Materi Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan

Summary

This video explains the concepts of growth and development in both plants and animals, highlighting key differences such as growth being related to cell mass increase, while development involves cell type changes. The script explores factors influencing growth, including internal factors like genes and hormones, and external factors like temperature and water. It further discusses plant germination, types of growth (primary vs. secondary), and the role of phytohormones. For animals, the video covers embryonic phases and post-embryonic processes like metamorphosis and regeneration. The content offers a comprehensive overview of biological growth and development.

Takeaways

• 😀 Growth refers to the increase in cell mass or volume, while development is the addition of cell types and the process of becoming an adult.
• 😀 Growth is quantitative and measurable, with clear tools such as rulers, balances, and laboratory equipment, while development is qualitative and cannot be measured.
• 😀 Growth is irreversible and cannot return to its original state, whereas development is reversible and can return to its original position.
• 😀 Growth is caused by cell division and elongation, while development is driven by cell differentiation (change in cell type).
• 😀 Internal factors influencing growth and development include genes and hormones, while external factors include temperature, nutrition, water, light, and humidity.
• 😀 Germination in plants begins with water absorption, activating gibberellin hormone and amylase enzyme to provide energy for growth.
• 😀 The difference between epigeal and hypogeal germination is that epigeal germination causes the hypocotyl (stem) to elongate upwards, while hypogeal causes the epicotyl (stem) to elongate upwards.
• 😀 Primary growth in plants involves increases in length or height, while secondary growth results in the widening of stems and roots.
• 😀 Phytohormones like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinin, and abscisic acid play vital roles in plant growth, from elongation to dormancy and injury repair.
• 😀 In animal growth, embryonic development involves stages like morula, blastula, and gastrula, which form the body organs through morphogenesis and differentiation.
• 😀 Post-embryonic development includes regeneration (e.g., planarian worm regeneration) and metamorphosis (gradual change in form, especially in insects and amphibians).

Q & A

What is the main difference between growth and development in living organisms?

Growth refers to the increase in cell mass or volume, often measurable, while development involves the change in cell types or the process of becoming an adult, which is qualitative and harder to measure.

How can growth and development be distinguished based on their process and impact?

Growth is a quantitative process where cell mass or volume increases, measurable by tools like rulers, scales, or special laboratory tubes. Development is qualitative, involving changes in cell types or the maturation of an organism, such as reaching maturity.

What factors influence growth and development?

Growth and development are influenced by both internal factors like genes and hormones, and external factors such as temperature, nutrition, water, light, and humidity.

How does the germination process in plants begin?

Germination begins with the imbibition process, where seeds absorb water. This activates hormones like gibberellin and enzymes like amylase, which convert starch into glucose to provide energy for the growing plant.

What is the difference between epigeal and hypogeal germination?

In epigeal germination, the hypocotyl (part of the stem) elongates, lifting the cotyledons above the soil, whereas in hypogeal germination, the epicotyl (upper part of the stem) elongates, keeping the cotyledons underground.

What are the two main types of growth in plants?

The two types of plant growth are primary growth, which involves an increase in length or height, and secondary growth, which leads to the widening of stems and roots.

Which plants undergo secondary growth?

Secondary growth occurs in dicotyledonous plants and gymnosperms, affecting the widening of stems and roots.

What role do phytohormones play in plant growth?

Phytohormones such as auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, and others regulate various aspects of plant growth, including cell elongation, flowering, fruit ripening, and responses to injury.

What is etiolation in plants and what causes it?

Etiolation is rapid growth in darkness, caused by the presence of high levels of auxin, which leads to fast stem elongation but results in weak, unstable plants that eventually die due to insufficient photosynthesis.

How does the process of metamorphosis differ from regeneration in animals?

Metamorphosis is a gradual transformation from one form to another, commonly seen in insects and amphibians. Regeneration, on the other hand, involves the ability to regrow lost body parts, as seen in animals like planarian worms.