SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN SOSIOLOGI DARI MASA KE MASA

Summary

This script explores the history and development of sociology, from ancient Greek philosophers to modern scholars. It highlights key figures like August Comte, Herbert Spencer, and Emile Durkheim, and discusses the evolution of sociological theories and methodologies. The script also touches on the impact of political revolutions and industrialization on the field, and the emergence of new sub-disciplines in the 21st century.

Takeaways

• 😀 Sociology has a long history, dating back to ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle who pondered on designing just and happy societies.
• 📚 The term 'sociology' was coined in the 19th century, with August Comte introducing it as a scientific study of society in his book 'Course in Positive Philosophy' in 1838.
• 🌏 Ibn Khaldun, a 14th-century scholar from the Middle East, wrote about social solidarity and human civilization, contributing to early sociological thought.
• 🏛️ European thinkers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau discussed organizing society for harmonious living through the concept of the 'social contract'.
• 🔬 Herbert Spencer applied Darwin's theory of evolution to sociology, introducing the idea of social evolution in his book 'Principles of Sociology'.
• 📘 Emile Durkheim detailed the scientific methodology of sociology in his work 'The Rules of Sociological Method', emphasizing the importance of empirical research.
• 🌐 The development of sociology as a modern scientific discipline began in the 19th century, influenced by the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.
• 🏙️ Urbanization and industrialization in the United States led to significant social changes, sparking interest in studying these phenomena through sociology.
• 👨‍🏫 Karl Marx, though not a sociologist by profession, had a profound impact on sociological theory with his ideas on class struggle and economic and political changes.
• 📚 Max Weber critiqued the scientific methods of sociology, arguing that social sciences should focus on subjective social actions, differentiating them from the objectivity of natural sciences.
• 🌟 Talcott Parsons' work, particularly 'The Structure of Social Action', significantly influenced sociological theory in the 20th century, particularly in the United States.

Q & A

What does the term 'sociology' imply when understood as the study of society?

When 'sociology' is understood as the study of society, it implies a discipline that has been around since ancient times, with early philosophers like Plato and Aristotle contemplating the design of just and happy societies.

Who is Ibnu Khaldun and what did he contribute to the early understanding of society?

Ibnu Khaldun was a 14th-century scholar from the Middle East who wrote about social solidarity ('ashobiyah') and the civilization of human beings, contributing to the early understanding of societal structures and development.

What is the significance of the 'social contract' in the organization of society?

The 'social contract' is a term used by Western European philosophers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau to describe how society can be organized for harmonious living under a system of governance.

How did the 19th-century political and industrial revolutions influence the development of sociology as a modern scientific discipline?

The political revolution in France and the Industrial Revolution in European countries led to dramatic changes in social life, prompting the development of sociology as a modern scientific discipline that aimed to understand and analyze these societal changes.

Who was August Comte and what was his contribution to the establishment of sociology?

August Comte was a French intellectual who coined the term 'sociology' in his book 'Course in Positive Philosophy' published in 1838. He emphasized sociology as a positive, rational, and empirical science that could be studied using scientific methods similar to natural sciences.

What is the significance of Herbert Spencer's 'Principles of Sociology'?

Herbert Spencer's 'Principles of Sociology' is significant as it applied Darwin's theory of biological evolution to sociology, introducing the concept of social evolution, which was widely accepted at the time.

What was the main focus of Lester F. Ward's 'Dynamic Sociology'?

Lester F. Ward's 'Dynamic Sociology' was the first book on the design of social action that society should undertake to progress, focusing on the proactive role of society in shaping its own development.

How did Emile Durkheim's 'The Rules of Sociological Method' contribute to the scientific methodology of sociology?

Emile Durkheim's 'The Rules of Sociological Method' detailed the scientific methodology of sociology, establishing it as a discipline that could be studied empirically with a focus on social facts and their causes and functions.

What impact did Karl Marx have on the development of sociological theory, despite not identifying as a sociologist?

Karl Marx, although not identifying as a sociologist, had a significant impact on sociological theory with his works on class struggle, which influenced the development of sociological theory and gave rise to Marxist streams within sociology.

How did Max Weber's critique of the scientific method in sociology differ from the positivist approach of the 19th century?

Max Weber criticized the positivist approach in sociology, arguing that the natural science methods were not relevant to social sciences, which should consider humans as subjects and include elements of subjectivity, in contrast to the objectivity emphasized in natural sciences.

What is the significance of the Chicago School in the development of American sociology in the 20th century?

The Chicago School was significant in the development of American sociology in the 20th century, as it dominated the field in the 1930s with figures like Albion Small, who initiated the prestigious 'American Journal of Sociology', and later contributed to expanding the methodological aspects of sociology.

What are some of the contemporary sub-disciplines of sociology that have emerged in the 21st century?

Some of the contemporary sub-disciplines of sociology that have emerged in the 21st century include digital sociology, tourism sociology, health sociology, sports sociology, literary sociology, legal sociology, economic sociology, and gender sociology.

How has the scope of sociology expanded in the contemporary era?

The scope of sociology has expanded in the contemporary era by moving away from the tradition of positivism and embracing a broader range of subjects and disciplines, including the study of dynamic societal aspects such as those in the information society.