occurred in Medan.

The first wave involved the arrival of Chinese, Indian, and Javanese contract workers for the plantations.

After 1880, the tobacco company stopped bringing Chinese workers due to many fleeing the plantations and causing unrest.

The Javanese were then fully recruited as plantation workers, while the former Chinese plantation workers were encouraged to develop the trade sector.

The Indian coolies' recruitment was halted by the British government in India, as the Dutch did not want to establish an agreement involving a British representative in Medan.

The second wave of immigration included the arrival of Minangkabau, Mandailing, and Acehnese, who came to Medan for trading, teaching, and religious leadership, not for plantation work.

In 1915, the position of the East Sumatra Resident was elevated to that of a governor, and on April 1, 1918, Medan officially became a city with its first mayor, Baron Daniel Meke.

Sultan Deli transferred the land of Medan City to the GMT Medan, making it officially under the direct control of the Dutch East Indies.

The composition of the Medan city council was determined based on ethnic groups, with 10 Europeans, 5 indigenous people, and 2 foreign Asians.

Medan was initially composed of four villages, predominantly inhabited by Malays, with separate European settlements and Chinese trading communities.

By 1918, Medan's population was recorded as 43,826, consisting of Europeans, indigenous people, Chinese, and other foreign Asians.

Since Indonesia's independence, Medan has expanded its area significantly, from 1853 hectares to 26,510 hectares by 1974, an almost 18-fold increase in 25 years post-independence.