The French Revolution: Crash Course European History #21

Summary

1789年のフランス革命を背景に、ヨーロッパの情勢、フランスの経済危機、およびルイ16世の統治を概説。第三等级による国民議会の結成、人権宣言、そしてルイ16世の処刑を経て共和国への移行を描く。また、政治派閥の形成、女性による市民権の主張、そしてナポレオン・ボナパルトの登場を通じて、革命の影響とその後の展開を要約。

Takeaways

• 🏰 1789年のフランスは絶対主義の君主政治であり、多くの戦争と農業の不作により深刻な危機にあった。
• 👑 ルイ16世とマリー・アントワネットの統治下では、税金改革の拒否や借金の拒否がフランスの財政危機を深めている。
• 🗳️ 1789年、ルイ16世は議会を招集し、僧侶、貴族、一般人民の3つの階級の代表者を集めた。
• 🎾 第三階級の代表者は、テニスコートの誓いを通じて国民議会を宣言し、国民の意志を代表することを誓う。
• 🏰 7月14日、パリの市民はバスティーユ要塞を占拠し、君主制の象徴を打ち破る。
• 📜 国民議会は人権宣言を制定し、財産の保護、陪審团による裁判、言論の自由を保証する。
• 👥 1791年、女性たちは男女平等を主張し、オリンピ・ド・グージュが「女性の人権宣言」を発表する。
• 🗡️ 1792年、パリの群衆は王族を脅迫し、国民公会の選挙を強要し、フランス君主制は廃止される。
• 🔪 1793年、ルイ16世は断頭台で処刑され、国民公会は共和国を宣言する。
• 🇫🇷 ジャコバン派のロベスピエールは「徳の王国」を提唱し、国民を一つの意志に統一しようとする。
• 🛑 1794年、ロベスピエールの倒れた後、ディレクトリ政府が保守的な政治を主導し、フランスは独裁政治へと回帰する。

Q & A

1789年のフランスはなぜ危機にあったとされていますか？

1789年のフランスは、多くの戦争を経験し、農業に悪影響を及ぼした天候の変化、そして絶対君主制による税金負担の不均等が原因で危機にありました。また、国は連綿と続く戦争のためにほぼ破綻しており、国内には貧困と中間階級の不満が蔓延していました。

ルイ16世がなぜエstates-Generalを招集したのですか？

ルイ16世は、税制の改正を通じて教会と貴族にも税金を負担させることを試みましたが、パルレメントがこれを拒否したため、財政危機に直面。そのため、国民の代表者であるエstates-Generalを招集し、改革を進めることになりました。

国民議会（National Assembly）はどのようにして形成され、その目的は何でしたか？

国民議会は、第三階級の代表者がエstates-Generalでの投票権の不均等さを抗議し、近くのテニスコートに撤退して自己を称して形成されました。彼らはフランス国民をよりよく代表し、国民による国家の形成を目指しました。

1789年7月14日にパリの市民がバスティーユを占拠した理由は何でしたか？

7月14日にパリの市民は、君主制の象徴であるバスティーユ要塞を占拠しました。これは武器庫であり、君主制による任意の逮捕能力を象徴する場所でした。

「人権宣言」とは何であり、何を保証していますか？

「人権宣言」は、財産の保護、陪審团による裁判の確立、言論の自由を保証する重要な文書です。また、「人間は生まれながらにして自由であり、権利において平等である」と記述されています。

「女性の行進」とは何であり、何を目的としましたか？

「女性の行進」は、1789年10月5日にパリの市場の女性たちがベルサイユに向かって行軍し、国王一家をパリに連行する運動です。これにより、国民の監視下に置かれるようにすることが目的でした。

1791年の王室の脱出はなぜ失敗したのですか？

1791年に王室はフランスを脱出しようとしましたが、捕まったため失敗しました。これは、革命の勢いと国民の監視が強かったこと、また王室の動きが漏洩したことが原因です。

ジャコバンクラブとは何であり、政治的landscapeにどのような影響を与えましたか？

ジャコバンクラブは、左翼政治党であり、革命の進展とともに勢力を増しました。彼らは政治的landscapeを形成し、共和主義者と君主主義者を分左右に配置する新しい考え方を導入しました。

オリンピ・ド・グージュが「女性の人権宣言」を発表した背景は何ですか？

オリンピ・ド・グージュは、公式に平等と権利が宣言されたにもかかわらず、女性が依然として二級市民であることを認識し、「女性の人権宣言」を発表しました。これは、女性の男性と同等の地位を主張する重要な文書です。

フランス革命が欧州に与えた最も大きな影響とは何ですか？

フランス革命は、国民国家の概念を定着させ、国民の中で最も重要な人々が市民であるという考え方を広めました。これは、ヨーロッパや世界に多大な影響を与え、後の政治的発展に寄与しました。

ナポレオン・ボナパルトがフランス革命の後期にどのような役割を果たしましたか？

ナポレオン・ボナパルトは、革命の後期に登場し、独裁者となり、フランスを再び独裁国家にしました。彼はフランス軍隊を率いて、革命の精神をヨーロッパの他の部分に広げました。

Outlines

00:00

😀 フランス革命の序章

1789年のヨーロッパは戦争の後、農業不作、貧困、そして絶対主義のフランス王国が财政危机に直面していた。フランスはアメリカ独立戦争で自由と民主主義を支持したが、国内では貧困と税負担の不平等が蔓延していた。フランス王ルイ16世とマリー・アントワネットの支配下では、税金改革の拒否や借金の拒否が続いた。1789年、フランスは危机に立っていた。

05:02

🏰 フランス革命の勃発と進展

フランス革命は、三级議会の召集、国民議会の結成、そして7月14日のバスティーユの陥落によって一歩ずつ進展した。国民議会は封建制度の終結を宣言し、人権宣言を制定。これには財産保護、陪審团による裁判、言論の自由などが含まれ、フランス社会の根幹を揺るがした。また、1791年に王室が逃亡を試みたが捕まった。

10:04

🗽 革命の深化とテロ

1792年、パリの群衆が王宮を襲撃し、国民公会の選挙を強要。フランスは共和国となり、ルイ16世は処刑された。ジャコバン派のロベスピエールは道徳の支配と国民の総意に従うことを主張し、文化を変え、国民の敵を処刑する「テロ」を行った。この時期には、マリー・アントワネットやオリンピ・ド・グージュなどが処刑された。

15:06

📚 革命の影響と未来

フランス革命は、市民による国家の形成、法の下の平等、自由の権利の確立など、20世紀にわたる重要な価値観を確立した。しかし、革命は暴力を伴い、多くの犠牲者を出した。ナポレオン・ボナパルトが登場し、フランスを独裁政治へと導く。一方、革命の思想はヨーロッパや世界各地に広がり、自由を求める人々を魅了した。

😂 ナポレオンへの道

ナポレオン・ボナパルトは、革命の精神を受け継ぎ、フランスを欧州に向けて拡大させた。彼の登場は、フランス革命の後の道を大きく変え、世界史に大きな影響を与えた。

Keywords

💡フランス革命

フランス革命は1789年から1799年にかけて起こった歴史的な変革であり、君主制から共和制への移行を象徴しています。この革命は、国民の平等や自由、そして市民権の確立というアイデアを全世界に広める重要な役割を果たしました。ビデオでは、フランス革命が欧州や世界に与えた影響と、国民国家の概念の定着を説明しています。

💡三级会议（Estates-General）

三级会议はフランス革命の重要な出発点であり、神職者、貴族、一般人民の3つの階級からなる代表者による会議です。ビデオでは、国民の不満を反映させるために開かれたこの会議が、国民議会（National Assembly）の結成につながったと説明しています。

💡テニスコートの誓い

テニスコートの誓いは、第三階級の代表者が自己の権利を主張し、国民議会として結束し、フランス国民を代表することを誓った出来事です。ビデオでは、この誓いが国民国家の理念を確立する重要な瞬間として強調されています。

💡人権宣言

人権宣言は、フランス革命で制定された重要な文書で、国民の自由や平等、財産権を保障する原則を宣言しています。ビデオでは、この宣言がフランス社会の根幹を国民の権利に置き換えたと説明しています。

💡バスティーユの陥落

バスティーユの陥落は、パリの市民が武器庫であるバスティーユ城を占拠し、君主制に対する反乱の象徴的な行動です。ビデオでは、この出来事が革命の勢いを高めたと触れています。

💡ジャコバン派

ジャコバン派はフランス革命中に勢力を強めた政治党派で、極端な平等主義や国民の一般意志を支持しています。ビデオでは、ジャコバン派が文化を変え、国民を賛美する節や新しい暦の作成など、革命的理念を推進したと紹介しています。

💡テロ

テロはジャコバン派が行った政治的な粛清であり、国民の敵を排除するために多くの人々が処刑されました。ビデオでは、この期間が非常に暴力的であり、革命理念に反する非合理的な側面を示したと指摘しています。

💡ナポレオン・ボナパルト

ナポレオン・ボナパルトは、フランス革命の後期に重要な軍人や政治家となり、フランスを独裁政治へと導いたとビデオでは説明しています。彼は革命の理念をヨーロッパに広める役割を果たしましたが、最終的には自己の権力の確立を目指しました。

💡ポランドの分割

ポランドの分割は、近隣の大国がポランドを分割し消滅させた出来事です。ビデオでは、この出来事が革命理念が東欧に及んだ例として紹介されていますが、ポランドはその結果、他の大国に支配されました。

💡女性の権利

ビデオでは、フランス革命期間中に女性が政治的および社会的な権利を主張し始めたと触れています。オリンピ・ド・グージュが女性の権利を宣言し、女性の教育や法的保護を求めたことで、女性が革命の価値観に加えられたと説明しています。

💡国民国家

国民国家は、国民の共通の文化や歴史に基づいて形成される国家の概念です。ビデオでは、フランス革命が国民国家のアイデアを確立し、国民の権利を国家の基礎とする新しい政治秩序を創出したと強調しています。

Highlights

1789年的法国正面临危机，战争和农业收成不佳导致国家破产和社会动荡。

法国支持北美十三个殖民地的反叛者，成为海外革命的英雄。

路易十六统治下的法国是一个绝对君主制国家，国内问题重重，包括严重的财政危机。

玛丽·安托瓦内特的奢侈生活方式和对穷人的漠视加剧了社会不满。

法国的税收制度极不公平，导致中产阶级和穷人承担了沉重的税负。

法国三级会议的召开，标志着法国大革命的开始。

第三等级的代表在网球场宣誓，成立国民议会，代表全体法国人民。

7月14日，巴黎人民攻占巴士底狱，成为法国大革命的重要转折点。

国民议会通过一系列法令，宣布封建制度的终结。

《人权宣言》的通过，确立了财产权、陪审团审判和言论自由等基本权利。

1789年10月，市场妇女的游行导致国王和王室家族被带到巴黎。

法国大革命期间，政治派别开始形成，左右翼的概念由此产生。

雅各宾俱乐部的崛起和分裂，反映了政治思想的多样性和激进化。

女性在大革命中争取平等权利，奥林普·德·古热发表《妇女权利宣言》。

1792年，巴黎民众的行动导致法国君主制的废除和共和国的建立。

路易十六被处决，标志着君主制的终结和共和国的确立。

罗伯斯庇尔领导下的雅各宾派推行所谓的“美德统治”，试图实现卢梭的“公意”。

“恐怖统治”期间，约40,000人因被视为人民公敌而被处决。

拿破仑·波拿巴的崛起，以及他对法国和欧洲的深远影响。

法国大革命巩固了民族国家的概念，强调公民权利和法律面前的平等。

玛丽·沃尔斯通克拉夫特的著作，为女性权利的争取提供了理论基础。

Transcripts

Hi I’m John Green and this is Crash Course European History.

It’s 1789 and Europe has been through an endless number of wars.

Territory has changed hands, hundreds of thousands of people have died, and crop yields have

been bad lately.

War is bad for agriculture, for one thing, but also the weather hasn’t been too cooperative.

Reformers across the Dutch states and the Habsburg Netherlands want to be more like

the new United States, while Poles are demanding that the partition of their country be undone.

And one kingdom had emerged a hero from all the overseas revolutions because of its support

for the rebels in the thirteen North American colonies.

France has stood up for liberty and democracy and fraternity--in North America, anyway.

At home, it remained an absolute monarchy, and was virtually bankrupt from all the warring.

Its countryside was full of beggars--as was much of the European countryside even as aristocrats

grew ever wealthier.

And the poor and middle-class paid virtually all the tax collected to support these ceaseless

wars.

All of which is to say that in 1789, France--the strongest and most populous country on the

continent--was in crisis.

[Intro] In 1789 Louis XVI ruled France.

He loved to hunt and tinker with mechanical objects, especially locks.

His wife Marie Antoinette was the daughter of Maria Theresa of the Habsburg Empire and

the sister of Joseph II, its current ruler.

In a world where the marriage of two powerful royal families had long been seen as key to

stability and prosperity, what could go wrong?

Marie Antoinette was a big spender who had trouble relating to the poor of which France

had many.

As bad harvests made the price of bread soar, more families couldn’t afford to eat, or

else were eating bread that was cut with up to 50% sawdust.

In response to unaffordable bread, Marie-Antoinette reportedly said, “Qu'ils mangent de la brioche,”

which is a great opportunity to trot out my amazing French accent.

And also, to talk about brioche, which is in the center of the world today.

IIn English, the line is usually translated “let them eat cake,” but as you can see,

brioche isn’t cake exactly.

It’s just a different fancier more delicious kind of bread.

Mmm!

It’s delicious.

Fluffy, eggy, quite light.

I don’t understand why the peasants couldn’t just eat this stuff...

Stan says I’m hopelessly out of touch, to which I say, can I have some more of that

brioche?

At any rate, France as a whole was broke.

Now, its reform-minded ministers tried to revise the tax system so that the church and

the aristocracy would have to pay at least some taxes.

But you’ll recall, there was a group of appellate judges, the Parlement, who had to

register royal decrees, and they refused to register this one.

Bankers, meanwhile, refused to provide the Crown with additional loans.

Which led to a proper financial crisis.

Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.

1.

In response to this crisis, Louis XVI was forced to summon the Estates-General

2.

—that is, a group of representatives of the clergy (the first estate),

3.

the aristocracy (second estate),

4. and ordinary people (third estate).

5.

In cities, towns, and villages across the kingdom, people met to set out their grievances

in cahiers or register books

6. for their representatives to take to this historic meeting.

7.

Meanwhile, discontent was rising as Marie-Antoinette played at being a shepherdess

8. in a pretend farm that was built for her on the grounds of Versailles

9.

so she could imbibe the air of nature and play at the work so many were forced to do.

10.

On May 5, 1789 members of the Estates-General paraded in great ceremony through Versailles

to begin deliberations.

11.

Louis XVI wrote of the events that day “Nothing happened.

Went hunting.”

12.

Which just goes to show you that history is about perspective.

13.

Members of the Third Estate, meanwhile, immediately protested that their one vote as a group would

always be beaten by the two votes of the first two estates.

14.

So members of the third estate retreated to a nearby tennis court, declaring themselves

the National Assembly

15. and claiming to represent all French people better than the Estates General did.

16.

These representatives swore (in the so-called Tennis Court Oath) that they would not disband

until they had constructed a nation of individual citizens instead of a kingdom of servile subjects.

Thanks, Thought Bubble.

So, the National Assembly’s moves toward enacting a reform program were backed by the

muscle of ordinary people—many of them furious about injustice and poverty.

On July 14, the people of Paris seized the Bastille fortress—a prison full of weapons

and a symbol of the monarchy’s ability to imprison anyone arbitrarily.

And in the countryside peasants took over chateaux and destroyed aristocratic titles

to land and peasant services.

Terrified aristocrats met on August 4, 1789, and surrendered their privileges as feudal

lords.

The National Assembly then elaborated in a series of decrees declaring feudal society

had come to an end.

That same month the Assembly passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen—a

document that protected property, ensured trial by jury, and guaranteed free speech.

It read, in part: “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.”

And that included freedom of religion.

It’s hard to overstate how radical a change that was from a France in which, just months

earlier, peasants were seen as neither free nor equal, and Catholicism was the kingdom’s

official religion.

On October 5, market women from Paris marched to Versailles in the so-called Women’s March

to bring the king and royal family to Paris, where they could be monitored by the people.

Although the family was unharmed, some members of the royal circle, including the queen’s

best friend, were violated, murdered, and mutilated.

Their heads and genitals were displayed on pikes.

And aristocrats began fleeing the country.

Critically, the Declaration of the Rights of Man also stated that the power of the monarch

flowed not from some divinity, but from the nation.

And to that end, the Assembly proceeded to draw up a constitution, making the monarchy

a constitutional one.

then in 1790, they adopted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, ultimately confiscating church

property and mandating the election of priests by their parishioners.

And then in 1791, the royal family was like, “we should try to get out of here.”

And they tried to flee but were caught.

Meanwhile, war broke out between the revolutionary government in France and Austria and Prussia,

who were intent on crushing the revolution and putting the royals back in full control.

Partly because they, you know, had a vested interest.

Their relatives were on the French throne, but also, as a general rule, monarchs like

monarchy.

As the republic began to take shape, so did political parties.

They arranged themselves in the assembly hall so that republicans, who wanted to do away

with monarchs entirely, sat on the left and monarchists sat on the right.

An array of others grouped themselves as parties across the hall.

And from this arrangement, we got the modern idea of politicians’ ideas being left, center,

or right.

The Jacobin club, a rising political party, was to the left.

But it soon broke into several factions that were on the center, left, and radical left

of the political spectrum.

Ah, politics, where the left has a right and the right has a left and they both have centers

that no one listens to.

Amid these tremendous changes, women were claiming their rightful place as citizens

to match the official expressions of equality and rights for all.

In 1791, Olympe de Gouges, author and daughter of a butcher, published the Declaration of

the Rights of Woman, stating explicitly women’s equality with men.

Women participated in political clubs and successfully pushed for laws that ended men’s

power over the family and also ended the practice of men getting a larger percentage of inheritances

than women.

As war advanced, women also lobbied for the right to serve in the army.

And was war ever advancing!

In 1792 the Parisian masses, threatened by the approach of foreign royal armies, took

extreme action.

They invaded the Parisian palace where the royal family lived—and forced new elections

for a National Convention.

Then in the fall of 1792, further violence produced the abolition of the French monarchy

and a call for every other kingdom to do the same: “All governments are our enemies,

all people our friends,” the Edict of Fraternity read.

Once the Convention had declared France a republic, in January 1793, Louis XVI was executed

after a narrow vote.

A new instrument of execution called the guillotine carried out what would soon become a bloodbath

against many supposed enemies of the people.

Because it killed so swiftly and allegedly painlessly, the guillotine was considered

an enlightened form of execution.

And that brings us to Maximilien Robespierre.

With the king dead and the church legally abandoned, the Jacobins under Robespierre’s

leadership, committed the nation to a so-called reign of virtue and complete obedience to

Rousseau’s idea of the general will of the people—despite all those freedoms agreed

upon in the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

The Jacobins transformed culture: festivals celebrated patriotic virtue; churches were

turned into temples of reason; dishware carried patriotic mottos; a new “rational” calendar

was created; and clothing was in red, white, and blue—the colors of the revolutionary

flag.

Meanwhile the Committee of Public Safety, with its Orwellian name and Orwellian mission,

presided over the “Terror” in which people from all classes and walks of life—at least

40,000 of them—were executed in the name of supporting the nation through purges of

enemies of the general will.

Among these in the autumn of 1793 were Queen Marie-Antoinette, Olympe de Gouges, former

mistresses of Louis XVI’s grandfather, and other well-known women.

Spies and traitors were said to be lurking everywhere, especially in women’s political

clubs and anywhere women congregated.

Women seen in public were said to be threats to the revolution.

But as French soldiers began to win their wars abroad, people tired of revolutionary

bloodshed and mounted an effective opposition.

Counterrevolutionary uprisings in the Vendée region of France and activism by moderates

led to the overthrow and execution of Robespierre and several of his closest allies.

And by 1795 new factions headed a conservative government called the Directory.

It inspired the French army to spread revolution to other parts of Europe.

That army was enthusiastic for good reason: the revolution’s anti-aristocratic spirit

allowed for ordinary soldiers to become officers—positions that were formerly allotted exclusively to

noblemen.

One such commoner was named Napoleon Bonaparte.

He was extraordinarily charismatics, not particularly short, and with other ambitious newcomers,

took revolution across the low countries, German states, and even into Italy.

But even without French armies advancing it,revolution was erupting.

During the French Revolution, Poles had revised their constitution, for instance, in 1791

and granted rights to urban people.

But a far different outcome from that in France awaited: while the French pursued revolution,

the other continental powers--Russia, Austria, and Prussia--finished divvying up Poland among

themselves so that it no longer existed.

But Enlightenment ideas of freedom continued to spread.

They spread in Spanish colonies in South America, and also in the rich French sugar colony of

St. Domingue.

The French Revolution, or maybe more properly, the French Revolutions helped people in Saint

Domingue understand that they, too, could seek freedom.

And the ensuing Haitian Revolution inspired slave activism in other places, which you

can learn much more about in an episode of Crash Course World History on that topic.

So when we think about why The French Revolution is so important, one of the big reasons is

that it consolidated the idea that the nation is composed of citizens.

Mostly citizen men at first—a fraternity or brotherhood that replace a kingdom in which

a monarch ruled his subjects.

And this was a huge change for Europe, and eventually the world, because it helped usher

in the idea of nation-states, and the idea that the most important people within those

nation-states are the citizens.

And so enthusiasts for freedom flocked to France from all corners of Europe—if not

in person then at least in their imaginations.

“Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive,” wrote poet William Wordsworth.

In contrast, opponents like the British statesman and thinker Edmund Burke deplored the rapid

change and attacks on traditional institutions and the abandonment of accumulated wisdom

from past ages.

Burke’s theories launched conservative political ideology in the revolution’s aftermath.

And we should be clear that the revolution was extremely violent, and in many cases replaced

poverty with poverty, and injustice with injustice.

History, again, is as much about where you sit as it is about what happened.

But for the moment, however, revolutionary ferment remained alive, exemplified in the

writings of English journalist Mary Wollstonecraft, who witnessed the revolution first-hand by

going to Paris.

She defended the quote “rights of man” in a 1791 book and in 1792 she published A

Vindication of the Rights of Woman.

This enduring work compared the women of her day to the aristocracy--little educated, simpering

and ignorant.

Lacking any rational, developed skills, women in Wollstonecraft’s formulation were, like

aristocrats, conniving and manipulative instead of being forthright, skilled, and open like

Emile in the eponymous Rousseau novel.

To end this debased condition, women needed education and legal protection of their person

and their property.

That is, legal equality.

In the long run, the French Revolution had many important outcomes; as we’ve discussed,

a nation formed by consensus of legally equal citizens came to replace a kingdom of subjects

ruled by a king.

The nation’s bedrock was a set of values including the rule of law, the right of free

speech, and the ownership of property.

Rather than the nation’s bedrock being a king, or a religion.

This idea of individual rights, which would later be called human rights, of course becomes

extremely important in the 20th century and beyond.

Yet in the French Revolution and in many other revolutions, as we’ll see, the nation in

times of stress could jettison this consensus about the rule of law and rights and become

dictatorial, searching out enemies within and relying on force instead of consensus

building.

After 1795, further big changes lay ahead for France and Europe as Napoleon Bonaparte

came to play an outsized role on the world stage, and the new republic became a dictatorship

once more.

But we’ll get to that shortly.

Thanks for watching.

And yes, that was a Napoleon joke.