First Anglo Maratha War in Hindi | Treaty of Salbai UPSC | Treaty of Purandar | Treaty of Surat

Modern History of India for UPSC

15 Oct 202015:22

Summary

TLDRThis historical narrative delves into the intricate power dynamics and political maneuvers in the Maratha Empire during the late 18th century. It discusses the aftermath of the Third Battle of Panipat, the rise and fall of Peshwas, and the complex interplay between Madhavrao, Narayanrao, and the British East India Company. The script explores the Treaty of Salbai, the Anglo-Maratha wars, and the pivotal Treaty of Purandar, highlighting key figures like Mahadji Shinde and the cunning strategies employed amidst shifting alliances and betrayals.

Takeaways

📜 The Third Battle of Panipat occurred in January 1761, resulting in a significant defeat for the Marathas.
🛡️ After the battle, Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao passed away, and his 16-year-old son Madhavrao became the Peshwa.
🗡️ Madhavrao, despite his young age, proved to be an excellent administrator and restored the Maratha Empire's power within three years.
🚫 Raghunath Rao constantly plotted to become Peshwa and was eventually placed under house arrest by Madhavrao.
💔 Madhavrao died of tuberculosis in 1772, leading to a decline in the Maratha Empire's strength.
🔪 Raghunath Rao orchestrated the assassination of Peshwa Narayan Rao in 1773 to seize power.
👶 After Narayan Rao's assassination, his son Sawai Madhavrao was declared Peshwa under the influence of Nana Fadnavis and the Barbhai Council.
🛑 Raghunath Rao sought British support to become Peshwa, leading to the First Anglo-Maratha War.
🕊️ The Treaty of Salbai (1782) ended the war, recognizing Sawai Madhavrao as Peshwa and ensuring the return of territories captured by the British.
🤝 The treaty also stipulated that the Marathas would not ally with any enemies of the British, including Raghunath Rao, and granted him a pension.

Q & A

What significant event is discussed in the script that took place in January 1761?
-The script discusses the Third Battle of Panipat in January 1761, where the Marathas were defeated.
Who was Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao, and what happened to him after the battle?
-Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao was a prominent leader of the Marathas. After the Third Battle of Panipat, he passed away, leaving the Peshwa's throne vacant.
Who succeeded Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao, and what was his age at the time of his ascension?
-Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao's son, Madhavrao I, succeeded him at the age of sixteen.
How did Madhavrao I recover from the losses of the Third Battle of Panipat?
-Madhavrao I proved to be an excellent administrator and quickly recovered from the losses of the Third Battle of Panipat, restoring Maratha power and prestige.
What was the role of Raghunath Rao in the political scenario after Madhavrao I's death?
-Raghunath Rao was involved in plotting against Madhavrao I and later, after Madhavrao's death, he was imprisoned by the Maratha confidants to control the situation.
Who was Narayan Rao, and what happened to him?
-Narayan Rao was Madhavrao I's brother who became the Peshwa after Madhavrao's death. However, he was murdered by his uncle, Raghunath Rao, in 1773.
What was the significance of the Treaty of Salbai?
-The Treaty of Salbai was significant as it marked the recognition of the Marathas by the British East India Company and established peace between the two powers.
What was the First Anglo-Maratha War, and what were its outcomes?
-The First Anglo-Maratha War was a conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire from 1775 to 1782. The war ended with the Treaty of Salbai, which recognized the Maratha Peshwa and restored territories.
Who was Mahadji Shinde, and what was his role in the war against the British?
-Mahadji Shinde was a prominent Maratha general who played a crucial role in the war against the British, particularly in the Battle of Wadgaon, where he defeated the British forces.
What was the impact of the Treaty of Purandar on the Maratha Empire?
-The Treaty of Purandar was a peace treaty signed between the Marathas and the British, which resulted in the Marathas ceding territory and paying a war indemnity, significantly weakening their position.
What was the significance of the Battle of Kharda in the script?
-The Battle of Kharda was a significant event where the British forces were defeated and forced to surrender, leading to the Treaty of Wadgaon and the return of territories to the Marathas.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ Political Turmoil in the Maratha Empire

The paragraph discusses the political upheaval following the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, where the Marathas suffered a defeat. It details the power vacuum created by the death of Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao, and the subsequent rise of his son Madhavrao. Despite his young age, Madhavrao proved to be an effective administrator, recovering from the losses of the battle and restoring Maratha power and prestige. However, internal conflicts arose, leading to Madhavrao's arrest and eventual death due to tuberculosis in 1772. His brother, Narayan Rao, was then made Peshwa, but his reign was short-lived due to assassination orchestrated by Raghunath Rao in 1773. This led to further instability and the rise of infant Peshwa, Sawai Madhavrao, under the influence of powerful ministers like Nana Fadnavis and Tukoj Holkar.

05:00

🤝 The Anglo-Maratha Alliance and Conflicts

This section of the script delves into the complex relationship between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire. It describes how Raghunath Rao sought British support to become Peshwa, leading to the Treaty of Surat in 1775, which recognized Sawai Madhavrao as Peshwa and promised British support against Maratha enemies. The treaty also included financial arrangements and territorial concessions. However, the alliance was fraught with tensions, as the British were reluctant to fully commit to supporting the Marathas, leading to further conflicts and strategic realignments, including a pact with the French to bolster their military strength against the British.

10:02

🏹 Maharaja Shinde's Military Tactics and the British Surrender

The paragraph highlights the military genius of Maharaja Shinde, who employed effective strategies against the British forces, leading to their encirclement and eventual surrender at Wadgaon in 1779. This defeat forced the British East India Company to sign the Treaty of Salbai, which involved the return of all territories captured since 1773 and the recognition of Maratha sovereignty. The treaty also included a mutual non-aggression pact and stipulated that the British could not form alliances with other European powers against the Marathas. The narrative also touches on the fate of Raghunath Rao, who was captured and offered a pension to retire, thus ending his political ambitions.

15:02

📜 The Treaty of Salbai and its Implications

The final paragraph summarizes the outcomes of the Treaty of Salbai, emphasizing its significance in stabilizing the relationship between the British and the Marathas for a period of ten years. It mentions the return of territories and the establishment of boundaries, as well as the stipulations that prevented the British from allying with other European powers against the Marathas. The treaty also included provisions for the retirement of certain individuals like Raghunath Rao with a pension. The paragraph concludes by encouraging the audience to follow the Lok Sabha's play list for a detailed understanding of Indian history and the Indian constitution.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Maratha Empire

The Maratha Empire was a prominent power in India during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the video, the Maratha Empire is central to the narrative, particularly in discussions about the Third Battle of Panipat and the rise and fall of the Peshwa leadership within the empire.

💡Peshwa

A Peshwa was the prime minister of the Maratha Empire. The script discusses the Peshwa Balajirao and his successors, highlighting the political shifts after his death and the challenges faced by his son Madhavrao in maintaining power.

💡Third Battle of Panipat

The Third Battle of Panipat, which took place in 1761, is a significant historical event discussed in the video. It marked a major defeat for the Marathas and had profound implications for the Maratha Empire's power and prestige.

💡Madhya Rao

Madhya Rao, also known as Madhavrao, was a Peshwa of the Maratha Empire. The script describes his brief tenure as Peshwa, his administrative skills, and the tragic circumstances of his death from tuberculosis, which had a devastating impact on the Maratha Empire.

💡Nana Fadnavis

Nana Fadnavis was a prominent minister in the Maratha Empire and played a significant role in the political machinations following Madhavrao's death. The video mentions his efforts to control the Maratha confidants and his involvement in the rise of the child Peshwa, Sawai Madhavrao.

💡Sawai Madhavrao

Sawai Madhavrao was a Peshwa of the Maratha Empire, known for his intelligence despite his young age. The script discusses his ascension to the position of Peshwa and the influence of Nana Fadnavis and other Maratha leaders in his administration.

💡Raghunathrao

Raghunathrao, also known as Raghoba, was a Maratha leader who sought to become Peshwa. The video details his political intrigues, including his alliance with the British East India Company and his eventual retirement with a pension from the Marathas.

💡British East India Company

The British East India Company is a key entity in the script, representing the British colonial power in India. The company's interactions with the Maratha Empire, including treaties and military conflicts, are central to the video's narrative.

💡Treaty of Salbai

The Treaty of Salbai was an agreement signed between the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company in 1776. The script highlights the terms of the treaty, which recognized Sawai Madhavrao as Peshwa and established peace between the two powers.

💡Mahadji Shinde

Mahadji Shinde was a Maratha general who played a crucial role in the military campaigns against the British. The video mentions his strategic maneuvers that led to significant victories for the Marathas and his role in the Treaty of Salbai.

💡First Anglo-Maratha War

The First Anglo-Maratha War, which took place from 1775 to 1782, is a significant conflict discussed in the script. The war resulted in the Treaty of Salbai and marked a turning point in the relationship between the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company.

Highlights

The Third Battle of Panipat in January 1761 resulted in a significant defeat for the Marathas.

Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao's death left the Peshwai vacant, leading to political instability.

Madhu Rao, at sixteen years old, demonstrated remarkable administrative skills despite his young age.

Madhu Rao's recovery of Maratha power and prestige marked a significant rebound after the loss at Panipat.

Raghunath Rao's plotting against Madhu Rao led to his arrest under suspicious circumstances.

Madhu Rao's death from tuberculosis was a catastrophic event for the Maratha Empire.

Narayan Rao's ascension as Peshwa was not well-received due to his lack of strength and influence.

Raghunath Rao's usurpation of the Peshwai after the murder of Narayan Rao caused widespread discontent.

The birth of Narayan Rao's posthumous child introduced a new contender for the Peshwai.

Nana Fadnavis and other influential figures initiated a movement to install the infant as the new Peshwa.

Sawai Madhavrao, the child, was an exceptional administrator, even more so than his predecessor.

The Treaty of Salbai was a significant diplomatic achievement for the Marathas, establishing peace with the British.

Raghunath Rao sought British support to become Peshwa, revealing a complex relationship between the two powers.

The British East India Company's refusal to support Raghunath Rao's claim to the Peshwai marked a turning point.

The Anglo-Maratha War saw strategic moves by both sides, with the Marathas making significant territorial gains.

The Treaty of Surat ended the conflict, with the British recognizing Sawai Madhavrao as Peshwa.

The British East India Company's promise not to ally with any Maratha enemies, including Raghunath Rao, was a critical assurance.

Raghunath Rao's eventual capture and retirement with a pension marked the end of his political ambitions.

The internal power dynamics within the Maratha Empire were significantly influenced by external alliances and treaties.

The Treaty of Salbai and subsequent agreements highlight the intricate balance of power in 18th-century India.