i2b W12 production & quality revolution

pokachan
25 Jul 202011:59

Summary

TLDR産業革命の真の始まりは19世紀後半から20世紀初めに見られる大規模な生産の「マス化」と経済規模の拡大です。科学的な生産管理の提唱者であるフレデリック・テイラーは、標準化された部品やスムーズなサプライチェーンを重視し、人々の介入を最小限に抑える「テイラー主義」を提唱しました。しかし、その後の製造業の課題を解決するために、エルトン・メイヨが労働者への優しい対応が生産性向上に寄与することを発見し、その後の日本の製造業の成功には、現場での改善活動「カイゼン」が不可欠でした。また、第二次世界大戦後のアメリカの製造業の復興や、中国の「世界工場」としての台頭など、製造業の進化とグローバル化が、製品の品質向上と価格の低下に寄与しています。

Takeaways

  • 🏭 産業革命は19世紀初頭からではなく、19世紀後半から20世紀前半にかけて大量生産が広がり、大企業が経済規模と範囲の拡大を遂げた。
  • 🔬 19世紀後半から20世紀初頭にかけて、科学的な生産管理方法が確立され、標準化された部品やスムーズなサプライチェーンの重要性が強調された。
  • 🤖 フレデリック・テイラーは科学的な生産管理の強力な支持者であり、その方法は人々に「准自動機械」として扱うことを意図していた。
  • 👷 労働者のモチベーション低下を防ぐために、自動化された生産プロセスによって労働者が機械と競争することを好ましいと考えていた。
  • 🔍 エルトン・メイヨは生産性向上や品質向上の研究を行い、労働者の待遇が生産性に与える影響を発見した。
  • 🌟 メイヨの研究は、労働者への良い待遇が生産プロセスの改善に寄与することを示唆した。
  • 🇺🇸 アメリカの生産改革は、メイヨの研究に基づいて20世紀中盤に形成され、その後日本に取り入れられ、生産性向上に貢献した。
  • 🏅 デミンは品質生産と革新を重視し、日本の製造プロセスに大きな影響を与えた。
  • 🌐 戦時経済は大規模な製造業の専門化を促進し、戦後の民間産業にそのノウハウが伝えられた。
  • 👩‍🎤 女性は戦時経済で重要な役割を果たし、生産や製造の標準化に貢献した。
  • 🌐 グローバルな製造業の標準化と品質追求、IT技術の進歩により、製品の品質と機能が向上し、競争力が高まった。
  • 📉 大量生産と標準化は製品価格を低下させ、顧客が高品質な製品をより低い価格で入手できるようになった。
  • 🛍️ 顧客の新しいニーズに応えるための深い洞察力と効果的な創造性デザインが、企業の持続可能な競争優位の鍵となっている。

Q & A

  • 産業革命はいつから始まったと一般的に考えられますか?

    -産業革命は19世紀初めから本格的に始まったと一般的に考えられていますが、実際には19世紀後半から20世紀前半にかけて大量生産の時代が到来しました。

  • 大量生産時代の特徴は何ですか?

    -大量生産時代は大規模企業の登場、経済規模と範囲の拡大、連続的な生産プロセスの改善、そして科学的管理方法の確立を特徴としています。

  • フレデリック・テイラーとはどのような人物ですか?

    -フレデリック・テイラーは生産管理の科学的アプローチを主張し、標準化された部品やスムーズなサプライチェーンの重要性を説いた人物です。彼の科学管理は人々に「テイラー主義」と呼ばれ、生産ライン上で人を準機械的なものに見なすことがあります。

  • テイラー主義の欠点は何ですか?

    -テイラー主義は人々の創造性や柔軟性を抑制し、労働者を機械のように扱うため、人々のモチベーションを低下させる可能性があります。

  • エルトン・メイヨとはどのような研究者ですか?

    -エルトン・メイヨは労働環境と生産性、品質向上の関係を研究し、労働者の待遇が生産性に与える影響を発見した研究者です。彼の研究は労働者の待遇が生産プロセスに与えるポジティブな影響を示しました。

  • 日本の製造業における改善の文化とは何ですか?

    -日本の製造業における改善の文化は、現場の労働者たちが品質向上や無駄の排除を目指して積極的に改善活動に取り組む「カイゼン」です。

  • デミング賞とは何ですか?

    -デミング賞は品質生産と革新を重視するW.エドワーズ・デミングによって設立された賞で、日本の製造業において優れた業績を認められる企業に授与されます。

  • 第一次世界大戦と第二次世界大戦は産業化にどのような影響を与えましたか?

    -戦争は大量の軍需品を生産する必要性から、大規模な組織化された産業と生産の専門化を促進しました。また、戦後の経済復興のために生産効率の向上が求められました。

  • アメリカの製造業はどのように復興しましたか?

    -アメリカの製造業は、日本の生産管理の教訓を取り入れ、改善することで復興しました。日本の成功した手法を取り入れ、アメリカ独自の生産技術を開発しました。

  • グローバルな製造業の変化の特徴は何ですか?

    -グローバルな製造業の変化の特徴は、コストの最適化のために生産拠点を移動することや、リアルタイムデータ共有を可能とする情報技術の進歩による生産の遠隔地化です。

  • 製造品の価格下がりの背景にある要因は何ですか?

    -製造品の価格下がりの背景にある要因は、生産の合理化、標準化、品質追求、IT技術の利用、そして無駄の排除です。これにより、高品質な製品をより低いコストで提供することが可能となりました。

  • 顧客ニーズへの対応はどのように変化しましたか?

    -顧客ニーズへの対応は、深い顧客理解と効果的な創造性デザインの適用によって、顧客の新しいニーズに創造的な方法で応えるようになりました。

Outlines

00:00

🏭 大規模生産の時代と科学管理

19世紀後半から20世紀初頭にかけて、産業革命は大量生産の時代を迎えました。この時期には、大きな企業が経済規模と範囲の拡大を遂げ、連続的な生産プロセスを科学的に洗練しました。フレッドリック・テイラーは生産の科学的なアプローチを主張し、標準化された部品やスムーズなサプライチェーンを重視しました。しかし、彼の科学管理は人々の機能を最小限に抑えるためのものです。その後、生産ライン上の労働者が機械と競争することで生産性を高めるという考え方から、労働者に対する質の問題やストライキが生じました。その後の改善の試みとして、エトン・メイヨが労働環境の改善が生産性向上に寄与することを示しました。

05:00

🌏 戦時経済と産業合理化

戦時経済は産業の合理化に大きなインパクトを与えました。軍事注文や軍隊内の組織構造が生産プロセスやサプライチェーン管理の基礎を築きました。第二次世界大戦後のアメリカ、イギリス、ドイツでは、軍隊で得た経験を民間企業に持ち込み、生産組織を改善しました。また、女性が戦時経済に寄与し、生産の標準化や組織化を社会全体に広げました。日本では、戦後の繁栄と所得倍増の時期に、産業合理化の成果が示されました。

10:03

📈 グローバルな生産と技術の進歩

生産の場所と専門知識の切り離し、I.T革命、リアルタイムデータ共有が生産のグローバル化を促進しました。中国の台頭により、世界市場における製造業の動向が変化し、企業は自国の製造基盤を知識ベースの企業へと変えました。これにより、製品の品質と機能が向上し、顧客ニーズに応えるための創造性と顧客理解が企業の競争優位につながりました。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡産業革命

産業革命とは19世紀初頭から始まったと一般的に考えられていますが、実際には19世紀後半から20世紀初半にかけて大量生産の時代が到来し、大規模な企業が経済規模と範囲の利益を獲得し始めました。ビデオでは産業革命の第二段階に重点を置いて、生産のマス化とそれに伴う大規模な企業の登場を説明しています。

💡科学的な生産管理

ビデオではフレデリック・テイラーが提唱した「科学的な生産管理」について触れています。これは標準化された部品やスムーズなサプライチェーンに焦点を当て、人々の介入を最小限に抑えることで生産効率を高めるアプローチです。この概念は、ビデオの主題である生産の最適化と効率化に関連しています。

💡テイラー主義

テイラー主義は、ビデオで強調されるフレデリック・テイラーの理論に基づく生産ライン上の労働者を「準機械」として扱う考え方です。このアプローチは、ビデオのテーマに沿って、人間の介入を最小限に抑えることで生産効率を最大化する試みを象徴しています。

💡カイゼン

ビデオでは、日本の「カイゼン」という概念について触れています。これは継続的な改善を意味し、ビデオのテーマに沿って、従業員が生産ラインを停止させるストライキや革新的なアイデアを提供することで、生産プロセスの改善に寄与する働き方です。

💡エルトン・メイヨ

エルトン・メイヨは、ビデオで生産性向上の研究を行った研究者であり、彼の研究は労働者のモチベーションと生産性との関係について重要な洞察を提供しています。ビデオでは彼の研究が、労働者への良い扱いが生産プロセス改善に寄与するという結論に至る過程を説明しています。

💡デミング賞

ビデオでは、品質生産と革新を重視するW.エドワーズ・デミングにちなんだ「デミング賞」について触れています。この賞は、ビデオのテーマに沿って、品質と革新の重要性を強調する日本の製造業に対する尊敬の象徴です。

💡ジェンバ

ジェンバは、ビデオで工場の床、つまり現場という意味であり、ビデオのテーマに沿って、日本が製造プロセスの質を向上させるための職場文化を築いたことを示しています。これは、ビデオのメッセージに関連して、現場で働く人々が品質向上に積極的に貢献する文化を形成したと説明しています。

💡無駄(ムダ)

ビデオでは「ムダ」という言葉を無駄がないことを意味する概念として使用しており、ビデオのテーマに沿って、製造プロセスにおける無駄の排除を追求する日本の製造業の取り組みを示しています。

💡第二次世界大戦

ビデオでは第二次世界大戦が大量製造に向けた重要なインパクトを与えたと示しており、ビデオのテーマに沿って、戦時経済が製造業の専門化を促進し、現代の高品質な製品を生み出したと説明しています。

💡情報技術

ビデオでは情報技術、特にリアルタイムデータ共有を可能にしたI.T革命が、ビデオのテーマに沿って、遠く離れた場所での生産の調整を容易にし、製造品の価格を劇的に下げたと説明しています。

💡グローバルな製造

ビデオではグローバルな製造という概念を、ビデオのテーマに沿って、最も低コストの場所に生産拠点を移動することができる企業が増え、中国のように世界工場としての地位を獲得するプロセスを説明しています。

Highlights

The Industrial Revolution's mass production era began in the second half of the 19th century and continued into the 20th century.

Large-scale enterprises emerged, capturing economies of scale and scope with continuous throughput production processes.

Frederick Taylor advocated a scientific approach to production control, emphasizing standardized parts and smooth supply chains.

Taylor's scientific management aimed to minimize human error in production, leading to a pessimistic view of workers' abilities.

Elton Mayo's research showed that treating employees well could improve productivity and quality.

Mayo's study found that middle managers' kindness to staff improved the quality of work during his observation.

Early to mid-20th century production reforms in the U.S. were influenced by Mayo's findings on employee treatment.

W. Edwards Deming's focus on quality production and innovation influenced Japanese manufacturing practices.

Japanese manufacturing embraced a culture of continuous improvement, known as kaizen, and the elimination of waste (muda).

Post-war Japan's success was attributed to its ability to produce high-quality goods efficiently and cost-effectively.

The professionalization of manufacturing was significantly influenced by wartime economies and military principles.

Veterans from WWII brought organizational and logistical knowledge from the military into the private sector.

The role of women in wartime economies contributed to the spread of manufacturing norms throughout society.

The U.S. experienced a revitalization of manufacturing by re-importing and adapting Japanese production management techniques.

Globalization led to the decoupling of production sites from their place of origin, with China emerging as a manufacturing hub.

Advancements in IT and real-time data sharing facilitated the coordination of production across distant locations.

The combination of standardization, quality pursuit, and IT has significantly reduced the cost of manufactured goods.

Modern consumers expect high-quality products at any price point, a standard set by past premium products.

Companies now focus on deep customer insights and creativity to meet new needs, as operational capabilities are taken for granted.

Transcripts

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although we often think of the

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industrial revolution as of course

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starting in earnest in the early 19th

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century it's really from the second half

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of the 19th century in the first half of

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the 20th century

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that we see the massification of

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production the creation of large-scale

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enterprises capturing enormous

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economies of scale and scope with

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the continuous throughput production

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process

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being refined in a quite scientific

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fashion

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from the late 19th century and into the

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first decades of the 20th century

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and we see some people like frederick

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taylor for example very strong advocates

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of a scientific approach to the control

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of production

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focused on standardized parts and

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smooth supply chains and as much as

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possible

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in a rather pessimistic view of

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particularly taylor's

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scientific management scientific

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approach

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so-called scientific approach to

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production

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minimizing the scope for human beings to

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mess it up

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so very often taylorism is seen as in

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some sense

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turning people into quasi machines on

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the production line

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taylor himself had a rather pessimistic

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view of workers he thought that they

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would slacken off at every opportunity

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so insofar as the operators of machines

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on a production line were to some degree

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disciplined by the automated process of

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production

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forcing him to keep up with the machines

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he thought that was a good thing

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of course there were many quality

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problems associated with that

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and we saw subsequent attempts to try

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and

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overcome problems in manufacturing

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where employees would either go on

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strike

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and completely bring production lines to

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a stop or just simply would not

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be a force for continuous innovation in

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the japanese sense kaizen

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one researcher who subsequently had

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enormous influence on thinking about the

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organization of work was someone called

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elton mayo

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like mayonnaise mayo elton mayo he

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went and studied a manufacturing plant

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looking at the sources of productivity

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improvement

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quality improvement and an interesting

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effect of him

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observing the manufacturing was that

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quality actually improved while he was

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there

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doing his study when he looked more

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carefully into it what he found was that

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actually what was happening

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was that the middle managers who were

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managing the

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factory workers were actually being nice

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to the staff because he was there

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and one of his takeaway lessons in the

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end was actually if you treat your

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employees pretty well

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rather than causing machines and

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threaten them for example

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especially if they certainly go on

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strike because of poor conditions

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then the factory workers can take a

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certain pleasure in their work

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and they can contribute to improving

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productive processes

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and so we saw that these ideas became

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very much

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encapsulated in early 20th century mid

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20th century

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production reforms in the united states

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and then those ideas were imported into

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japan

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people like deming for example very much

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focused on

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recognizing quality production and

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innovation

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gave his name to the deming award here

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in japan which is a

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very honourable achievement for any

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japanese company

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in manufacturing processes so we see

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that japan

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probably more than anywhere at a certain

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period in the 60s and 70s and the 1980s

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were able to create a very healthy

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culture workplace culture on the gemba

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on the factory floor and

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effectively have people working

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positively

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to try and improve the quality

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of the manufacturing process to try and

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get rid of muda

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no waste and so this has been a key

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driver of japan's post-war manufacturing

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success

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that ability to produce reliable

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high-quality goods in a timely fashion

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and with effectively

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decreasing uh marginal costs over time

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so effectively allowing

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that competitive dynamic we've talked

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about earlier of price down

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costs down but before we talk

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further about these issues of japan's

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competitiveness

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we need to go back a little bit though

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and remind ourselves that one of the

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drivers indeed for the massification of

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manufacturing

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it's actually a sadder truth about the

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late 19th century in the first half of

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the 20th century

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increasing great power rivalry the

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rivalry between

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nation states which then led to the

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tragedy of world war one and in world

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war

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ii saw the rise of mass armies organized

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on

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modern organizational principles being

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served by

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mass manufacturing that actually

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significant

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impetus to the professionalization of

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manufacturing

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comes about through wartime economies

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and

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that's a often neglected aspect when we

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talk about the rise of

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industrial efficiency the large-scale

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enterprise

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we take it for granted these days with

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modern high quality

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production produces so many goods of

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outstanding

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quality at a relatively low price

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that a lot of the know-how in terms of

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basic manufacturing processes in terms

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of organizing labor in supply chain

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management and whatnot

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were either developed in response to

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military orders or sometimes

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had their initial developments

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particularly organizational terms

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within the military and themselves

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after world war ii of course many people

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who had served in the military then

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went to work for the private sector this

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is particularly in the the united states

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britain and germany to some degree so

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unsurprisingly they

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brought a mindset about organizational

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structures

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logistics and supply and so many other

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aspects

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of that experience particularly as young

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men in

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military service they brought that then

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into

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corporate organization and the

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organization of production

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of course one other element that's often

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forgotten is the

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incredibly important role of that women

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played

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in some wartime economies this was

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actually particularly

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true in the united states and in the uk

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france in in world war one for example

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to some degree in japan as well

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so that actually some of the norms of

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production and or the organizing of

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manufacturing and whatnot

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spread throughout society as a whole

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because of of those wartime experiences

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it's certainly in a japanese context

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made many people

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more inclined to reconcile themselves to

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the logic of industrial life

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the trade-offs for example in terms of

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environmental impacts from mass

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production with pollution for example

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and on the other hand positive economic

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growth that led to

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japan's rapid prosperity

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returned prosperity uh and into the

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1960s the income doubling period for

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example in 1970s and the 1980s

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subsequently we do see that other

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societies other economies that once were

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written off

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as has having passed their heyday in

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terms of say manufacturing and

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particularly the united states in the

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1980s

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looks like it very much lost out to

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japan we do see

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a significant revitalization of american

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manufacturing

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because many of the lessons that japan

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had developed effectively

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starting with lessons from american

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production management japan had imported

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those

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uh refined them made them work so well

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for japan america was able to re-import

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many of those lessons a final thing of

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course

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is the increasing

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decoupling of place and

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production know-how that

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more and more companies not just in

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japan and united states but

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companies from many many countries

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have been able to move their production

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sites to the lowest cost location

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so we see of course the emergence of

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china from the late 1980s into the 1990s

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in many ways as the

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the factory of the world and so

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companies increasingly

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that once had a strong manufacturing

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base at home

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are now predominantly knowledge based

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enterprises

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that have very strong knowledge of how

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to actually manufacture production

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wherever it happens to be located in the

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world

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an underlying reason for this ability

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to shift production from one place to

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another

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is of course ever more reliant reliable

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transport and communications technology

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particularly the

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information technology the i.t

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revolution of being able to have

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real-time data sharing

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has meant that it's been much easier to

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coordinate production

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across quite distant locations and so

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the vast majority of goods that we would

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buy

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say in japan today invariably have many

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components that have

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have cross borders and sometimes

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multiple borders

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to come together for final assembly in a

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third place very often

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such as china and then come to the

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market

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here so we see in

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general this coming together of

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massification standardization the

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pursuit of quality

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the use of i.t and new technologies such

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as

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laser scanning and and other

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technologies

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to make sure that there is no waste

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there is no muda

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uh that uh foodie or in that poor

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products don't get through and into the

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through the production and distribution

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process into the hands of customers

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that all of these technologies have come

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together to actually dramatically bring

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down the price of manufactured goods

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uh to a point now we always

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expect uh pretty much at any price point

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a product to meet basic functional

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and quality standards that in the past

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may have been associated with premium

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products

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one only needs to go into unicode for

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example and see how cheaply

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but how how well made so many things

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can be this has a lot of implications

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for the sustainable competitive

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advantage of societies

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it does mean for example that when we

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take this these operational capabilities

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these production and distributional

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capabilities for granted

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the competitive advantages competitive

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the competitive advantages of companies

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increasingly come down to their ability

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to meet

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new needs that customers have in really

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creative ways

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so deep customer insight and

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very effective creativity applied design

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to meet customer needs so in short we

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have in a sense

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become quite spoiled by the astonishing

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developments

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in human capability to streamline

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standardize organize production and

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distribution

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across the planet quite literally

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